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Malayziya

MALAYZIYa (Malaysia), Federasiyai Malayziya, davlat dar Osiyoi Janubu Sharqi, dar janubi nimjazirai Malakka (Malayziyai nimjaziravi), dar Shimol va Shimolu Garbii jazirai Kalimantan (Saboh va Saravak). Bo Tayland, Indoneziya, Bruney hamsarhad buda, Az jazirai, Sumatra bo gul. Malayka va az jazirai Singapur bo gulugoh chahor judo ast. Az 13 shtat-iyolat (9 shtat— mulki sultoni, 4 shtat-gubernatori) iborat ast. Masohati malayziya 333 hazor km murabbaro tashkil medihad. Aholiash 31 mln. somoni (2017s.). Poytakhtash —Kuala-Lumpur.

kualalumpur_malaiziya
sh. Kuala-Lumpur (Poytakhti Malayziya)

Sokhti davlati. Malay— hokimiyati mutlaqan konstitusioni. Sardori davlat hokimi olist, ki uro Shuroi hokimon, hokimoni shtatho ba muhlati 5 sol intikhob mekunand. Organi olii hokimiyati qonunbaror parlament ast, ki on az 2 palata — Senat na Palatai namoyandagon iborat. Organi olii ijroiya — hukumat (kabineti vakhiron) bo sardorii sarvazir.

Sistemai sudi: sudi federali va du Sudi oli, sudhoi okrugi, sudhoi shariati va g.

Aholi. Aholii mamlakat az jihati tarkibi etniki khele murakkab buda, dar on malaiho, khitoiho, khalqhoi aslashon az Hinduston, Pokiston va Vangladesh, dayakho, kadazanho, molanau, baju va digar khalqho zindagi mekunand. Zichii miyonai aholi dar 1 km² besh az 32 nafar Zaboni davlati — malay. Dini hukmron — islom. Shahrhoi kalon: Chortgaun, Ipokh-Johor-Baru, Klang, Malakka.

Tabiat. Malayziya dar mintaqai ekvatori joygir ast. Qismi ziyodi nimjazirai Malakka az teppayu kuhhoi past va nisbatan baland iborat ast (1000— 2000 m). Nuqtai balandtarinash k. Takhan (2190 m.) Qismi sohili pasti hamvor (barash to 90 km), Sohilhoi jazirai Kalimantan hamvorand. Dar qismi miyonai on teppa va kuhho (balandiashon 2000—2400 m) voqeand. Nuqtai balandtarini Malayziya k. Kanibalu (4101 m). Sarvathoi zerizamini: qalagi, ohan, boksit, angishtu neft va g. Iqlimash ekvatori, dar Shimoli subekvatori, mussoni. Harorati miyonai mohona dar davomi sol 25°— 28° S. Borishoti solona dar rayonhoi sohili 2000—5000 mm. Daryohoi Ranang, Pakhang, Baram va g. seroband. Khokash khokistarii lateriti, dar pastiho —allyuviali. Aa qismi terr. Malayziyaro jangalhoi tropikii sernam (nakhl, bambuk va g.) pushonidaand. Olami hayvonotash boy ast (fil, karkadani dushokha, khirs, palang, yuz, shokhbarzagov, maymunhoi odamshakl (orangutang, gibbon). Rastanihoi tropiki va hayvonoti tropiki dar kurukhoi millii Taman-Negara va Bako gird ovarda shudaand.

Malayziya dar Kharita

Ocherki tarikhi. To soli 1963 dar terr. hozirai Malayziya koloniyahoi Angliya — Malayya, Saravak va Saboh voqe budand.

Malayya. Dar zamonhoi qadim dar terr. Malayya qabilahoi negruavstrali va avstronezi sokin budand. Dar ibtidoi hazorai 1 m. qabilahoi malay maskan giriftand. Avvalin davlathoi feodalii Malayya asrhoi 1—3 m. tashkil shudand, ki asri 8 ba imperiyai Shrivijayyai Sumatra tobe shudand. Dar asri 13 knyazihoi shimoli va Majapakhita knyazihoi janubiro tasarruf kardand. Malayya

