TURKMANISTON

TURKMANISTON, Respublikai Sovetii Sosialistii Turkmaniston (Turkmenistan Sosialistik Respublikasi), dar janubu garbi Osnyoi Miyona voqe ast; az garb bo bahri Kaspiy ihota meboshad. Masohatash 488,1 hazor km2. Aholiash 3118 hazor nafar (1984); turkmanho (1892 hazor nafar, 1979), rusho, uzbekho, qazoqho, tojikon va gayra. Aholii shahrho 47%. Turkmaniston 5 viloyat, 44 rayon, 15 shahr va 74 ptsh dorad. Poytakhtash shahri Ashqobod.
Qismi ziyodi hududi Turkmaniston pastuhamvor buda, onro biyoboni Qaroqum ishgol kardaast, dar janub va janubu garb kuhhoi Kabuddog va Paropamiz voqeand. Iqlimash khushki kontineptist. Harorati miyona yanvar —4°S (dar vodii Atrek 4°S), iyul 28— 32°S. Borishoti solona dar shimolu sharqi respublika 80 mm, dar kuhho to 300 mm. Nabototash biyobonist; khokash asosan bur va khokistarrang. Daryoho: Amu, Murgob,Tajan, Atrek va gayra Obi daryoi Amu bo Kanali Qaroqumi ba nomi V. I. Lenin to shahri Bakharduk (tulash 1100 km) merasad. Shahrhon kaloni respublika: Ashqobod, Chorjuy, Krasnovodsk, Toshhavz, Mari, Bayramali, Tajan; shahrhoi navbunyodash: Nebitdog, Buzmayin, Cheleken.

Inson dar hududi hozirai Turkmaniston hanuz dar davrai okhiri paleolit sokin bud. Dar hududi RSS Turkmaniston yake az qadimtarin dar SSSR madaniyati davrai neolit — madaniyati jaytun vujud dosht. Okhiri hazoran 2— ibtidoi hazorai 1 to melod davrai tanazuli jamoai ibtidoi va tashakkuli jamiyati sinfi bud. Ba tufayli obyori sohai asosii khojagi — ziroat hele pesh raft. Asrhoi 8—7 to melod sokhti gulomdori paydo shud. Dar hududi viloyathoi tarikhii Margiyoi va Port, dar sohili janubu sharqii bahri Kaspiy viloyati Girkaniya (Gurgon) voqe budand, dar shimol qabilahoi bodiyanishini massagetho va digaron umr ba sar meburdand. Asrhoi 6—4 to melod in viloyatho ba tasarrufi davlati Hakhomanshniyon, okhiri asri 4 to melod ba hayati imperiyai Iskandari Maqduni daromadand; dar miyonai asri 3 to melod dar in jo davlati Port ba vujud omad. Minbad Sosoniyon davlati Portro sarnagun karda, janubi Turkmanistonro ishgol namudand. Dar miyonai asri 1 dar nohiyahoi qaribii bahri Aral gunnho paydo shuda, bo qabilahoi chorvodori mahalli daromekhtand. Dar miyonai asri 5 qismi ziyodi Turkmanistonro Haytoliyon zabt kardand. To asri 6 dar nohiyahoi ziroati munosibathoi feodali paydo shudand. Marv markazi kaloni tijorat gardid. Badi istiloi arabho Turkmaniston ba hayati davlathoi Tohiriyon va Somoniyon dokhil bud. Dar in davra shaklhoi zamindorii feodali khele rivoj yoft. Markazhoi tijoratu hunarmandi — Urganj, Niso, Abivard, Sarakhs, Dehiston va gayra ru ba taraqqi nihodand. Dar asrhoi 9—11 dar poyonob va majroi miyonai daryoi Sir, Nazdikaspiy Shimoli va Sharqi oguzho maskun budand, onho soli 1040 bo madadi Salchuqiyon Turkmanistonro zabt karda, dar tashakkuli turkmanho omili muhim gardidand. Okhiri asri 12— avvali asri 13 Turkmaniston dar tasarrufi Khorazmshohiyon bud. Bad urduhoi Chingizkhon in sarzaminro zabt karda, shahru dehotro kharob, yak qismi mardumro nobud kardand va qismi digarro ba gulomi burdand. Turkmaniston bayni Oltinurda, ulusi Chigatoy va davlati Halokuiyon taqsim shud. Badi tanuzzuli