METALLShINOSI

METALLShINOSI, ilmest, ki vobastagii baynii tarkib, sokhti dokhili va khosiyathoi metallu khulaho, inchunin qonuniyathoi tagyiryobii khosiyathoi onhoro hangomi tasiroti harorati, mekhaniki, fizikiyu khimiyavi va g. meomuzad, Metallshnosi baroi justujuhoi ilmii tarkib, usulhoi tayyorkuni va korkardi masolehi metallii khosiyathoi mekhaniki, fiziki va khimiyaviashon gunogun asosi ilmi meboshad. Hosil kardani khulahoi metalli (mas., birinuy), inchunin bo rohi obutob ziyod kardani sakhti va mustahkamii pulod ba odamoni davrai qadim ham malum bud. Ammo Metallshnosi hamchun ilmi mustaqil a. 19 (avval bo nomi metallografiya) tashakkul yoft. Sababgori in, pesh az hama, talaboti tekhnika meboshad. Metallurgi rus P. P. Anosov usuli tayyor kardani bulatro kor karda, avvalin bor dar jahon baroi tadqiqi sokhti dokhilii pulod az mikroskop istifoda burd. Asosi ilmii Metallshnosiro olimi rus D. K. Chernov ba vujud ovard. Dar inkishofi minbadai Metallshnosi sahmi olimoni vatanamon I. I. Belyaev, V. P. Ijevskiy, S. L. Vologdin, N. V. Gutovskiy, A. A. Baykov, N. P. Chijevskiy, A. M. Bochvar, S. S. Shteynberg, N. Ya. Selyakov, N. T. Gudsov, G. V. Kurdyumov, N. A. Minkevich, N. F. Bolkhovitinov, A. P. Gulyaev va g., olimoni mamlakathoi khorija F. Osmond, R. Austen, A. Le-Shatele, E. Benn, G. Ganneman, F. Vefer, G. Esser, R. Mel va dig. buzurg ast.

Metallshnosiro shartan ba qismhoi nazariyavi va amali (tekhniki) judo kardan mumkii ast. Dar Metallshnosii nazariyavi qonuniyathoi umumii sokhti dokhili va prosesshoi dar metallhovu khulaho hangomi tasiroti gunogun ba amaloyanda muoina karda meshavad. Faslhoi asosii Metallshnosii nazariyavi inhoand: nazariyai holati metalli va khosiyathoi fizikii metallhoyu khulaho, kristallbandi, muvozinathoi fazavi dar metallhovu khulaho, diffuziya dar metallhovu khulaho, tabdiloti fazavi dar holati sakhti, nazariyai fizikii prosesshoi deformasiyai plastiki, mustahkamshavi, vayronshavi va rekristallizasiya. Mundarijai Metallshnosii nazariyavi to andozae bo metallofizika aloqamand meboshad. Metallshnosii amali asoshoi prosesshoi tekhnologii korkardi metallho (korkardi termrekhtagari, korkardi tazyisi va g.) va guruhhoi konkretii masolehi metalliro meomuzad. Mundarijai Metallshnosii  amaliro omukhtani tarkib, sokhti dokhili (struktura), prosesshoi korkard va khosiyathoi sinfhoi konkretii gunoguni masolehi metalli (mas., khulahoi ohanu karbondor, pulodi konstruksioni, pulodi zangnogir, khulahoi otashtobovar, khulahoi alyuminiy, khulahoi metallusafoli va g.) tashkil medihand. Vobasta ba inkishofi sohahoi navi tekhnika zarurati omukhtani vazi metallhovu khulaho hangomi tasiri radiasioni, harorathoi khele past, fishorhoi baland va g. ba miyon omad.

Ad.: Pikunov M. V., Despiri A. I., Metallovedenie. M., 1980; Gulyaev A. P., Metallovedenie, M., 1977.