Libiya

LIBIYa (Liviya ba russi yo Dawlat Libya ba anglisi), kishvarest dar Afrikai Shimoli. Dar Garb bo Tunis va Aljazoir, dar Janub bo Niger va Respublikai Chad, dar Janbu Sharq bo Sudon, dar Shimol bo Misr hamsarhad. Nomi rasmiash “Jamohiriyai Libiya” meoshad. Dar Shimoli khoki Libiya ba bahri Miyonazamin merasad. Masohatash 1 759,5 hazor metri murabba. Aholiash ziyoda az 6,3 mln. nafar (2017) va dar 40 soli okhir 2-marotiba ziyod shudaast. Poytakhtash — shahri Taroblis (Tripoli).

Sokhti davlati. As soli 2011-um davlatro hokimiyati guzaranda idora menamoyad. To in dam az 3 marti 1977 organi olii hokimiyat — Kongressi umumii khalqi (KUKh; 1979), bud. Sardori davlat—kotibi generalii KUKh bud; capfarmondehi oli ham khudi u bud. Hokimiyati ijroiya ba Komiteti olii khalqi (hukumat) taalluq dorad, ki doir ba masalahoi gunogun iborat ast. Hokimiyat dar mahal: ba «majlishoi khalqi» taalluq dorad, ki onho «komitethoi khalqii» Rohbarikunandaro intikhob mekunand. Sistemai sudi: Sudi oli, sudhoi asliyatsioni, sudhoi instaisiyai yakum, sudi khalqi (az oktyabri 1960).

Tabiat. 98%-i masohati Libiyaro nimbiyobonhoi subtropiki (dar Shimol) va biyobonhoi tropiki (dar Janub) tashkil medihand. Khatti sohil nisbatan rosti yaklukht. Yagona khaliji kalontarin Sidra (Sirti Kalon). Qismi ziyodi mamlakatro pushtakuh (balandiashon—600 metr) faro giriftaast, ki on dar baze joyho ba pastkhamihoi vase judo meshavad. Dar Garb nishebihoi kaloni serbar voqeand, ki dar onho ba miqdori ziyod peg jam shudaast. Dar Janub sufakuhi sangini Tibest, dar Shimol biyoboni Libiya voqe ast. Iqlimash tropiki, biyoboni, dar Shimol— subtropiki, bahri miyonazamini. Hapopati miyonai mohi khunuktarin (yanvar) Dar Shimol az +11°S to +12°S, Dar Janub +15 +1o S; mohi garmtarin (iyul) az +27 + 29° S to +32+35*S, borishoti solona dar Shimoli mamlakat az 400—625 millimetr to 100 millimetr, dar Janub va Sharq to 100 millimetr, dar biyoboni Libiya to 25 millimetr.

Dar mamlakat daryohoi doimi nest. Dar mahalhoe, ki obhoi zerizamini ba qabati boloi khok nazdikand, vohaho voqeand: khokash khokistarrang, khokistarrangi dorchini. Nabototi nohiyahoi nazdi sohil beshtar subtropikii nimbiyoboni. Qad-qadi sohil ahyon-ahyon aqoqiyo, tutanjir, gaz, dar joyhoi beshtar namnok — pattazori makvis, chakalaki chalguza, buttazori suzanbarg meruyad. Yavshon, giyoh va khorzori qadpast, shurazor bartari dorad. Olami hayvonotash kambagal buda, asosan khazandaho (mor, kaltakalos); ba miqdori ziyod kajdum zindagi mekunad.

Aholi. Ziyoda az 90%-i aholii mamlakat arabhoi libiyagi. Inchunin barbarho (taqriban 75 hazor nafar) va guruhhoi nachandon kaloni khausa va tubu niz zindagi mekunand. Zaboni rasmi — arabi. dini davlati — islom (sunni). Shahrhoi kalon: Taroblis (1.5 mln. nafar, 2017 sol) va Bangozi (482 hazor nafar).

