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Maorifi khalq

MAORIFI KhALQ, sistemai muassisahoi talimu tarbiya, ki kori onho muvofiqi manfiatu talaboti jamnyat va davlat ba sohibmalumot va tarbiya namudani khalq nigaronida shudaast. Ba zaboni russi mafhumi «Maorifi khalq» hamchun «Narodnoe obrazovanie» va ba zaboni anglisi «Public education» nomida meshavad. Dar yak qator mamlakatho dar barobari muassisahoi davlati muassisahoi khususi va dinii talimu tarbiya niz vujud dorand.

<a href='http://kitobam.com/la/2017/2/6031672b7d1e851f11ebc59cfb5b1c4f' class='link'><a href='http://kitobam.com/la/2017/2/6031672b7d1e851f11ebc59cfb5b1c4f' class='link'><a href='http://kitobam.com/la/2017/2/6031672b7d1e851f11ebc59cfb5b1c4f' class='link'><a href='http://kitobam.com/la/2017/2/6031672b7d1e851f11ebc59cfb5b1c4f' class='link'><a href='http://kitobam.com/la/6031672b7d1e851f11ebc59cfb5b1c4f' class='link'><a href='http://kitobam.com/la/6031672b7d1e851f11ebc59cfb5b1c4f' class='link'><a href='http://kitobam.com/la/6031672b7d1e851f11ebc59cfb5b1c4f' class='link'><a href='http://kitobam.com/la/6031672b7d1e851f11ebc59cfb5b1c4f' class='link'>Maktab</a></a></a></a></a></a></a></a> ” class=”alignnone size-full wp-image-74155″ height=”485″ src=”http://kitobam.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/<a href=’http://kitobam.com/la/2017/2/6031672b7d1e851f11ebc59cfb5b1c4f’ class=’link’><a href=’http://kitobam.com/la/2017/2/6031672b7d1e851f11ebc59cfb5b1c4f’ class=’link’><a href=’http://kitobam.com/la/2017/2/6031672b7d1e851f11ebc59cfb5b1c4f’ class=’link’><a href=’http://kitobam.com/la/2017/2/6031672b7d1e851f11ebc59cfb5b1c4f’ class=’link’><a href=’http://kitobam.com/la/6031672b7d1e851f11ebc59cfb5b1c4f’ class=’link’><a href=’http://kitobam.com/la/6031672b7d1e851f11ebc59cfb5b1c4f’ class=’link’><a href=’http://kitobam.com/la/6031672b7d1e851f11ebc59cfb5b1c4f’ class=’link’><a href='http://kitobam.com/la/6031672b7d1e851f11ebc59cfb5b1c4f' class='link'>Maktab</a></a></a></a></a></a></a></a>_maorif.jpg” width=”1000″/> </p>
<p style= Madaniyati khalq muassisahoi tarbiyai tomaktabi, hama guna maktabhoi malumoti umumi, kasbhoi tekhniki, maktabhoi miyonai makhsus va oli, shaklhoi gunoguni talimi kasb va takmili ikhtisosi kormandon, muassisahoi berunazmaktabiro dar bar megirad. Madaniyati khalq faqat okhiri asri 18 va avvali asri 19 nufuz paydo kard. To on vaqt tarbiyai maktabi tanho ba ayonu ashrof dastras bud. Faqat qisme az farzandoni ahli hunar va tojiron dar maktabho malumoti ibtidoi girifta metavonistand. Aksariyati mehnatkashon az huquqi malumotgiri mahrum budand.

Bo inkishofi munosibathoi kapitalisti burjuaziya ba takmili istehsolot va talimi korgaron ekhtiyoj paydo kard. In vaziyat va inchunin dar revolyutsiyai burjuazi ishtirok namudani ommai khalq boisi on gardid, ki mamlakathoi ba rohi taraqqiyoti kapitalisti daromada tashkili marifatnokkunii beistisnoi hamai grajdaninhoro rasman ba uhda giriftand. Ammo qonunhoi dar in mamlakatho qabulshuda faqat az maktabi tabaqavi ba maktabi siifi guzashtanro dar nazar doshtavd.

