«USUL»-I UQLIDUS (Evklid)

«USUL»-I UQLIDUS (Evklid), muhimtarin asari matematikii Evklid, ki dar asri 3 to melod talif shuda, asoshoi matematikai atiqa — geometriyai basit, nazariyai adadho, algebra, nazariyai umumii nisbatho va usuli muayyan namudani masohatu hajmro darbar megirad. Az 13 kitob iborat ast. Evklid dar asari mazkur taraqqiyoti sesadsolai matematikai Yunonro jambast namudaast, ki on asosi tadqiqoti minbadai ilmi matematika gardid. Badi Evklid matematikho Gipsikl (asri 2 to melod) va Isidor (asri 2 to melod) ba «Usul»-i Uqlidus kitobhoi 14 va 15-ro ilova namudaand, binobar in aksaran asarro 83 15 kitob iborat meguyand. In asari barjastai Evklid bo sistemai deduktivi, yane bo usuli aksiomatiki talif shudaast: dar on tasdiqoti avval be isbot qabul shuda, boqimonda hamai davoho — postulatho chun khulosa az hamin aksiomaho barmeoyand. Kitobhoi 1—6 ba planimetriya, 7—10 ba arifmetnka va buzurgihoi nohamchen, ki bo yorii pargor ba khatkash sokhtan mumkin ast, kitobhoi 11—15 ba stereometriya oidand.
«Usul»-i Uqlidus dar zamoni mo niz asari namunavii ilmi ba shumor meravad va holo asosi kitobhoi darsii imruzaro tashkil dodaast. M. Tojiev.
USULI HARFI Du yake az rohhoi savodomuzii qadimist. Az qadimulayyom to solhoi 20 asri 20 mamul bud. Usuli harfi se marhala dosht: a) harfyodgiri; b) harfhoro hijja karda khondan; v) bo hijja kalimahoro khondan. Harfyodgiri. Nomi harfhoro ba shogirdon yod va nishon medodand, badi in harfhoro pasiham nombar mekardand, harfhoro odatan ba rui takhtacha menavishtand va onro «takhta» menomidand. Harfhoro hijja karda khondan in tavr shakl megirift: alif zabara, alif zeri, alif pesh-u-a, i, u. Jim zabar -ja, jim zer-ji, jnm pesh-ju-ja, ji, ju. Har harf bo se sadonokn kutoh — a, i, u khonda meshud. Bo hijja kalimahoro khondan. Kalimahoro ba tavri zayl hijja karda mekhondand: kalimai alhamdu — alif bo lom zabar al, he bo mim zabarham alham, dol pesh-du alhamdu.
Dad vaqti savodomuzi khat mashq karda nameshud. Bo usuli harfi savod barovardan bagoyat mushkil bud.
X. Karimov.