Ocherki tarikhi. Dar masohati hozirai Libiya inson dar davrahoi khele qadim sokin shuda bud. Qabilahoi bodiyanishin — ajdodoni barbarhoi (beduini ba zaboni russi) hozira, ki dar Libiyai Qadim maskun budand, bo shikor, badho bo chorvodori shugl doshtand. Masohati Libiyaro dar zamonhoi guzashta borho ajnabiyon zabt kardaand. Dar ayni zamon khudi libiyagiho ham borho zaminhoi hamsoyaro ishgol namuda budand. Dar nimai 1-umi hazorai 1-um dar Garbi Libiya se qasabai Finiqiya (Leptis-Magna, Sabrota, Ea) ba vujud omad. Asri 7 dar Shimoli mamlakat shahrhoi yunoni ba vujud omadand, ki Kirena (yak qismi Libiya Kirenaika nom dosht) kalontarin va muhimtarini onho bud. Dar miyonai asri 5 qismi ziyodi Libiya (asosan dar Garb) ba tasarrufi Karfagen aftod. Yak qismi Kirenaikaro dar okhiri asri 6 — ibtidoi asri 5 Hakhomanishiyon, badho qushuni Iskandari Maqduni istilo kardand. Badi maglubiyati Karfagen masohati Libiyaro Rim ba dast darovard. Asri 7 dar natijai istiloi arab Libiya ba Khilofati arab hamroh karda shud. Dar natijai ba tavri ommavi kuchonida ovardani qabilahoi arab khalqi Libiya bo mururi zamon bo onho omezish yoft. Dar Libiya islom pahn shud. Dar asri 16 masohati Libiya ba hayati imperiyai Usmoniya hamroh karda shud. Khalqi Libiya dar davrai duyumi  hukmronii turkho zud-zud bar ziddi onho baromad mekard. Dar nimai asri 19 ba in muboriza tarikati sanusiya sarvari namud.

Soli 1911 Italiya baroi Libiya shuda ba jangi imperialistonai ziddi Turkiya barkhost, dar natijai in jang Libiya purra ba Italiya tobe shud. Aholii mahalli ba mustamlikadoroni Italiya muqobilati sakht nishoi medod. Dar solhoi Jangi yakumi jahoni Italiya majbur shud qismi ziyodi qushunhoi khudro az Libiya barorad, dar amal dar ikhtiyori on tanho shahrhoi Khume, Taroblis va Baygozi mond. Masohat. Kirenaika zeri hokimiyati tarikati sanusiya bud; muzofoti Taroblis soli 1918 respublika elon karda shud. Badi dar Italiya ba sari hokimiyat omadani fashiston (1922) hukumati Italiya boz bar ziddi Libiya amaliyoti harbi cap kard. Bar ziddi imperialistoni Italiya otashi navi harakati ozodikhohona alanga zad. Tanho soli 1928 istilogaroni Italiya Taroblis va 1930 Fazzonro zabt kardand. Dar davrai Jangi duyumi jahoni (1939—45) Italiya umed dosht, ki masohat. Libiyaro hamchun baza baroi zabtkorihoi minbadaash dar Afrika istifoda mebarad. Ammo qushunhoi Italiyaro, ki az masohat. Libiya ba Misr zada daromadand, okhiri 1940 qushunhoi Angliya zada gardonida, khud yanvar-fevrali 1941 Kirenaikaro ishgol kardand.