Asri 19 dar aksari mamlakathoi kapitalisti oid ba talimi ibtidoii umumii hatmi qonunho baromadand. Bo vujudi on ki talaboti ba talimi korgaron doshtai sanoat, paqliyot, aloqa va digar sohahoi ru ba taraqqi nihodai khojagi kharakteri obektivi dosht, dar davlathoi burjuazi dar amal du sistemai Madaniyati khalq tashkil yofta bud: yake baroi sinfi doro, digare baroi mehnatkashon. Dar jamiyati sinfi hatto talimi bepul gayrisinfi shuda nametavonad, zero na hamai volidon baroi khonondani farzandoni khud dar Maktab imkoniyat dorand. Ilova bar in dar baze mamlakathoi kapitalisti sistemai makhsusi sanjishho jorist.

Muvofiqi in sistema ba guruhi bachagoni sohibistedod faqat onhoe dokhil meshavand, ki padaru modari davlatmand dorand. Faqat chunin bachagon qodirand ba maktabhoi oli dokhil shavand. Aksariyati farzandoni mehnatkashon badi khatmi maktabhoi ibtidoi ba maktabhoe dokhil meshavand, ki aksaran baroi dar maktabhoi oli davom dodani tahsil huquq namedihand. Sistemai haqiqatan khalqii maorif tanho dar jamiyati sosialisti jori shudaast.

Dardavlathoi sobiq shuravi va digar mamlakathoi sosialisti dastrasii umum budani hama shaklu namudhoi malumot, tatbiqi muntazami prinsiphoi maktabi yagona bepul budani malumot, talim ba zaboni modari, judo budani Maktab az kaliso, stipendiyai davlati ba talabagoni omuzishgohhoi kasbhoi tekhniki, maktabhoi oli va miyonai makhsus tamin karda meshavand.

Dar hamai mamlakatho asosi nizomi Madaniyati khalqro malumoti ibtidoi tashkil medihad. Muhlati tahsili ibtidoi dar mamlakathoi gunogun az 3 to 6 sol ast. Dar mamlakathoi kapitalisti malumoti miyona odatan dar maktabhoi muddati tahsilashon 6 sol doda meshavad (maktabi grammatikii Britaniyai Kabir, gimnaziyahoi Olmon, liseyhoi Faronsa, Italiya va gayra.). Dar Tojikiston dar hamai maktabhoi malumoti umumi, omuzishgohhoi kasbkhoi tekhniki (okhirin barobari ikhtisosi korgari malumoti miyonai umumi niz medihand) va maktabhoi miyonai makhsus malumoti miyona giriftan mumkin ast. Malumoti oliro universitetho, institutho, omuzishgohhoi oli, baze kollejho va gayra medihand, ki muddata tahsilashon az 4 to 6 sol ast.

Dar bisyor mamlakathoi kapitalisti yak qismi maktabho ba kaliso, tashkilothoi khayrkhoh va shakhsoni alohida taalluq dorand. Dar ittihodi shuravi va digar mamlakathoi sosialisti muassisahoi talimi asosan davlatiand (bazeashon dar ikhtayori ittifoqhoi kasaba, muassisahoi kooperativi va tashkilothoi digar meboshand).

Dar Tojikiston nizomi Madaniyati khalq dar asosi markazonikunonii demokrati idora meshavad. Prinsiphoi sokhti Madaniyati khalq, vazifahoi asosi va rohhoi takmili hamai zvenohoi sistemai on dar «Asoshoi qonunguzorii ittihodi shuravi dar jumhurihoi ittifoqi oid ba maorifi khalq» (19 iyulp 1973) muayyan gardidaand. Nizomi Madaniyati khalq dar davlathoi sobiq shuravi tarbiyai tomaktabi, malumoti miyonai umumi, tarbiyai berun az Maktab , omuzishi kasbhoi tekhniki, malumoti miyonai makhsus va oliro dar bar megirad.

Peshrafti ilmu tekhnika va afzudani malumoti ilmi taqozo dorad, ki mehnatkashon donishhoi umumi, umumitekhniki va makhsusro muntazam az khud kunand. Az hamin sabab dar sistemai Madaniyati khalqi Tojikiston va digar mamlakathoi sobiq shuravi talimi umumi, goibona, har guna shaklhoi baland bardoshtani ikhtisos va khudomuzii mehnatkashon khele inkishof yoftaand.

