MINERAL

MINERAL (frans. mineral, az lot. minera — madan), payvasti khimiyaviest, ki az jihati khususiyathoi fizikiyu khimiyavi yakkhela buda, dar natijai prosesshoi geokhimiyavii qishri Zamin ba vujud meoyad. Mineralhoe, ki az onho jinshoi kuhi hosil meshavand, mineralhoi jinsofararin, Mineralhoe, ki az madan iboratand, mineralhoi madani va Mineralhoe, ki dar tarkibi jinsho ba miqdori khele kam mavjudand, mineralhoi aksessori nom dorand. Mineralho odatan sakht, kristal­le, bazan moe (simobi tabii) me­shavand. A. E. Fersman payvasthoi gunoguni gazmonand (gidrogensulfid, metan, gazi karbonat)-ro niz Mineral hisob mekunad. Obro ba Mineral nisbat dodan masalai bahstalab ast, vale yakhro hama Mineral meshumorand; ba aqidai A. G. Betekhtin, neftro ba qatori Mineral dokhil kardan mumkin nest, zero massai on gunoguntarkib buda, Mineralhoi organikii harkhelaro dar bar megirad. Qahrabo, parafin, uzvellit va ozokerit barin Mineralhoi organiki guruhi makhsusi kam omukhtashudaro tashkil medidand. Mineralho bo khususiyathoi morfologi va fizikiashon (rang, jilo, shaffofi, magnitvoki, radioaktiviyat, sakhti, zi­chi, tarzi shikastashavi, murti va g.) az yakdigar farq mekunand. Morfologiyai mineralho, ki baroi muayyan kardani Mineralho va muqarrar namudani genezisi onho ahamiyati ka­lon dorad, fasli makhsusi mineralo­giya va kristallografiyaro tashkil medihad (kristallomorfologiya). Morfologiyai mineralho ba morfologiyai kristallho va morfologiyai agregathoi minerali taqsim mesha­vad. Morfologiyai mineralhoi nisbatan kamyofti purra kristallbastaro ilmi digari makhsus — kris­tallografiya meomuzad. Morfologi­yai Mineralhoro az rui sokhti tabii panjarai kristalli va sharoiti paydoishi onho muayyan mekunand; vobasta ba omilhoi nomburda Mineralhoi gunogunshakl hosil meshavand: a) shaklhoi izometri, ki ba se tarafi ba ham perpendikulyar qarib baro­bar inkishof yoftaand (oktaedrhoi magnetit, kubhoi galenit, galit, pi­rit, dodekaedrhoi bechodaho, tetraedrhoi sfalerit); b) shaklhoi ba prizma, qalamcha va ba suzan monand, ki ba yak taraf inkishof yoftaand (kristallhoi kvars, turmalin, antimonit, egirin, spodumen); v) shaklhoi ba takhtacha, plastinka, varaq va pulakcha monand, ki ba du taraf inkishof yoftaand (biotit, mus­kovit, talq). Mineralhoi tarkibashon _chyakkhela az tasiri omildoi beruna shaklhoi gunogun paydo karda metavonand (polimorfizm)— almosu gra­fit, kalsitu aragonit. Dar barobari in Mineralhoi tarkibashon tagyiryobanda metavonand sokht va shakli qarib yakkhela doshta boshand (izo­morfizm)— plagioklazho, karbonatho. selitrai kaliy va g. Dar tabiat az Mineralhoi khele kaloni qarib 10- metra (mas., kristallhoi biotit yo spodumen dar konhoi pegmatiti) to Mineralkhoi bo mikroskop bazur didashavanda (mineralhoi gil, fosfat va g.) vomekhurand. Mineralho odatan shakli shuda va agregathoi gunogunro dorand (druzaho, konkresiyaho, sekresiyaho, bolitho, dondritho va g.). Hamon yak Mineral vobasta ba paydoishi khud shaklhoi gunoguni agregati qa­bul karda metavonad (mas., kristalli shpati islandi va ohaksangi may­da dona). Rangi Mineral muhimtarin nishonai zohirist, ki on odatan ba khususiyathoi khromoforii elementhoi tarkibi Mineralho (idiokhromatizm), khususiyathoi gunoguni optiki (psevdokhromatizm) va miqdori omekhtahoi dispersii mekhaniki (allokhro­matizm) vobasta ast. Bisyor Mineralho az sababi gunogunrangii khud chandin namudho dorand; inak, namudhoi korund: leikosapfir — yoquti berang, sapfir — yoquti kabud, yoquti surkh. Mineralho inchunin shaffof (to­paz, buluri kudi, shpati islandi), nimshaffof (zumurrad, rutil, shangarf, sfalerit) va gayrishaffof (pirit, magnetit, grafit) mesha­vand. Jiloi Mineralho ba qobiliyati aksandozii onho vobasta buda, asosan shishagun (kvars, bechoha), almosi (sirkon, kassiterit, almos), nimmetalli (shangarf, gematit, kolum­bit), metalli (antimonit, galenit, molibdenit) va bazan khira, zift yo mum barin, goho misli shodi va yo sadafmonand meshavand. Lyumines­sensiya yake az khususiyathoi Mineral ast. Mineral az tasiri garmi yo shuoboronkuni ravshani medidad. Ammo yak qator Mineralho tankho hangomi tasiri beruna ravshani medihand (flyuo­ressensiya), qismi digarashon badi qat gardidani tasiri beruna ravshani mebakhshand (fosforessen­siya). Sakhtii Mineralhoro aksar vaqt az rui shkalan dahballii Moos va sakh­tii mutlaqi onhoro (kg/mm²) bo asbobi makhsusi sakhtisanj muayyan me­kunand. Vazni qiyosi (zichi-i Mineralho ba vazni atomii elementhoi tarki­bi mineral, ionhoi tarkibi anionhoi ilovagi (ON-, F-), ob va tipi strukturai kristalli vobasta ast. Az rui in khususiyathoyashon Mineralho ba guruhhoi zerin taqsim meshavand: sabuk (to 2500 kg/m³)—ozokerit, yakh, qahrabo, sulfur, gips, galit, silvin; miyona (2500—4000 kg/m^e) — kvars, shpati dashti, topaz, stavro­lit, piroksen, amfibol, abraq vaznin (4000—8000 kg/m³)—barit, ang­lezit, galepit, khalkopirit, sirkon; khele vaznin (besh az 8000 kg/m³) — tilloi kholis, mis, nuqra, zlektrum az poliksen.