Badi ba Libiya guzaronidani korpusi tankii Rommel qushunhoi Italiyayu Germaniya Kirenaikaro ba dast darovardand. Lekin badi dar nazdi Stalingrad torumor shudani qushuhoi fashiston qushunhoi Italiyayu Germaniya az tamomi khoki Libiya barovarda shudand. Okhiri 1942 — ibtidoi 1943 qushunhoi Fransiya Fazzon, Angliya, Kirenaika va Taroblisro zabt kardand. Soli 1943 Libiya ba zeri itoati mamuriyati harbii Britaniyai Kabir va Faronsa guzasht. Dar in jo bazahoi harbi sokhta shudand. Assamblyai General, ki TDM (1949) qaror kard, ki to 1 yanvari 1952 ba Libiya istiqloliyat doda shavad. 24 dekabri 1951 Libiya mustaqil elon shuda, rasman «Shohii muttahidai Libiya» nom girift; ba sari hokimiyat sobiq, amiri muzofoti Kirenaika Idris as-Sanusi (Idrisi I) omad. Bo sababi hukmronii duru darozi khorijiyon Libiya to avvali solhoi 50-um ham yake az mamlakathoi susttaraqqi kardai feodali bud. To hol dar bisyor bobat ba davlathoi imperialisti tobe bud. Badi elon shudani istiqloliyat baroi inkishofi iqtisodiyoti milli yak qator tadbirho andeshida shudand. Soli 1963 Libiya davlati muttahida elon karda shud. Zanon huquqi intikhoboti giriftand. Soli 1964 hukumati Libiya doir ba barham dodani bazahoi harbii khoriji masala ba miyon guzosht. Bahori 1966 qismi qushunhoi Britaniyai Kabir az khoki Libiya barovarda shuda boshand ham, bazahoi harbii Angliya va Amerika boqi mondand.

1 sentyabri 1969 guruhi ofitseroni artishi Libiya («ofitseroni ozod») tabaduloti davlati kardand, dar natija tartiboti monarkhisti sarnagun shuda, Respublikai Libiyai Arab (RLA) elon karda shud. Hokimiyatro Soveti Revolyutsionii Farmondeh (SRF) ba dasti khud girift. SRF elon kard, ki Libiya minbad bo rohi taraqqiyoti kapitalisti nameravad, dar Libiya «sotsializmi islomii Libiya» sokhta meshavad. Soli 1970 hamai bazahoi harbii khoriji dar khoki Libiya barham doda shudand. Soli 1972 markazi ittifoqhoi kasaba — Federatsiyai umumii ittifoqhoi kasabai korgaroni RLA tashkil shud. Khudi hamon sol dar mamlakat yagona tashkiloti siyosi — Ittifoqi sotsialistii Arab (ISA) tasis yoft. Asosi ideologii in Ittifoq ba nom «nazariyai jahoni seyum»-i M. Kaddafi elon shud, ki din va millatparasti mehvari on bud. Marti 1977 bo qarori organi olii qonunbarori Libiya— Kongressi umumii khalqi (KUKh) SRF barham doda shuda, kotiboti generalii KUKh, inchunin ba joi Soveti Vaziron (hukumat)-i to in davra vujud doshtai Libiya Komiteti olii khalqi (KOKh) barpo shud. Mamlakat ba khud nomi navi rasmy «Jamohiriyai Arabii Khalqii Sotsialistii Libiya»-ro girift.

Libiya dar siyosati khorijii khud siyosati ziddi imperialisti ziddi mustamlikavi va betarafiro mebarad. Libiya ishtirokchii faoli harakati mamlakathoi betaraf meboshad. Rohbariyati hukumati Libiya baroi inkishof dodani munosibathoi dustona va hamkori bo mamlakathoi sotsialisti dar navbati avval bo SSSR baromad mekunad.

Badi tabadduloti soli 1969 rohbaroni navi Libiya ba davlati yagona muttahid namudani hamai mamlakathoi arabro yake az vazifahoi asosii siyosati khud elon namudand. 17 apreli 1971 dar natijai ahdu paymoni hukumathoi Misr, Suriya va Libiya Federatsiyai Respublikahoi Arab (FRA) elon karda shud. Libiya bo SSSR az soli 1955 munosibathoi diplomati barpo kard. Soli 1963 bayni Libiya va SSSR doir ba savdo, 1972 doir ba hamkorii iqtisodi va tekhniki, 1975 doir ba hamkoroni madani va 1976 doir ba kishtironii bahri sozishnoma ba imzo rasid. Libiya ba Ahdnomai Moskva oid ba mani ozmoishi yaroqi yadroi dar atmosfera, fazoi kayhon va zeri ob (1963) hamroh shuda, ba Ahdnomai pahn nakardani yaroqi yadroi imzo kard. Libiya Respublikai Khalqii Angolaro etirof namuda, bo RDG, RKhDK, RSV va Kuba munosibathoi diplomati paydo kard.

