TURKIYa

TURKIYa, Respublikai Turkiya (Turkiye Sumhuriyeti), davlatesg dar Osiyoi Garbi va qisman dar janubi Evropa. Bo bahrhoi Miyonazamin, Egey, Marmar va Siyoh ihota ast. Masohatash 781 hazor km2. Aholiash
47,2 mln nafar (1983); aholii shahri qarib 49%. Qarib 90% aholi turkhoand, inchunin kurdho (besh az 4 mln nafar) va digaron istlqomat mekunand. Zaboni rasmi — turki. Dini asosi — islom. Poytakhtash Anqara. Shahri kalontarinash Istambul.

Az jihati mamuri Turkiya ba 67 el (viloyat)taqsim shudaast. Sardori davlat — prezident. Organi olii qonunbaror — Majlisi kaloni milli (senat va palatai milli).
Qismi ziyodi Turkiyaro kuhsori Osiyoi Khurd va kuhsori Arman (balandiashon to 5165 m, Ararati Kalon) ishgol kardaand, dar shimol kuhhoi Pont(balandiash to 3937 m) va dar janub qatorkuhi Tavr (balandiash to 3726 m) voqe gashtaand. Iqlimash subtropiki va dar kuhsori dokhili kontinentist. Borishoti solona 500 mm. Beshtar rastanihoi dashti meruyand. Dar nishebii qatorkuhhon nazdisohili beshaho mavjudand. Daryohoi asosi: Dajla, Furot, Kura, Araks, Yashil, Irmoq, Qizil Irmoq, Saqariya, Chorukh. Kulhoi kalon: Van va Tuz (obashon shur).
Davlati turkho dar Osiyoi. Khurd okhiri asri 13— avvali asri 14 ba vujud omadaast. Dar natijai janghoi istilogarona dar asrhoi 14—16 Imperiyai Usmoniya tashakkul yoft. Muborizai milliyu ozodikhohonai khalqhoi zeri asorati turkhoi usmonibuda, inchunin janghoi Rossiyayu Turkiya boisi dar asri 19 ozod gardidani bisyor khalqhoi nimjazirai Balkan va ba vujud omadani davlathoi mustaqil gardid. Okhiri asri 19— avvali asri 20 Turkiya ba nimmustamlikai davlathoi imperialistii Evropa tabdil yoft. Revolyutsiyai burjuazii javonturkon soli 1908 ba sarnagun shudani saltanati mustabidi Abdulhamidi II va barpo gashtani monarkhiyai konstitusioni ovarda rasond, vale sokhti feodalii Imperiyai Usmoniyaro barham nadod. Badi dar Jangi yakumi jahoni shikast khurdani Turkiya davlathoi azoi Antanta ba taqsimi na faqat hududi Imperiyai Usmoniya, balki ba khudi Turkiya niz shuru namudand. Dar in sharoit va az taskhiri Revolyutsiyai Kabiri Sosialistii Oktyabr dar Turkiya jangi millii ozodikhohona va revolyutsiyai millii burjuazi bo rohbarii Mustafo Kamol (Otaturk) vusat yoft, ki on bo galabai Turkiya bar imperialiston va elon gardidani respublikai Turkiya (1923) anjom yoft. Soli 1920 Partiyai Kommunistii Turkiya tashkil yoft (az soli 1923 dar pinhonkori). Dar muboriza ba muqobili imperialiston ba khalqi turk Rossiyai Soveti yorii kalon rasond. Soli 1920 bayni Rossiyai Soveti va Turkiya aloqai diplomati muqarrar gardid. Solhoi 20—30 islohoti burjuaziyu milli guzaronida shud. Soli 1923 bo rohbarii Otaturk (solhoi 1923—38 prezident) Partiyai khalqiyu respublikavi (PKhR, partiyai burjuaziyai milli, to soli 1950 dar sari khokimiyat bud) tasis yoft. Dar Janti duyumi jahoni Turkiya danlati betaraf elon shud, vale ba Germaniyai fashisti yori merasond. Soli 1952 Turkiya ba NATO va soli 1955 ba SENTO dokhil shud (1979 az SENTO baromad). Siyosati yaktarafa bo mamlakathoi imperialisti va irtijoii dokhili boisi ziyod shudani nizoi omma va ba tezutund gardidani ziddiyathoi ijtimoiyu sinfii mamlakat musoidat namud. Soli 1960 dar Turkiya tabadduloti davlati ba amal omad, dar natija konstitusiyai nav qabul shud va hayoti siyosii mamlakat jonnok gardid. Hamkorii iqtisodii Ittifoqi Soveti va Turkiya khele vusat yoft. Badi tabadduloti harbii soli 1980 parlament parokanda gardid va faoliyati tashkilothoi siyosiyu jamiyati man karda shud.
Turkiya mamlakati agrariyu industriyavist. Az jihati iqtisodi ba monopoliyahoi imperialistii khorija tobe meboshad. Qarib az se yak hissai hududash kishtbob ast. Ziroati asosi: galladona (gandum, jav, juvorimakka, sole 23—26 mln t), tamoku, pakhta, meva. Asosan gusfand, buz, gov meparvarand. Rohi ohan, qismi ziyodi sanoat va idorahoi moliya dar zeri nazorati davlat meboshad. Sanoati bofandagi, adviyotu khurokvori, metallurgi, khimiya, moshinsozi, korkardi neft rivoj yoftaast. Sole 26,6 mlrd kVt-s (1982) energiyai elektr istehsol mekunad. Khromit (615 hazor t, 1982), angishtsant, madani ohan, mis, istikhroj mekunad. Tuli rohi ohan 8,2 hazor km, rohi avtomobilgard 60,8 haz km. Bandarhoi asosiash: Istambul, Mersin, Izmit, Izmir, Zonguldoq, Iskandarun. Ba khorija mahsuloti khojagii qishloq va madan mebarorad. Sharikoni asosii tijoratiash: RFG, ShMA, Britaniyai Kabir, Italiya, Fransil. Vohidi pul — lirai turki.