Tasnifoti Mineralho va prinsiphoi onho dar prosessi inkishofi mineralogiya va digar ilmhoi mushtarak borho tagyir yoftaand. Tasnifoti imruza, ki ba A. G. Betekhtin taalluq dorad, tafovuti bayni tipi payvasthoi khimiyavi va panjarahoi kristalliro ba asos megirad. Mineralho az rui tipi payvasthoi khimiyavi ba jismhoi sodda (elementhoi kholis) va tarkibi (binari va g.) taqsim meshavand. Dar strukturahoi Mineral barobari anionhoi sodda S²-, O²-, ON-, S1- va g. radikalhoi kompleksii namakhosilkunanda [S0₃r-, (SIO^J⁴—, (RO«)*— va g. niz bisyorand. guruhhoi gunoguni Mineralho vobasta ba tarkibi anionhoi sodda yo komp­leksii khud az ham farq mekunand. Tamomi Mineralho ba elementhoi kholis, sulfidho, payvasthoi galoidi, ok­sidho va gidrooksidho, namakhoi oksigeni, karbonatho, sulfatho, molibdatho, volframatho, fosfatho va silikatho taqsim meshavand. Qa­rib 2,5 haz. mineral malum ast. Dar tabiat Mineralhoi sinfi silikatho va alyumosilikatho — qarib 25%, oksidho va gidrooksidho — qarib 12%, fosfatho — qarib 18%, payvasthoi sulfidi — qarib 13%, sulfatho — qarib 10%-ro tashkil medidand 92%-i qishri Zamin az silikatho, oksidho va gidrooksidho tarkib yof­taast. Qismi ziyodi Mineralho dar sharo­iti endogenii qari Zamin hango­mi kristallbandii magma va judo shudani flyuidhoi on (gazho, bugho, mahlulhoi gidrotermali) tavassuti ba hamdigar va jinshoi kuhii atrof tasir rasonidani komponenthoi onho hosil meshavand. Beshtari Mineralho dar sharoiti ekzogenii qabathoi boloii qishri Zamin noustuvor buda, az tasiri ob, oksigen, gazi karbonat va payvasthoi gunoguni organiki vayron meshavandu kompleksi mineralhoi duyumboraro ho­sil mekunand (boksit, limonit va g.). Mineralho inchunii az tahshinshavii moddahoi obi bahr, laguna va kulho ba vujud meoyand: karbonatho, sulfatho, glaukonitho, fosfatho va g. Dar sharoiti ekzageni mikroorganizmho niz baroi hosil shudani Mineral ahamiyati kalon dorand. Konhoi biokhimiyavi (sulfur, fosforit, suzishvorihoi zerizamini) guruhi makhsusro tashkil medihand. Hamai Mineralhoi zikrshuda az harakathoi purshiddati tektoniki dar chuqurihoi gunoguni qishri Zamin ba harorati baland va fishori ziyodi toraft afzoyanda duchor meshavand, yane az nav noustuvor gardida, ba Mineralhoi metamorfogeni tabdil meyoband (nig. niz Konhoi metamorfogeni). Terr- hoi kompleksi muayyani Mineral doshtaro nohiyahoi mineraldor me­nomand. Fosilahoi vaqte, ki baroi hosilshavii kompleksi muayyani Mineral musoidand, zamoni minerali nom dorand. Omukhtani aloqamandii bayni khususiyathoi khimiyavi, fizikiyu morfologii Mineralho va sharoithoi ba vujud omadani onho baroi tajdid namudani tarikhi paydoishi konho imkoniyat faroham meovarad va on asosi justujuyu inkishofi sarvathoi zerizamini meboshad.

