Ontogenez

Ontogenez (az yunoni ontos — hasti va …genez), inkishofi fardii orga­nizm, majmui tabadduloti paydarhamii morfologi, fiziologi va biokhimiyaviro guyand, ki organizm az lahzai paydoish to dami marg az cap meguzaronad.

Mafhumi Ontogenez yakjoya bo mafhumi filogenez du jihati az ham judona- shavandai jarayoni yagonai inkishofi tabiati zindaro ifoda mekunad. Dar hayvonot va rastanihoe, ki bo rohi jinsi afzoish meyoband, tavlidi organizmi nav dar natijai bordorshavi ba vujud meoyad. Dar in mavrid Ontogenez az zigota cap meshavad. Ontogenezi organizmhoe, ki bo rohi gayrijinsi afzoish mekunand az organizmi nave ogoz meyobad, ki dar natijai taqsimshavi (taqsimshavii jismi modar yo hujayrahoi makhsus), mugjabandi, inchunin az reshapoya, bekhmeva, piyozak va gayra hosil meshavand.

Dar rafti Ontogenez har yak organizm davrahoi befosilai taraqqiyotro az cap meguzaronad, ki az onho asositarinash (baroi organizmhoe, ki bo rohi jinsi inkishof meyoband) inhoyand: janini (embrionali), badijanini (postembrionali) va marhilahoi taraqqiyoti organizmi bolig. Asosi Ontogenez bunyodan az prosessi tatbiqi malumoti irsi (dar har yak hujayrai organizm sabt shudaast) dar marhilahoi gunoguni organizm iborat ast.

Qonuniyati jarayon giriftani Ontogenez, samtu ravishi on va omilhoi ba hujayra, bofta va uzvho judoshavii organizmro biologiyai in­kishof meomuzad. Az daryofti qo- nuniyat, sabab va omilhoi Ontogenez dar justujui vositahoe, ki ba inkishofi rastaniho, hayvonot va odam tasir (marasonand, chun asosi ilmi khizmat mekunad. In dar rastaniparvari, chorvodori va tib ahamiyati ka­lon dorad.

Ontogenezi hayvonot. Davrai janinii hayvonot az 3 zina iborat ast: kasragi tukhm, takhsisi varaqahoi janini va tashakkuli uzvhoi alohida (organogenez). Zinahoi ibtidoii inkishofi hamai hayvonoti bisyorhujayragi ba ham monandand; in monandi dar qonuni biogenetiki aks yoftaast. Zinai ibtidoii inkishofi badi janinii (yuvenilii) hayvonot yo az ru inkishofi mustaqam yo gayrimustaqam davom karda metavonad (nigared Metamorfoz). Hangomi inkishofi mustaqim hayvoni az pardai tukhm baromada muttasil inkishof yofta, kalon meshavad va shakli hayvoni boligro megirad.

Macalan, zullukho, baze hasharot, aksariyati mohiho, khazandaho, parrandaho va shirkhorho ba hamin tarz inkishof meyoband. Inkishofi dokhilibatnii muhradorhoi hamrohaknok va odam jihati khos dorad. Hangomi inkishofi gayrimustaqim boshad, tashakkuli janin va bad bacha dar dokhili batni modar ba vujud meoyad. Tashakku­li khususiyathoi organizm hamchun namudi muayyani biologi barobari ba balogati jinsi rasidan ba itmom merasad, vale inkishofi alomathoi fardi boshad, to okhiri Ontogenez davom me­kunad.

Ontogenez dar namudhoi gunoguni biologi az yakchand soat yo ruz (masalan, dar shirinchaho) cap karda to 200 sol (masalan. dar sangpusht) davom meku­nad; davomoti Ontogenez ba darajai mutashakkili yo mavqei organizm dar sis­tematika vobasta nest, in yake az alomathoest, ki dar prosessi inkishofi tarikhii namudhoi biologi tashakkul yoftaast. Tagyirotero, ki organizm dar pironsoli va solkhurdagi az cap meguzaronad, gerontolo­giya meomuzad.

Dar Ontogenezi rastaniho sabzish, inkishof va pirshaviro farq meku- nand. Hangomi Ontogenezi rastaniho jihathoi gunoguni prosessi yagona jihathoi morfologi (morfogenez, organogenez va gistogenez), fizio­logiyu biokhimiyavi, genetiki va evolyutsioni ba hamdigar tasir merasonand. Ontogenezi rastaniho niz mahsuli tahavvuli duru daroz buda, az rui genotip muayyan megardad va dar silsilahoi prosesshoi fiziologiyu biokhimiyavie ifoda meshavad, ki boisi ba vujud omadani tarkibhoi morfologi (uzvho) megardand va ba­roi khudi haminguna prosesshoi nav zamina niz meboshand.

Vobasta ba sharoiti muhit va meyori reaksiyai organizm genotip dar silsilai fenstipho ba amal meoyad, ki dar navbati khud az rui marhilahoi muayyani inkishof (dar in marhilaho tarkibahoi nav paydo meshavand) tavsif meshavand. Khususiyati asosii Ontogenezi rastanihoi darajai oli va yak qator obsabzho badali nasli gayrijinsi (sporofit) va jinsi (gametofit) meboshad.

Dar hamai zinahoi Ontogenez organizm yak sistemai tomest, ki ba muhit tasiri mutaqobil dorad. In az rui tasiri mutaqobili qismhoi on chi dar prosessi mubodilai Moddaho va chi dar natijai tasiri fitogormonho muayyan kar­da meshavand. Ontogenezi rastaniho az 20- 30 daqiqa cap karda (masalan, dar bakteriyaho) to chand hazor sol (masalan, dar archa) davom mekunad.

Adabiyot T o k i ya B. P., Obshaya embriolo­giya, Moskva, 1970; B o d e m e r Ch., Sovremen­naya embriologiya, Moskva, 1971: Gu palo P. I., S k r i p ch i n s k i y V. V., Fizi­ologiya individualnogo razvitiya ras­teniy, Moskva, 1971.