Dar davlathoi sobiq shuravi soli tahsili 1980 bo hamai namudhoi talim beshtar az 100 mln. nafar faro girifta shuda bud, ki az on jumla 45,2 mln. nafar dar maktabhoi malumoti umumi, 4 mln. dar omuzishgohhoi kasbhoi tekhniki, 4,6 mln. dar tekhnikumho va digar maktabhoi miyonai makhsus, 5,2 mln. dar maktabhoi oli tahsil mekardand. Dar mamlakat 147 hazor maktabi malumoti umumi, 4384 maktabi miyonai makhsus mavjud bud. Dar panjsolai 10-um 25 mln. javonon maktabhoi gunoguni miyonaro khatm kardand. Dar muassisahoi maktabii mamlakat taqriban 4 mln. kudakon tarbiya giriftan. Beshtar az 4,4 hazor qasru khonahoi pioneron, ziyoda az 980 stansiyai tekhnikoni javon, 584 stansiyai tabiatshinosoni javon, 202 stansiyai ekskursioniyu turisti va digar muassisahoi bachagona ba khonandagon khizmat rasonidand.

Dar mamlakat 7006 omuzpshgohi kasobhoi tekhniki az rui 1400 ikhtisos mutakhassis tayyor mekunad. Dar maktabhoi miyonai makhsus javopisaronu dukhtaron az rui 500 ikhtisos malumot megirand. Dar 883 maktabi olii mamlakat har sol to 700 hazor mutakhassis tayyor mekardand. Dar mamlakat taqriban 1,4 mln. kormandoni ilmi budand, ki in nazar ba soli 1913 –um 103 marotiba ziyod ast. Madaniyati khalqi Tojikistoni pesh az revolyusioni badi ba Rossiya khamroh shudani Osiyon Miyona yak andoza behtar gardid. Barobari goyahoi maorifparvari va demokratiyu revolyusioni maktabhoi nav niz paydo shudand (nig. Maktabi rusii mahalli), ki dar onho talim asosan bo usuli nav burda meshud. Mehnatkashon qati nazar az on ki dar zeri istismori Rossiyai podshohi budand, bo madaniyat, sanat va ilmu marifati peshqadami rus shinos meshudand. Dar bayni khalqho robitai dusti ba miyon meomad.

In hamkori va dusti oqibat ba galabai Revolyutsiyai Oktyabr ovarda rasond. Holo  Tojikiston dar sohai Madaniyati khalq komyobihoi khele kalon ba dast ovardaast. Dar solhoi Hokimiyati Soveti va Demokrati besavodi tamoman barham doda shud va khalqi tojik ba madaniyati mutaraqqi sohib gardid. Az rui darajai malumoti oli Tojikiston az mamlakathoi Sharqi khoriji va yak qator davlathoi Avrupoi Garbi pesh guzasht.

Asosi Maktab va Madaniyati khalqi kishvar dar partavi qapophoi Sezdi 26-umi KPSS besh az pesh taraqqi mekunad.

Soli tahsili 1980-1981 dar Tojikiston shumorai maktabhoi umumi ba 3100 -adad, 10 maktabi oli, 39 maktabi miyonai makhsus, 76 omuzishgohi kasbhoi tekhniki mavjud  budand, ki bo namudhoi gunoguni talim 1,4 mln. kasro faro giriftaand; az jumla 1,05 mln. talaba dar maktabhoi miyonai malumoti umumi, 57 hazor nafar dar maktabhoi oli, 40 hazor nafar dar maktabhoi miyonai makhsus tahsil kardand. Shumorai muallimoni maktabho ba 63 hazor nafar merasid.

Dar soli 2017-um boshad shumorai maktabhoi miyonai umum dar Tojikiston ba 3764 adad omada rasid, ki az on 550 maktabhoi ibtidoi,  69 maktabhoi hatmi va 2320 maktabhoi tahsiloti umumi meboshad.

Nigared niz Maktab , Maktabi ibtidoi, Maktabi hashtsola, Maktabi miyonai malumoti umumi, Malumoti kasbhoi tekhniki.

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SATO

SATO, asbobi musiqii torist, ki bo kamoncha menavozand. Sato dar bayni tojikoi, uzbekho, eroniyon, afgonho …