davlati Haloquiyon (miyonai asri 14) va kamquvvat shudani Oltinurda (solhoi 60 asri 14) yakchand mulki mustaqili nimfeodali tashkil shud, ki onhoro solhoi 70—80 asri 14 Temur ba davlati khud hamroh kard. Dar asrhoi 16—17 Turkmaniston qisman dar tasarrufi khonii Kheva va khonii Bukhoro, qisman dar itoati Eron bud. Asrhoi 18—19 dar Turkmaniston sokhti feodali hukmron bud, vale hanuz mehnati gulomon istifoda meshud. Dar in davra kapitalizmi Rossiya ba bozor va manbahoi navi ashyoi khom muhtoj bud, alalkhusus ehtiyoji sanoati Roosiya ba pakhta toraft meafzud. Raqobati Rossiyayu Angliya boisi on gardid, ki dar Osiyoi Miyona faoliyati Rossiyai podshohi khele vusat yoft. Soli 1869 qushunhoi Rossiya sohili sharqii bahri Kaspiyro ishgol namuda, shahri Krasnovodskro bunyod kardand. Solhoi 1869—85 Turkmaniston ba Rossil hamroh shud. Soli 1882 dar hududi Turkmaniston viloyati Zakaspiy (markazash Ashqobod) tasis yoft. Ba hayati Rossiya dokhil shudani Turkmaniston ahamiyati kaloni progressivi dosht. Turkmanho az janghoi tulonii baynikhudi, az tokhtutoz va gorati davlathoi feodalii hamsoya najot yoftand, gulomfurushi qatiyan man gardid. Okhiri asri 19—avv ali 20 ba Turkmaniston kapitali Rossiya va qisman kapitali khoriji roh yoft. Avvalin korkhonahoi khurdi sanoati, zavoddhoi pakhtatozakuni, ravgankashi, sobunpazi, osiyobho ba kor daromadand. Qad-qadi rohi ohani zakaspiy (solhoi 1880—88 sokhta shud) posyolkahoi muhojironi rus bunyod shudand. Badi galabai Revolyutsiyai Fevral dar yak qator shahrhoi Turkmaniston Sovethoi deputathoi korgaron va komiteti soldatho ba vujud omadand. Badi galabai Revolyutsiyai Kabiri Sosialistii Oktyabr 30 noyabr—3 dekabr 1917 dar Ashqobod Sezdi 4-umi Sovethoi viloyatii Zakaspiy barguzor shud, ki on 15 dekabr ba Sovetho guzashtani tamomi hokimiyatro elon karda, SKKh-ro intikhob namud. Zimistoni 1917—18 dar tamomi Zakaspiy Hokimiyati Soveti barpo gardid. Qismi asosii hududi Turkmaniston (viloyati Zakaspiy, va avgusti 1921— viloyati Turkmaniston) ba hayati RASS Turkiston dokhil shud. Bo dastgirii imperializmi Angliya 11—12 iyuli 1918 dar Ashqobod gvardiyachiyoni safed isyon bardoshtand, ki dar natijai on Hokimiyati Soveti dar zakaspiy muvaqqatan barham khurd. 12 avgusti 1918 ba Turkmaniston istilogaroni anglis zada daromadand. Baroi muborizai ziddi interventho va kontrrevolyusiyai dokhili bo qarori hukumati RASS Turkiston Fronti Zakaspiy tashkil karda shud. 17 mayi 1919 qismhoi Armiyai Surkh ba hujum guzashta, pai ham shahrhoi Bayramali, Marv, Kushka, Tajan, 9 iyul Ashkhobod (Poltorask, az soli 1927— Ashqobod)-ro az dushman ozod kardand. Badi az dushman ozod namudani Kraslovodsk (6 fevrali 1920) kontrrevolyusioneron dar Zakaspiy purra torumor karda, interventhoi anglis az khoki Turkmaniston ronda shudand. 15 —24 fevrali 1925 dar Poltorask Sezdi 1-umi umumiturkmanistonii Sovetho barguzor gardid. Sezd 20 fevrali dar borai tashkil shudani RSS Turkmaniston deklarasiya va dar borai ba hayati SSSR ikhtiyoran dokhil shudani on qaror qabul kard. Turkmaniston bo 2 ordeni Lenin (1957, 1984), ordenhoi Dustii Khalqho (1972), Revolyusiyai Oktyabr (1974) mukofotonida shudaast.
