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TOLSTOY Lev Nikolaevich

TOLSTOY Lev Nikolaevich (9. 9. 1826, Yasnaya Polyana, hozira rayoni Shyokini viloyati Tula—20. 11. 1910, stansiyai Astalovoi rohi ohani Ryazan — Ural, hozira stansiyai Lev Tolstoy viloyati Lipesk; dar Yasnaya Polyana madfun ast), navisaldai rus. Malumoti ibtidoiro dar oila girift. Soli 1843 ba Qazon omada, tahti rohbarii Mirzo Muhammadali Kozimbek kursi taiyoriro guzasht va soli 1844 ba universiteti in jo dokhil shud. Soli 1847 universitetro az kursi seyum tark kard. Soli 1851 ba Kavkaz (st. Starogladkovskiy) raft. Avvalin qaydhoi adabii Tolstoy mahz dar Kavkaz surat giriftand. Tarhi asari avvalini Tolstoy — «Sarguzashti diruza» niz dar hamin davra kashida shuda bud.

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Du soli khilvatguzini dar Kavkaz dar rushdu kamoli manavii Tolstoy takoni buzurge shud. Dar in jo vay povesti «Kudaki»-ro (1852, nakhustin asari jonii Tolstoy ofarid. Povesti mazkur yakjoya bo povesthoi «Navjavoni» (1852—54) va «Javoni» (1855—57; tarjumai tojikii «Kudaki, navjavoni, javoni», 1964) meboist asosi romani kaloni tarjumaholii u —«Chahor davrai zindagi»-ro (qismi okhirini on — «Ayyomi shabob» nonavishta mond) tashkil medod. Tolstoy dar povesthoi nakhustini khud prinsiphoi realistii maktabi naturalistii solhoi 40— tasviru tadqiqi daqiqu hamatarafai psikhologiya, olami botinii bachagonu navrason va javononro zikr kardaast.

Tolstoy solhoi 1851—53 dar Kavkaz dar amaliyoti harbi (avval chun askari oddi, sipas chun ofiseri artilleriya) ishtirok karda, soli 1854 ba armiyai Dunay guzasht. Pas az sarshavii jangi Qrim Tolstoyro bo khohishi khudash ba Sevastopol guzaronidand. Hayoti askari, manzarahoi chang baroi hikoyahoyash «Tokhtutoz» (1853), «Darakhtburi» (1853—55) va «Hikoyahoi Sevastopol» (1855—56; tarjumai  tojiki 1953) material dodand. Tolstoy dar in silsila bo qatiyati tamom jangro mahkum kardaast.

Soli        1855 ba Peterburg omada, bo khodimoni jurnali «Sovremennik» navisandagoni mashhuri demokrat N. A. Nekrasov, I. S. Turgenev, I. A. Goncharov, N. G. Chernishevskiy shinos shud. Hikoyai «Subhi pomeshik» (1856), povesti «Albert» (1857—58)      , hikoyai «Lyusern» (1857) va romani «Khushbakhtii oilavi» (1658—59)     dar Peterburg talif yoftaand.

Tolstoy, ki az navishtahoi khesh qone nabudu az muhiti ashrofon ba tang omada bud, dar okhiri solhoi 50— avvali solhoi 60 az kori ejodi dur shud va dar Yasnaya Polyana manzil guzid. Solhoi 1859—62 on jo dar maktabi baroi farzandoni dehqonon bunyodkardaash bisyor zahmat kashid. Tolstoy, ki khud aslan ashrofzoda—graf bud, rohi az buhroni manavii okhiri solhoi 50 rahoi yoftaro dar nazdik shudan ba khalq va maylu ehtiyoji u medid. Justujuhoi goyaviyu ejodii Tolstoy dar ibtidoi solhoi 60— kushishi tasvir kardani kharakteri khalq (hikoyai «Polikushka», 1861—63; tarjumai tojiki, 1935), naqshi epiki («Kazakho»), murojiat ba tarikh (romani «Dekabristho», 1860 —61; nashr 1884) uro ba talifi romani «Jang va sulh» (1863—69, ogozi nashr 1865; tarjumai tojiki, 1953—62)    hidoyat namud. Tasviri mukammalu nozuk, qismathoi gunogun, manzarahoi nodiri tabiati rus az alomathoi epikii uslubi «Jang va sulh» meboshand. Qahramoni roman zindagi, jarayoni hamvori on, shodiyu gam, burdu bokht, lahzahoi oddiyu jovidoni (tavallud,ishq, marg) va tantanai navsozii on gardid.

