USLUBShINOSI

USLUBShINOSI, yak shokhai filologiya, ki sistemai uslubhoi (nigared Uslub) zabon va qonuniyati istifodai vositahoi bayonro meomuzad. Uslubshinosi bo grammatikai normativi, leksikologiya, frazeologiya, orfoepiya robitai qavi dorad, vale az jihati vazifa va usuli tadqiq az onho farq mekunad. Uslubshinosi ahamiyati amali dorad: vay mahorati sukhanvariro omuzonda, ba zabon oqilona munosibat kardani ahli jamiyatro talqin menamold. Mavzui bahsi Uslubshinosi zabon va nutq buda, ba masalai «zabon va jamiyat» va problemai sosiolingvistika beshtar tamoyul dorad.
Tahqiqi normahon uslubii zaboni adabi dar davrahoi gunotuni inkishofi tarikhii on vazifai Uslubshinosii tarikhnst. Dar on na tanho tagyiroti yagon uslub, tobishhoi uslubii unsurhoi gunoguni zabon, balki tarikhi sistemai uslubho, tashakkul va inkishofi uslubhoi gunoguni zabon va tarikhi tasiri mutaqobili onho muayyai meshavad. Az in ru, yake az vazifahoi Uslubshinosii tarikhi tahlili munosibati zaboni adabii kitobi (khatti) ba zaboni adabii umumikhalqi va guftutuist. Bo in roh robitai tarikhi zaboni adabi va tarikhi adabiyot, khususiyathoi zabonii sabkhoi adabiyoti fors-tojik (sabki khurosoni, sabki iroqi, sabki hindi), jarayonhoi adabi — klassisizm, romantizm, sentimentalizm, maorifparvari, realizm va gayraro muqarrar kardan mumkin ast. Uslubshinosii zaboni adabii hozira vazi imruzai sistemai uslubhoi zaboni adabi, khususiyathoi uslubii materiali zabon, normahoi sokhta shudani matnhoro muayyan mekunad.

Uslubshinosi ba se shokhai ba ham nazdik — uslubi zaboi, uslubi nutq va uslubi adabioti badei taqsim meshavad. Uslubi zabon uslubhoi funksionali — uslubi guftugui, ilmi, rasmii korguzori, publisisti va gayraro dar bar megirad. Uslubi nutq az muayyan kardani farqhoi manoi, muassiri va uslubii janrhoi gunoguni nutqi khatti va shifohi dar amaliya va faoliyati jamiyatii odamon (dar maruza, leksiya, suhbatu guzorishot va bahsu munoziraho) iborat ast. Uslubi nutq ba uslubi zabon asos meyobad. Uslubi adabiyoti badei majmui uslubhoi adabiyoti badei, inchunin uslubi fardii navisanda va uslubi khosi jarayonhoi adabiro faro megirad. On dar bayni uslubhoi digari nutq mavqe va etibori makhsus doshta, ahamiyati buzurgi adabiyoti badeiro dar hayoti madani va maqomi avvalindarajai onro dar tain namudani normai zaboni adabi muayyan mekunad.
Dar ilm holo du usuli omuzishi zabon va uslubi adabiyoti badei jorist: avvalan, muhaqqiq sistemai vositahoi nutqro, ki muallif az zaboni umumikhalqi intikhob kardaast, muqarrar menamoyad. Dar inhol zaboni asari badei bo shokhahoi gunoguni zaboni milli (adabi va guftugui) muqoisa meshavad. Soniyan, uslubshinos vositahoi bayonro ba sifati yak vositai ofaridani asari badei az nazar meguzaronad. Dar in mavrid zabon bo kompozisiya va mundarijdi asar payvasta omukhta shuda, mutobiqati vazifai kommunikativi va estetikii on muayyan megardad. Uslubshinosii amali niz hast, ki jihathoi normativii zaboni adabi va mahorati sukhanvariro meomuzad. Uslubshinosii amali rohhoi bamavrid istifoda burdani imkoniyathoi zabonro nishon medihad va bo madaniyati sukhan robita dorad.
Unsurhoi Uslubshinosi dar zamoni atiqa ba miyon omada, dar asrhoi miyona inkpshof yoftaand.
Dar tarikhi zabon va adabiyoti tojik asarhoi bevosita ba uslubshinosi dakhldor ba miyon naomadaand, vale dar tarkibi asarhoi oid ba zabon (farhangho, sarfu nahv), adabiyotshinosi (ilmi bade, sharh, tafsir) va talifoti oid ba insho baze masalahoi uslubshinosi ba miyon guzoshta shudaand.
Az jumla asarhoi Muhammad Umari Roduyoni «Tarjumon-ul-balogat» (asri 11), Shamsi Qaysi Rozi «Al-Mujamfi maoiri ashor-il-Ajam» (asri 13) va gayra baze masalahoi uslubshinosiro dar bar megirand.
Dar zabonshinosin imruzai tojik uslubi adabiyoti badei kamu besh tadqiq shudaast. Avvalin muhaqqiqi in soha S. Ayni bud. Tahlili zaboni osori navisandagoni tojik S. Ayni, Hakim Karim, Rahim Jalil va digaron dar talifoti N. Masumi, M. Shukurov, R. Gafforov, X. Huseynov, B. Kamoliddnnov va digaron surat giriftaast.
Adabiyot: Masumi N., Ocherkho oid ba inkishofi zaboni adabii tojik, Stalinobod, 1959; Gafforov R., Zabon va uslubi Rahim Jalil, Dushanbe, 1966; hamon muallif, Navisanda va zabon, Dushanbe, 1977; Kamoliddinov B. Zabon va uslubi Hakim Karim, Dushanbe, 1967; hamon muallif, Uslubshinosi, Dushanbe, 1973; Huseynov X., Zabon va uslubi «Odina»-i ustod S. Ayni, Dushanbe, 1973; Shukurov M., Har sukhan joevu har nukta maqome dorad, Dushanbe, 1985. R. Gafforov.