Ok­sidu barqarorshavi

Ok­sidu barqarorshavi, r e aksiyahoi oksidu barqa- rorshavi, reaksiyahoi khimiyaviand, ki dar natijai purra yo qisman az yak atom ba atomi digar guzashtani elektronho ba vujud meoyand. Intiqoli elektron oksidshavi va payvasti on barqarorshavi nomida meshavad.

Atomhoi neytrali, molekula yo ionhoe, ki elektron qabul menamoyand, oksidkunanda va atomhoi neytrali, molekula yo ionhoe, ki elektron medihand, baqarorkunanda nom dorand. Ok­sidu barqarorshavi doimo dar yak vaqt ba vuqu meoyad. Masalan, halshavii ruh dar kislotai gidrogenkhlorid:

0          +1 —1 +2 —1 o

Zn+ 2N S1 Sh ZnCI, + N2

o

Dar in jo atomi Zn du elektron gum +2 0 _ +2 karda ba ioni Zn (Zn — 2e = Zn) va du ioni N⁺¹in du elektronro qabul karda ba molekulai neytrali Hj(2H⁺¹ + 2e = Hj) tabdil meyoband.

Ruh (barqarorkunanda) oksid va gidrogen (oksidkunanda) barqapop meshavad. Hangomi tartib dodani muodilai reaksiyahoi Ok­sidu barqarorshavi  intikhobi koeffisient bisyor dushvoriho ba vujud meorad. Dar chunin holat istifodai mafhumhoi elektromanfiyat va darajai oksidshavi (adadi oksidkunandagi) mufidand.

Elektromanfiyat qobiliyati elektronhoro ba khud kashidan va dar nazdi khud nigoh doshta tavonistani atomhost.

D a r a j a i oksidshavi zaryadest, ki dar atom hangomi bo digar atom payvast shudan va ba tarafi atomi nisbatan elektromanfi kashida shudani jufti elektronhoi onro bo ham payvastkunanda paydo meshavad. YOftani darajai oksidshavii atom dar molekula ba neytral budani molekula asos yoftaast.

Odatan az 2 usuli intikhobi koeffisi­ent istifoda mebarand: 1) usuli balansi elektroni on ast, ki elektronhoi dodashuda va qabulshudaro dar asosi qimati darajai oksidshavii elementho pesh az reak­sii va badi on hisob mekunand.

Masalan,

+ 1 +5 -2

K SYu₃ —2 _

+5        _          -1

S1 + 6e = 01;

2KSYuz = 2KS1 + 30*.

2) usuli elektroniyu i o ni, ki avval muodilai ionii reaksiyaro tartib medihand, bad darajai oksidshaviro hisob karda, oksidkunandayu barqarorkunandaro muayyan mekunand va sipas muodilai reaksiyai oksidu barqarorshaviro menavisand.

Masalan:

QMpOch – KI *4* H2SO4 -► K2SO4 + I2 + MnS04 + N₂0.;

+7 — — 1       + O      2 +

Mn04 + I”+ 2N -► i .+ Mp +

+ N₂0;

Sh o 21-— 2e – 1₂

MpOG+8N⁺+ 5e = Mp²⁺ + 4N₂0;

2MpOG+ 10G~ + 16N⁺=51_a+2Mp²⁺ + + 8N₂0;

2KMp0₄+YuK1 + 8H2SO4 = 6K2SO4 + + 5I2 + 2M11SO4 + 8N₂0.

Prosesshoi Ok­sidu barqarorshavi dar tabiat va tekh­nika bisyor mushohida meshavand. Masalan, suzishi haman navhoi suzishvori, korroziyai metallho, nafaskashi, mubodilai moddaho, barqaror namudani metallho, hosil kardani kislotahoi nitratu sulfat, ammi­ak va digar moddahoi khimiyavi.

Adabiyot: Latnmer V. M., Okislitel­nie sostoyaniya elementov i ikh potensi­ali v vodnikh rastvorakh, Moskva, 1954; Kud­ryavsev A. A., Sostavlenie khimiche­skikh uravneniy, Moskva, 1968. Kinetika i me­khanizm elektrodnikh reaksiy, Alma-Ata, 1980.