Az ibtidoi solhoi 70 Tolstoy dubora ba kori talimu tarbiya ru ovard; «Alifbo» (1871—72) va «Alifboi nav»-ro (1874—75) talif karda, baroi in kitooho hikoyahoi toza navisht va afsonayu masalhoi ziyodero az adabiyoti rus, yunon, arab va fors-tojnk az nav va bazan bo tagyiri syujet naql namud, ki onho chahrr asari «Kitobi rusi baroi khonish»-ro tashkil dodand.

Dar hamin davra Tolstoy giriftori inqirozi ruhie gardid, ki natijai tavajjuhash ba din va kushishi u dar rohi behtar kardani on bud. Tasiri hamin ruhiya dar romani «Anna Karenina» (1873—77; nashr 1876—77; tarjumai tojiki 1960—61) his meshavad. Bo vujudi in romani mazkur ba misli romanhoi I. S. Turgenev va F. M. Dostoevskiy muhimtarin masalahoi zamonro biser tezu tund ba pesh guzosht. «Anna Karenina» az bisyor «jihat romani justujuho bud va muallif hangomi talifi on nazarashro ba zamon va ahvoli khesh ravshan namud. Tolstoy okhiri solhoi 70 ba «shikasti» goyavi duchor shud va tamoman ba mavqei patriarkhali guzasht. Jahonbinii navi Tolstoy dar asarhoi «Rozi dil» (1879—80; nashr 1884) va «Etiqodi man bar chist?» (1882—84) hamatarafa zuhur yoft. Vay ba khulosae omad, ki tamomi vujudi tabaqahoi bolo, ki khud dar on muhit ba dunyo omada bud, bar durugi mahz bunyod yoftaast. Tolstoy solhoi 80 az kori ejodi dilkhunuk shuda, hatto romanu povesthoi peshinaashro hamchun «dilkhushii» ashrofona mahkum kard. Vay dar in davra ba mehnati oddii jismoni, az jumla, zaminroni mashgul shud, baroi khud muza dukht va parhezro ikhtiyor kard. Dar yak vaqt norozigii u az tarzi muqarrarii ziyadagii nazdikonash beshtar gardid. Dar asarhoi publisistii «Chi boyad kard?» (1882—86) va «Gulomii zamoni mo» (1899—1900) nohamvorihon tamadduni zamonro zeri tanqidi sakht girifta boshad ham, rohi az in jahlat khalos shudanro asosan dar tarbiyai diniyu akhloqi medid. Barobari talifi povesthoi «Margi Ivan Ilich» (1884—86), «Sonatai Kreyder» (1887—89; nashr 1891) va «Iblis» (1880—90; nashr 1911) ba dramaturgiya shavqi ziyod paydo kard. Dramai «Hokimilti jaholat» (1886) va mazhakai «Samarai marifat» (1886—90; nashr 1891) guyo du pahlui yak fikri tomi muallif meboshand. Dar drama tasiri zararovari madaniyati shahr ba deha fosh shudaast. On bo zaboni soddai khalqi va realizmi tasviri hayoti dehot jolibi diqqat ast. Mayli sodda va ba shuuri khalq nazdik navishtan azme bud, ki Tolstoy onro dar «hikoyathoi khalqi» «Khayoti navi bashar basta ba chist?», «Sham», «Du piramard», «Ob ba odami zamini ziroat bisyor lozim ast?» va gayra amali gardid. Dar in siloila hikoyai ka loni «Khujain va khizmatgor» (1894—95) mavqei khos dorad. Tolstoy solhoi 90 kushidaast aqidahoi khudro dar borai sanat az jihati nazariyavi asosnok namoyad. U sanati balandmazmuni ba maqeahoi akhloqiyu dini oidro az sanati beruhi dekadenti bolo meguzosht (risolai «Sanat chist?» 1897—98).