Mineral az qadimulayyom dar sohahoi gunoguni faoliyati inson kor farmuda meshavad. Ahamiyati on dar hayotn imruzai odamon ham bagoyat buzurg ast. Yak qator Mineralho baroi ho­sil kardani metallhoi (ohan, mangan, mis, khrom, qalagi, simob va g.) manbai asosiand. Mineralhoi digar, monandi asbest, kvars, shpati dashti, gips, abras, namak va g. dar khojagii khalq bevosita kor farmuda meshavand. Odatan, az rui khususiyat­hoi Mineral dar kadom sohai tekhnika istifoda burdani onro muayyan mekunand. Mineralhoi bisyor sakht (almos, korund, beyaoda va g.) hamchun abrazinho, namudhoi shaffof va rangini onho boshand, dar zargari kor farmuda meshavand. Mineralhoe, ki doroi khususiyathoi pezoelektri va optikii makhsusand, dar optika va radiotekhnika ba kor meravand. Usulhoi madantozakuni va inkishofi geofiziki ba har guna khusu­siyathoi fizikii Mineralho asos yoftaand. Holo sanoat to 15% hamai Mineralhoi mamulro kor mefarmoyad. Mufassal omukhtani hududi joygirshavi, tarkib va khususiyathoi Mineral baroi istifodai amalii khelhoi nav ba navi on imkoniyathoi ziyode faroham meovarand. Monokristallhoi Mineralho va khelhoi sintezii onhoro dar op­tika, tekhnikai radioelektroni va elektroenergetika istifoda mebarand. Baze Mineralho, monandn opal, zumurrad, firuza, lal, aleksandrit va g.— sanghoi qimatbaho, qismi digarashon, mas., rodonit, yashm, nefrit, malakhit, jaz va g.— sanghoi rezakori ba shumor meravand. Solhoi okhir Mineralhoi Moh, jirmhoi kayhoni va qari Zaminro hamatarafa omukhta istodaand. Dar laboratoriyaho va korkhonahoi makhsusi sanoati ba tavri suni (sintezi) hosil kardani Mineralho rivoj yoftaast. Mineralhoi suni dar khojagii khalq, toraft beshtar istifoda burda mesha­vand.

Solhoi okhir dar terr. Tojikiston niz yak qator mineralhoi nav: datoliti itriyoerilliy, sezinkupletskit, tiyonshonit, tojikit, darapiyozit, sugdianit va barotovit kashf karda shudand.

Tasvir dar sah- 32—33.

Ad.: Vernadskiy V. I., Istoriya mineralov zemnoy kori, izbr. soch., t. 4, kn. 1—2, M., 1059—60; Betekhtin G., Kurs mineralogii, 3 izd.. M., 1961; Lazarev ko B. K., Kurs mi­neralogii, M., 1971; Barabanov F, Geneticheskaya mineralogiya, L., 1977.

  A. X Hasanov.