Malayziyai Sharqi (Saboh). Sholizor. asrhoi (b—16 ba hayati mulki sultonii Malakka dokhil bud. Asrhoi 16—18 parokandagii davlathoi feodali afzud, ki dar natijai on mustamlmkadoroni Portugaliya va Gollandiya ba in sarzamin cap darovardand. Aa okhiri asri 18 ekspansiyai Angliya cap shud. Mamlakat ba manbai ashyoi khomi monopoliyahoi Angliya tabdil yoft. Dar rafti muborizai ziddi mustamlikadoron (ibtidoi asri 20) avvalin tashkilothoi burjuazi-domokrati, solhoi 20 krujokhoi marksisti va ittifoqhoi kasabai demokrati ba vujud omadand. Soli 1930 Partiyai Kommunistii Malayya (PKM) tashkil shud. Solhoi 1941—42 Malayyaro Yaponiya zabt kard. Tahti rohbarii PKM dar mamlakat harakati ozodikhohona avj girift. Okhiri soli 1942 dar Malayya bar ziddi qushunhoi Yaponiya armiyai khalqi tashkil yoft, ki on chandin rayonhoi mamlakatro az asorati istilogaron ozod kard va digargunsozihoi demokrati guzaronad. Badi taslim shudani Yaponiya (sentyabri 1945). ba Malayya qushunhoi Angliya daromadand. Marhilai navi muborizai ozodikhohona cap shud. Dar zeri fishori muborizai ozodikhohona hokimiyati siyosi ba dasti feodaloni Malayya va burjuazhoi kalon guzasht. 31 avgusti 1957 istiqloliyati mamlakat elon shud. Ammo badi bastani shartnoma doir ba mudofia va yorii baynihamdigari bo Britaniyai Kabir (soli 1957) bazahoi harbii Angliya dar territoriyai Malayya boqi mondand.

Dar asri 16 Saboh ba hayati mulki sultonii Brunsi va Sulu dokhil bud. Solhoi 1877—78 Sabohro konsuli Avstriya-Vengriya dar Gonkong Overbek va tojiri anglis Dent ba dast darovardand. Solhoi 1942—45 qushunhoi yagon Sabohro zabt karda budand. Az soli 1946 Saboh mustamlikai Britaniyai Kabir gardid. Az soli 1963 shtati Malayziya meboshad. Saravakiz asrhoi avvali milod malum ast. Terr. on ba davlathoi Shrivichayya va Machapakhita, bad az asri 16 to nimai yakumi asri 19 ba sultoni Bruney tobe bud. Soli 1841 Saravakro mojarojui anglis J. Bruk ba dast darovard; solhoi 1861, 1882, 1885, 1890, 1905 g va vorisonash mulkhoi khudro az hisobi mulki sultonii Bruney vase kardand. Soi 1850 ShMA va soli 1964 Brntaniyai Kabir Saravakro hamchun davlati sohibistiqlol etirof namudand. Soli 1888 Saravak protektorat, soli 1946 mustamlikai Angliya shud. Soli 1963 Saravak hamchun shtat ba federasiyai Malayziya dokhil shud.

malaiziya_budo

Dar solhoi okhir dar mamlakat ziddiyathoi ijtimoiyu iqtisodi, dar jamoahoi malay, khitoy va hindi ruhiyai millatchigi, dar 2 shtati Malayya Shimoli (dar jazirai Kalimantan) tamoyulhoi separatisti boqi mondand. Chun solhoi peshina doirahoi hukmroni feodaliyu burjuazi, bar khilofi siyosati Khitoy, rohi mustahkam namudani mavqehoi iqtisodii malaihoro davom dodand. Asosi rohi siyosati berunii Malayya hamroh nashudan ba blokho, hamzistii osoishta, ba «mintaqai sulh, ozodi va betarafi» tabdil dodani Osiyoi Janubu Sharqi (OJSh), barobari nigoh doshtani robitahoi mustahkam bo Britaniyai Kabir, Yaponiya, ShMA va Avstraliya, dar doirai ASEAN inkishof dodani hamkorii regionali bud. Rohbariyati Malayya nisbat ba digargunihoi revolyusioni dar Kampuchiya mavqei manfi ishgol namud, Soveti revolyusionii RKhK-ro etirof nakard. Malayya dar sessiyai 34 Assambloyai Generalii TDM vakolathoi «namoyandai» Pol Potro tarafdori kard va yake az muallifoni rezolyusiyas bud, ki on dakholatro ba korhoi dokhilii RKhK peshbini menamud. Dar ayni hol tarafdori davom dodani guftushunid bo RSV, mudobili konfrontasii bayni mamlakathoi azoi ASEAN va davlathoi nimjazirai Hinduston bud.

