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TRANSKRIPSIYa

TRANSKRIPSIYa (az lotini traskriptio— runavis kardan), ovonavisht, tajdidi khattii ovoz, kalimahovu matvho tavassuti yagon sistemai alifbo. Se navi transkripsiya— fonetiki, folematiki va amali vujud dorad. Dar transkripsiyai fonetiki nutq bo tamomi khususiyathovu tobishhoi ovoziash inikos meyobad.

transkription

Masalan, kalimahoi asbob, resmon, chashmbandro dar asosi alifboi imruzai tojiki va alifboi lotini chunin transkripsiyai fonetiki kardan mumkin ast; aspob, riesmen, chashmban — aspob riesmon, sasmban. Transkripsiyai fonetiki dar lugathoi duzabona, kitobhoi darsi, dasturho baroi omuzishi zaboni begona, dar tadqiqi lahjahoi nomalum yo kam omukhteshuda istifoda meshavad. Dar Transkripsiyai fonetiki (fonologi) har yak fonema ba yak alomati muayyan muvofiqat mekunad. Masalan: <asbob>, <resmon>, <chashmband> — < aspob >, < riesmon >, < sasmban >. Transkripsiyai fonetikiro dar qavsayni murabba [ ] va transkripsiyai fonematikiro dar qavsayni ureb ( ) yo shikasta < > megirand. Odatan baroi har du navi transkripsiya alifboi lotinpro bo ilovai harfhoi yunoni va alomathoi ziyodi diakritiki istifoda mebarand.
Dar omuzishi zabonhoi eroni Transkripsiyai baynalkhalqii eroni (TBE) istifoda meshavad, ki dar asosi alifboi lotini bo ilovai baze harfho az alifbohoi yunoniyu chekhi murattab shudaast. Avvalin bor (soli 1880) sharqshinosi chekh V. Tomashek transkripsiyaro istifoda burd, badtar dar asari jomei «Grundrise deg iranischen Rhilolojie» («Asoshoi filologiyai eroni», Shtrasburg, 1898—1901) baroi sabti materiali zabonhoi matruki qadimi (avestoi, forsii qadim, forsii miyona va gayra) va zabonhoi zindai eroni tatbiq gardid. Barobari vase gardidani doirai tahqiqi zabonhoi eroni va kashf shudani lahjavu shevahoi nav in transkripsiya az tarafi eronshinoson takmil yoft. Az ogozi asri 20, hangome ki olimoli rusu soveti ba omuzishi zabonhoi gunoguni eroni dast zadand, ba joi alifboi lotini transkripsiyai matnho dar asosi alifboi rusi mamul gardid. Dar in sistemai transkripsiya barobari harfhoi rusi harfhoi, khosi zaboni milli, baze harfhoi lotini va alomathoi gunoguni diakritiki vujud dorand. Bazan bo maqsadi ilmi transkripsiyai analitikii gayrialifboiro istifoda mebarand. Dar in transkripsiya alomathoi makhsus — raqamu rasmho mamul buda, har yak alomat ba unsurhoi artikulyasioni (talaffuz) -i ovoz (labi, zich va gayra) muvofiq ast. Mashhurtarin transkripsiyai gayrialifboi transkripsiyai analabetist, ki zabonshinosi daniyagi. O. Espersen (1860—1943) ikhtiro kardaast. In transkripsiya juzhoi ovozro nisbatan mukammal tavsif dihad ham, baroi navishtani matn muvofiq nest.
Transkripsiyai amali — navishtani kalimahoi tarjumanopaziri zaboni begona (khoriji) ba yagon alifboi millist (navishti ismhoi khosi khoriji, familiyaho, nomhoi geografi va gayra). Sharti asosii transkripsiyai khubi amali ba talaffuzi aslii kalimahoi khoriji nazdik shudan ast. Dar matbuot, kharitahoi geografi, adabiyoti makhsusi ilmi va gayra istifoda meshavad.
Adabiyot: Edelman S. I., O edinoy nauchnoy transkripsii dlya iranskikh yazikov, Moskva— Leningrad, 1963. X. Qurbonov.

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