Libiya az soli 1953 azoi Ligai davlathoi arab, az 1955 azoi TDM, az mayi 1963 azoi Tashkiloti yagonagii Afrika shud. Solhoi 1970 to 2011 Libiya dar shakli Jumhuri vujud dosht va rohbarii onro Muammar al-Qazofi ba uhda dosht. Kishvarhoi NATO Libiyaro hamchun kishvari ba terorizm dakholatdoshta elon namuda dar sarnagun kardani rohbari kishvar (Qadofi) sababgor shudand.

Iqtisodiyot. Dar davrai mustamlikavi dar sohahoi asosii khojagii Libiya kapitali Italiya khukmron bud. Dar khojagii qishloq shakli asosii istifodai zamin ijorai zamini pomeshikon bud. Kashf va ba tavri vase azkhud kardani konhoi kaloni neft dar solhoi 50-um iqtisodiyoti mamlakatro ba kulli tagyir dodu khub namud. Soli 1972 Libiya az rui istehsoli neft dar Afrika joi 1-um, dar jahoni kapitalisti joi 6-umro ishgol mekard. Konhoi nefti Libiyaro asosan shirkathoi nefti Amerika istifoda mekunand. Hukumati respublikavi, ki on sentyabri 1969 ba sari hokimiyat omad, faoliyati kapitali khorijiro mahdud kard, Uhdadorihoi korporatsiyai nefti millii Libiya vase karda shudand. Doir ba millikunonidani tamomi sarvathoi zerizamini qaror baromad, dar on gufta meshavad, ki minbad kashf va istehsoli sarvathoi zerizamini tanho bo ijozati hukumati Libiya guzaronida meshavand. Solhoi 1969—71 bonkhoi khoriji, tamomi zamine, ki ba italiyaviho taalluq dosht va amvoli gayrimanquli shirkathoi khoriji niz milli kunonida shudand.

Solhoi 1972—19774 hukumati Libiya bo yak qator shirkathoi nefti khoriji baroi ba sarmoyai onho sharik shudan shartnoma basta, shirkathoi boqimondai khorijiro jisman va tamoman milli kunonid. Dar natijai in chorabiniho qarib 70%-i nefti Libiya ba sektori davlati tobe shud. Iyuli 1971 Tashkiloti islohoti agrari va azkhudkunii zaminhoi bekorkhobida tasis shud. Az masohati umumii mamlakat baroi khojagii qishloq tanho 3,8 million gektar zamin (21%) ba kor meoyad. Qarib az 2/z hissai in zaminho kishtzor buda, boqimondaash charogoh meboshad. Dar mamlakat az ziroati galladona jav, gandum, choyjuvori, chuvorimakka, az ziroati tekhniki chormagzi zamini, tukhmi bekhanjir, alafi espato, tamoku kisht meshavad. Bogdori (khurmo, zaytun, mevahoi sitrusi), obchakori inkishof yoftaast. Chorvodori yake az sohahoi muhim va asosi meboshad. Dar Libiya buzu gusfand, gov, shutur, asp va khar parvarish karda meshavad.