Partiyahoi siyosi va ittifoqhoi kasaba. Partiyahoi koalisiyai hukmron dar Fronti milli (FM) muttahid gardidaand. Partiyahoi asosi dar FM: Tashkiloti muttahidai millii Malayya, soli 1946 tasis yoftaast. Manfiathoi feodalon va burjuaziyai Malayyaro ifoda mekunad. Assosiasiyai khitoii Malayziya, soli 1946 tasis yofgaast. Partiyai kalontarini burjuaziyai mahallii khitoiyon, Kongressi hindustonii Malayziya. Soli 1949 tasis yoftaast. Manfiathoi hinduyoni sarvatmandi mahalliro ifoda mekunad. Partiyai amaliyoti demokrat b. Soli 1966 tasis yoftaast. Partiyai islomii panmalai.

Soli 1951 tasis yoftaast. Partiyai Kommunistii Malayya. Soli 1930 tasis yoftaast, az soli 1948 dar sharoiti gayrileali. Dar zeri tasiri maoiston meboshad. Kongressi ittifoqhoi kasabai Malayziya. Soli 1949 tasis yoftaast.

Khojagi. Malayya— mamlakati agrari buda, sanoati madani kuhiash taraqqi kardaast. Iqtisodiyoti on ba monopoliyai khoriji, asosan ba monopoliyahoi Angliya tobe meboshad; solhoi okhir ba Malayya monopoliyahoi Yaponiya, Amerika va digar davlatho toraft beshtar cap medarorand, roli kapitali khitoihoi mahalli meafzoyad. Hukumat planhoi panjsolai taraqqiyotro (baroi solhoi 1966—70 va 1971—75) qabul kard. Soli 1975 dar natijai krizisi iqtisodie, ki jahoni kapitalistiro faro girifta bud, surati taraqqiyoti iqtisodii Malayya khele sust shud. Xojagii qishloq. Hissai mahsuloti umumii milliro medihad, dar on 65% aholi kor mekunad. Khojagii plantasionii kapitalisti, ki asosan baroi eksport mahsulot mebarorad, khele taraqqi kardaast. Malayya ba khorija kauchuk, ravgani javzi hindi, murch, ananas, choy, vyuli mefurushad. Mohigiri ham inkishof yoftaast. Dar barboari sokhahoi sanoati madani kuhi va korkardi ashyoi khomi khojagii qishloq sanoati moshinsozi (zavodhoi vasli avtomobil, motosikl, moshinhoi khojagii qishloq) elektrotekhnika va elektronika, sanoati khimiya (lok, nurihoi minerali) inkishof meyobad. Korkhonahoi nachandoi kaloni sanoati bofandagi, chubgari, sanoati khurokvori mavjudand. Kosibi-hunarmandi (kuloli, zargari va g.) az qadim mamul ast. Tuli rohi ohan 1815 km va avtomobilgard 27 hazor km (1976). Naqliyoti bahri (bandarhoi Pinang, Savdakav) roli muhim mebozad. Dar Kuala-Lumpur, Pinang va Kota-Kanibalu aeroport hast. Soli 1970    bayni Moskva — Kuala-Lumpur aloqai havoi kushoda shud.

Malayziya az khorija moshin va tajhizot, suzishvori, molhoi khimiyavi, metallhoi siyoh mekharad. Sharikoni asosii savdoyash: Yaponiya, Singapur, ShMA, Avstraliya, Britaniyai Kabir. “Vohidi pul — ringgiti Malayziya.

malayiho

Adabiyot. Adabiyot ba zabonhoi malay, khitoi, tamili va anglisi inkishof meyobad. Adabiyoti malayzabon mavqei asosi dorad. Sardaftari adabiyoti navi Malayya Abdulloh ibni Abdulqodiri Munshi (1796—1854) meboshad. Munshi dar asari khud «Qissa bar vasfi Abdulloh» (1849) nobarobarihoi ijtimoi, johilii feodalonro tanqid mekunad. Solhoi 1925—26 «Farida-khonum» nom romani Saidshaykh ibni Ahmadi Hodi, ki hayoti hamon solhoi Misrro inikos mekunad, ba khonandagon rasid. Ahmad Navobi ibni Muhammadali, Ahmad ibni Ismoil va digar asarhoi ziyod ejod namudaand. Ahmad ibni Hoji Muhammadrashidi Tol romanhoi «Dusti haqiqi», «Salma» va digar romanhoi didaktiki ofaridaast.