Romani «Ehyo» (1889—99) yake az asarhoi asosii Tolstoy ast. Navi navi roman — panoraman ijtimoi ba navisanda imkon dod, ki yak silsila namoyandagoni tabaqahoi gunoguni jamiyatro dar nazari khonanda jilvagar sozad. Tolstoy dar ayyomi pironsoli boz ba janri hikoya ru ovard. Povesti «Hoji Murod» (1896—1904; nashr 1912; tarjumai tojiki 1936), ki az unsurhoi hikoyanigori sarshor ast, muvaffaqiyati ejodii u dar on solho bud. Tabadduloti revolyusionii solhoi 1905—07 ba ejodiyoti Tolstoy, makhsusan ba talimoti vay—«tolstoychigi», betasir namond va aknun khudi navisandai buzurg ba «ideali» budani talimoti khud bo nazari shubha menigarist. Maqolai ba muqobili hukmi qatl navishtai u «Khomush buda nametavonam» (1908), dar tamomi jahon mashhur gardid. Okhiri umrash dar Yasnaya Polyana guzasht.

Tolstoy 10 noyabri 1910 pinhoni az Yasnaya Polyana baromada raft va dar roh shamol khurda, dar stansiyai Astapovo vafot kard.

Tolstoy dar inkishofi realizmi «adbiyoti rus va jahon davrai nav kushod va bayni ananahoi romani klassikii asri 19 va adabiyoti «asri 20 rishtai payvand kashid. Ananahoi realistii Tolstoy baroi adabibti javoni soveti maktabi buzurgi omuzishi mahorat gardidand. Bisyor navisandagoni buzurgi dunyo az ejodiyoti Tolstoy tasir didaand. Adiboni Hinduston (Robindranat Takur), Eron, Saidi Nafisi) va Tojikiston (S. Ayni) dar borai Tolstoy bo ehtirom sukhan rondaand. Omuzishi ejodiyoti Tolstoy dar adabyayotshinosii vadaniyu khoriji hanuz dar vaqti zinda budani u sar shuda bud. Maqolahoi G. V. Plekhanov, V. T. Korolelko, ocherki M. Gorishy «Lev Tolotoy dar omuzishi ejodiyoti Tolstoy ahamiyati kalon dashtand» Maqolahoi mashhuri V. I. Leniya «Lev Tolstoy hamchun oinai revolyusiyai rus», «Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy», «Tolstoy va muborizai iroletariat», «L. N. Tolstoy va zamoni u» dar omuzishi merosi badeii u tasiri jiddi rasondand. Pas az Revolyutsiyai Oktyabr tadqiqi merosi Tolstoy beshtar avj girift.

Dar Yasnaya Polyana — rayoni Shyokini viloyati Tula Muzey-havlii davlati, dar Moskva dar kuchai Kropotkinskaya, 11 Muzei davlati va tangkuchai Dolgokhamovnicheskii hozira kuchai Lev Tolstoy, 21 Muzey-havli, dar st. Lev Tolstoy (stansiyai peshtarai Astapovo) Muzei Tolstoy kushoda shudaast.