Az davrai ogozi istehsoli neft (1961) muhojirati aholii dehot ba shahru konhoi neft az pai muzdi kor avj girift. Agar dar soli 1959 qarib 90%-i aholii qobili mehnat dar khojagii qishloq kor karda boshad, to 1975 shumorai on to 21,8% kam shud. Sanoati istehsoli neft yake az sohahoi asosi va muhimtarini iqtisodiyoti mamlakat buda, qarib 75%-i mahsuloti umumii milli ba sahmi on rost meoyad. To soli 1980 sole to ba 16—18 mln. tonna rasonidani hajmi istehsoli mahsuloti neft ba naqsha girifta shuda bud. Ba gayr az konhoi kaloni neft dar mamlakat inchunin konhoi boi gaz hast; hukumat dar bobati istehsol va samarabakhsh istifoda kardani on chorahoi zaruri meandeshad. Sanoati- korkardi ashyoi khom sust taraqqi kardaast. Istehsoli masolehi binokori, pesh az hama sement bosurat inkishof yofta istodaast. Soli 1970 dar Bangozi zavodi elektrokabel ba kor daromad, zavodhoi qubur, akkumulyator, vasli avtomoshin, shina kor mekunand. Kompleksi metallurgi sokhta shudaast. Sanoati sabuki mamlakat asosan az korkhona va ustokhonahoi kosibi iborat ast. Soli 1975 dar in soha chandin korkhonahoi kalon ba kor daromadand. Sanoati khurokvori niz zud inkishof yofta istodaast; dar Libiya 4 zavodi ord, 4 zavodi konservi mohi, 4 zavodi konservi sabzavot va fabrikai tamoku hast. Mamlakat ba gayr az neft ba khorija chormagzi zamini, pusti khom, tukhmi bedanjir, pashm, tamoku, mevai sitrusi, ravgani zaytun, isfanj, sardina barovarda, az khorija avtomobil, dastgoh, tajhizoti sanoati neft, quburhoi metalli, molhoi sanoati, khurokvori va gayra mekashonad. Sharikoni asosii savdoyash — IMA, Olmon, Itolyo, Angliya, Faronsa. Vohidi pul — dinori Libiya (1 dinor = 1000 dirham = 0,7 dollari IMA yo khud 6 somoni , (marti soli 2017).

MMD – Majmui mahsuloti dokhilii Libiya dar soli 2017 mablagi 30 milliard dollari IMA-ro tashkil kard va in nishondihanda nisbati solhoi qabli  2-3 marotiba kam ast va sababgori in asosan past faromadani narkhi naft dar jahon meboshad. Libiya misli Russiya va yak qator davlathoi digari sodirkunandai nafta az narkhi naftu gaz nihoyat vobastagii zich dorad. Majmui mahsuloti dokhili ba sari aholi kishvar dar yak sol ba 14 hazor dollari IMA rost meoyad ki dar jahon bayni 228 davlati jahon dar joyi 109 ast (2016 sol) bud.

Mamlakat rohi ohan nadorad, kalontarin shohrohi avtomobilgard, ki darozii on 1882 km ast, kad-qadi sohili bahri Miyonazamin az sarhadi Tunis to sarhadi RMA kashol meyobad. Tuli umumii rohi avtomobilgard ba 10 hazor km merasad. Rohi havoii baynalkhalqi Taroblis va Bangoziro bo Kopira va Tunis, inchunin bo poytakhthoi davlathoi Evropa — Parij, Rim va Afina mepayvandad. Az iyuli 1970 bayni Taroblis va Moskva (rohi havoii Aeroflot) aloqai muntazami havoi kushoda shudaast.