Solhoi 30 tasiri adabiyoti navi Indoneziya afzud. A. Samad ibni Ahmad, A. Bakhtiyor, R. Mansur va digaron dar rukhi milli asarho ofaridand. Alalkhusus dar romani arbobi harakati milli Abdullohi Siddiq «Yakjoya muboriza barem» (1941) goyahoi vatanparvari va muboriza bar ziddi mustamlikadori ba khubi ifoda yoftaast. Dar solhoi 1945—57 dar adabiyot asarhoe, ki dar onho hayoti khalq inikos gardidaast, mavqei asosi ishgol namudand. Soli 1950 yak guruh nozimu nosiron, az jumla K. Mas, U. Avang, M. Asraf, A. Samad Ismoil va digar ittihodi «Avlodi solhoi 50»-ro tashkil namuda, «Sanat baroi jamiyat»-ro shiori khud qaror dodand. Solhoi 60 A. Samad Said («Selina», 1961), A. Vat («Gardish», 1965), A. Ali («Buhron», 1966), A. Samad Ismoil («Vazir», 1967), S. Usmon Kelantan («Shabbodai shimolu sharqi», 1969) va digar asarhoro ofaridaand, ki dar onho mehru muhabbati khalq nisbat ba vatani khud va adovatu nafrat nisbat ba mustamlikadoron inikos gardidaast. Dar Malayya ba zaboni tamili (K. Perumal, G. S. Shaimugam) va digar zabonho asarho ejod meshavand.

Maorif. Maktabn ibtidoi 6-sola, maktabhoi miyona ba du zina, sinfhoi poyon 3-sola va sinfhoi bolo —2 va 4-sola taqsim meshavad. Tayyorii kasbhoi tekhniki dar maktabhoi kasbhoi tekhniki va kurshoi pedagogi, ki dar bazai maktabi miyona kor mekunand, guzaronida meshavad. Soli tahsili 1974/75 dar maktabhoi ibtidoi 2,3 mln, dar maktabhoi miyona 93,5 hazor, dar sistemai tayyorii kasbhoi tekhniki 54,2 hazor nafar talaba mekhond. Dar mamlakat chunin maktabhoi oli: Universiteti Malayya, (tasisash 1962, Kuala-Lumpur), Universiteti ilmhoi tabiatshinosi (tasisash 1969, Pinang), Universiteti tekhnologi (tasisash 1954, Kuala-Lumpur), Universiteti khojagii qishloq (tasisash 1973, Selangor), Universiteti milli (tasisash 1970, Kuala-Lumpur) mutakhassishoi gunogun tayyor mekunand. Kitobkhonahoi kalon: Kitobkhonai davlatii Saravak, kitobkhonai universitet, Kitobkhonai millii Kuala-Lumpur. Dar Malayya 5 muzey hast.

Matbuot, radio, televizion. Soli 1976 dar mamlakat gazetahoi harruza ba zaboni malay: «Utusan Melayyu» («Utusan Melau»), «Berita kharian» («Berita Harian»), «Utusan Malayzia» («Utusan Malaysia»); ba zaboni anglisi: «Nyu streyts tayme» («New Straits Times»), «Malay meyl» («The Malay Mail»); ba zaboni khitoi: «Nanyan shanbao», «Sinchjou ji-bao», «Chjungo bao»; ba zaboni tamili: «Tamil nesan», «Tamil malar» chop meshud. Dar Saboh, Saravak va dar baze shahrhoi kalon gazetahoi mahalli nashr meshavand. Agentii millii akhborot — Bernama (1967) va televizion (1963) kor mekunand.

Инчунин кобед

Dehai SAFEDORON

SAFEDORON, dehaest dar Soveti qishloq Hakimii rayoni Komsomolobodi Respublikai Sovetii Sotsialistii Tojikiston. Territoriyai sovkhozi «Chorsada». …