Manufaktura

MANUFAKTURA (az zaboni lotini «manufacture», yane az «manus» — dast va «factura» — tayyor kardan), korkhonai kapitalisti buda, ba taqsimoti mehnat va hunari dasti asos yoftaast; davrai duyumi taraqqiyoti sanoati kapitalistist, ki pesh az davrai istehsoloti moshini joy dosht. Manufaktura dar miyonahoi asri 16 paydo shuda, to okhiri asri 18 vujud dosht. Jihati khosi shakli ibtidoivu odditarini Manufaktura in bud, ki mehnatkashoni dar khona korkunandaro kapitali tijorati istismor mekard. Zinai digari istehsoloti manufakturi Manufakturai markaziyatnoke buda, on jo kortaroni kiroya kor mekardand.

Manufaktura bo du roh paydo shudaast:

dar korkhonai umumi korgaroni gunogun jam omada, hamai ravandi tayyor kardani mahsulotro pay dar ham ba jo meovarand;
dar korkhona hunarmandoni yak kasbi muayyan jam meomadand.

Manufakturai kapitalisti baroi istehsoloti kaloni kapitalisti zamina faroham ovard, ba taqsimoti minbadai mehnat sabab shud, bisyor korhoi mehnattalabro sabuk gardond, oloti mehnatro takmil dod, baroi guzapggan ba istehsoloti kaloni moshini kadrho tayyor kard. Taqsimoti mehnat dar sharoiti istehsoloti manufakturi, az yak taraf, hosilnokii onro ziyod karda boshad, az tarafi digar, korgarro bo yak navi muayyani kor poband namuda, boisi sakht istismor shudani on gardid. Manufaktura ba jam shudani vositahoi istehsolot dar dasti kapitaliston musoidat namuda, boisi khonavayronii ommai asosii hunarmandon gardid.

Manufaktura dar Rossiya nimai duyumi asri 17 va avvali asri 19 paydo shud. Jihati khosi Manufakturai rus in bud, ki vay dar sharoiti hukmronii munosibathoi feodali-krepostnoi rivoj meyoft. Avvalin Manufakturaho dar on sohahoi sanoat (namak, araq va istehsoli spirt) ba vujud omadand, ki mahsulotashon dar bozorhoi dokhili va khoriji ba tavri farovon furukhta meshudand. Dar in Manufakturaho asosan munosibathoi kapitalisti joy doshtand. Qismi ziyodi Manufakturaho bo yorii faolonai davlat ba vujud omad. To galabai Revolyutsii Kabiri Sosialistii Oktyabr dar sharoiti iqtisodiyoti bisyorukladai Rossiya Manufaktura ahamiyati kalon dosht. Manufaktura badi galabai Revolyutsiyai Oktyabr barham khurd.