Turkmanistoni hozira respublikai industrialiyu agrari buda, sanoati sersoha va khojagii qishloqi mekhanikonida dorad. Hajmi mahsuloti sanoati soli 1979 nazar ba soli 1940-um 11 marotiba afzud. Sohahoi muhimmi khojagii khalqi Turkmaniston: istikhroj va korkardi neftu gaz, istikhroji mirabilit (dar khalij Qarobugozgol), ashyoi khomi khimiyavi, istehsoli nakhi pakhta, abreshim, pusti qarokuli, pashm. Soli 1983 istehsoli energiyai elektr 9,2 ilrd kVt soatro tashkil dod. Korkhonahoi moshinsozi, sanoati sabuk (istehsoli matohoi pakhtagin, shohi, qolin), khurokvori niz mavjudand. Hajmi mahsuloti umumii khojagii qishloq soli 1979 nazar ba soli 1940-um 4,7 bor afzud. 1 yanvari 1984 dar Turkmaniston 124 sovkhoz, 343 kolkhoz (az jumla 4 kolkhozi mohigiri), 44 kompleksi agrosanoati bud. Zamini kisht dar hamai khojagihoi respublika (1983, ba hisobi hazor ga) —1975 az jumla kishti ziroathoi tekhniki 531,9 (pakhta 530,3), galla 143,7, sabzavot, kartoshka, ziroathoi polezi 40,2, ziroathoi khuroki chorvo 253,5. Kanali kaloni obyori — Qaroqum. Bogu toqdori, kirmakdori niz rivoj yoftaast. Sohai asosii chorvodori gusfandparvarist (aa jumla qaroqulparvari), inchunin gov, buz, khug, ushtur meparvarand. Sarshumori chorvo dar tamomi khojagiho (1983, ba hisobi hazor sar): gov 687,2, khuk 210,4, buzu gusfand 4523,2. Tuli umumii rohi ohan 2,12 hazor km, rohhoi avtomooilgard 12 hazor km (1979). Kishtironi (dar bahri Kaspiy va daryoi Amu) niz ravnaq dorad. Bandari kaloni bahriash Krasnovodsk (guzargohi paromi ba Boku). Nefteprovod va gazoprovod hast. Soli 1981 ba har 1000 nafar shakhsi dar khojagii khalq mashgul 852 nafar shakhsi doroi malumoti oli va miyona rost meomad. Soli khonishi 1980/81 dar 7 donishkadai oli qarib 40 hazor student, dar 35 maktabi miyogai makhsus 34 hazor khonanda tahsil mekard. Akademiyai Fanho (tasisash 1951) va 7 teatr hast. Soli 1979 ba har 10000 kas 27,3 dukhtur rost meomad. Kurorthoi mashhurash: Bayramali va Firuza (iqlimi), Archman (balneologi) Mulloqaro (tabobat bo loy).