Maorif. Nizomi maorifi mamlakat az muassisahoi tomaktabii kudakon — bogchahoi bachagona cap meshavad. Sistemai talim az maktabi ibtidoii 6-sola, miyonai du zina (34-3) iborat ast. Soli tahsili 1974/75 dar maktabhoi ibtidoi 980,2 hazor, miyonai nopurra 195,3 hazor, miyonai purra 30 hazor talaba mekhond. Soli 1975 dar borai talimi hatmii 9-sola qonun qabul shud. Maktabhoi dini ham hastand, ki soli tahsili 1974/75 dar onho hamagi 16,2 hazor nafar talaba mekhond. Tayyorii kasbi tekhniki dar bazai maktabi ibtidoi va maktabi miyonai nopurra dar zarfi 4 sol ba amal barovarda meshavad. Dar poygohi maktabi miyonai nopurra dar omuzishgohhoi pedagogi baroi maktabhoi ibtidoi dar zarfi 4—5 sol muallim tayyor mekunand. Donishgohi Bangozi (tasisash 1955), Donishgohi Taroblis (tasisash 1973), instituti aloqa (tasisash 1963) mutakhassisoni malumoti olidor tayyor mekunand. Kitobkhonaho: Kitobkhonai davlatii Taroblis (tasisash 1917), Kitobkhonai Bangozi (tasisash 1955) va g. Dar mamlakat muzey arkheologiya, muzei tabiatshinosiyu tarikhi, muzei tarikhi atiqa hast.

Matbuot, radio, televizion. Soli 1976 dar mamlakat ba zaboni arabi gazetahoi «Al-Fajr-ul-Jadid» (hukumati), «Ar-Pay», «Al-Jihod», jurnalhoi «Al-vahdat-ul-Arabiya», «Jaysh-ush-Shab» nashr meshudand. Radioshunavoni az soli 1957 va stansiyai televizion az 1968 kor mekunad.

Nigahdorii tandurusti. Soli 2015 ba 1000 nafar 65,4 tavallud, 10,8 favt, ba 1000 nafar kudaki navzod 99,1 favt rost omad. Az kasaliho beshtar bemorihoi siroyati, va parazitari vomekhurand. Soli 2010 dar Libiya 5063 dukhtur, az on jumla 4027 dukhtur dar muassisahoi tabobatii davlati, 329 dukhturi dandon, 793 farmatsevt ba aholi khizmat merasond; 78 muassisai tabobati bud. Kollej va maktabhoi tibbi dukhtur va korkunoni tib tayyor mekunand.

Adabiyot. Badi istiloi arabho asri  7 — ibtidoi asri 8 adabiyot dar masohat. Libiya asosan dar jarayoni umumii madaniyati arab inkishof meyoft. Az asri 16, az zamone, ki turkho Libiyapo zabt kardand, hayoti adabi tanazzul kard. Bo vujudi on dar asrhoi 17—18 shoiron Umar al-Farid, Ahmad al-Bahluli (vaf. 1701) ba arsai adabiyot omadand. Shoiron Ahmad ash-Sharif (1864—1918), Mustafo Zikri (1853— 1918) va digaron dar qasidahoi khud khalqro ba muborizai ziddi istilogaroni turk davat mekardand. Baroi nazmi davrai hukmronii Italiya mavzui vatanparvarona, ozodikhohona (Ahmad Rafiq al-Mahdavi (vaf.1961), Ibrohim al-Usto Umar (1907— 1950 va digaron.) khos meboshad.

Badi ba dast darovardani istiqloliyat (1951) ba adabiyot shoirone omadand (Ali Sidqi Abdulqodir, Ali ar-Ru-qayn va digaron.), ki onho az uslubi klassikii sherguii arabi dast kashidand. Nasr dar Libiya solhoi 40—50-um ba vujud omad. Muboriza bahri istiqloliyati daqiqi, barobarii ijtimoi, mahkumkunii hurofot (Mustafo al-Misurati, Abu Happyc va digaron) mavzui asosii nasri Libiya bud. Ba nasri adiboni Libiya ejodiyoti navisandagoni Misr tasiri kalon rasond. Dar solhoi 60 — ibtidoi 70-um ba adabiyot yak zumra nasrnavison va shoironi javon omad (Juma al-Fa-roni, Ahmad an-Nuvayri, Favziya Bariyuun va digaron). Ba hayoti madanii mamlakat Rayosati korhoi sanat va adabiyot rohbari mekunad.