Tolstoy bo adabiyoti klassikii fors- tojik oshno bud. U az «Hazoru yak shab», «Kalila va Dimna», «Quron», «Shohnoma»-i Firdavsi, «Masnavii manavi»-n Jaloluddini Rumi, ruboiyoti Umari Khayyom, «Tarikhi Bukhoro»-i Narshakhi, gazaliyoti Hofiz va gayra vuqufi tamom dosht. Masalan, M. I. Liderle nom noshire dar arafai 63-solagii Tolstoy anketae firistoda, az u khohish doshtast, ki behtarin kitobi khondaashro nom barad. U dar javobi in savol «Hazoru yak shab» (makhsusan faslhoi «Chil rohzan» va «Shohzoda Qamaruzzamon») va ashori A. S. Pushkinro yodovar shudaast. «Guliston»-i Sadi ham az jumlai kitobhoi mahbubi u budaast. «Dar javoni «Guliston»-ro mutolia karda budam va to hol, yane tamomi umr tarovati onro his mekunam»,— guftaast T. U hangomi talifi «Alifbo» va «Kitobhoi rusi baroi khonish» az bobi 3-yumi «Guliston» hikoyatero tarjuma karda, dar asosi on hikoyai «Shaykhe az shahr meomad»-ro navishtaast. Tolstoy dar digar kitobhoi khud, az jumla «Khondaniho» (1904—08), «Rohi ziyadagy» (1910) 43 hikmat va masali Sadiro dokhil namudaast.

Khonandagoni tojik bo ejodieti Tolstoy az solhoi 50 asri 19 oshnoi doshtand. To chi daraja ba osori Tolstoy dilbastagi doshtani khonandagoni tojikro az in fahmidan mumkish ast, ki ba qavli V. Bartold, 18 marti 1901 dar sahni madrasai Sherdori Samarqand 5000 kas badi namozi suoh ba po rost istoda, hikoyai Tolstoy «Hayoti navi bashar vobasta ba chist?»-ro gush andokhtaand. Hikoyaro voizi mashhuri Samarqand Mirzo Mahmud qiroat kardaast. Solhoi 30 asri 20 marhilai navu pursamari tarjumai tojikii osori Tolstoy ogoz yoft. Dar in davra S. Ayni, S. Alizoda, A. Lohuti, H. Karim, S. Ulugzoda, H. Ahrori, J. Ikromi, M. Mirshakar va R. Hoshim ba tarjuma va tahriri asarhoi Tolstoy pardokhtand.

Adibonu olimoni tojik asosan az soli 1901 hayot va ejodiyoti Tolstoyro ba doirai tadqiq kashidaand. S. Ayni, A. Shakuri, S. Manofzoda, R. Hoshim,C.      Ulugzoda, M. Shukurov va A. Maniyozov dar tadqiqi osoru afkori Tolstoy hissa guzoshtaand.

Osor: Polnoe sobraniya sochchinenie, tom 1—90, Moskva— L.. 1928—58; Sobr. soch., tom 1—20. Moskva. 1960—65; Assoshoi muntakhab, jildi 1—8, Dushanbe, 1978 —82.

Adabiyot: Rahim Hoshim, Chand sukhan dar borai yake az tarjumonkhoi avvalini adabiyoti badeii rus va kitobi u, «Sadoi Sharq», 1959,Maniyozov A., Dahai adabiyoti rus, «Sharqi surkh», 1960. M 11; Shukurov M„ Az tarikhi tarjumai asarhoi L. N. Tolstoy ba zaboni tojiki, dar kitobi: Payomi barodari, Dushanbe 1972; Shifman A„ Lev tolstoy i Vostok, Moskva 1971; Rozenfeld A. 3„ «Kavkazskiy plennik», na tadjikskom yazike, dar kitobi: Yasnopolyanskiy sbornik, Tula, 1978; Samad V„ Otkrivaya neizvestnie stranisi, gazeta «Kommunist Tadjikistana» 10 sentyabri 1976; Yusupov R„ L. N. Tolstoy i literatura narodov Sovstskogo Soyuza, dar kitobi: L. N. Tolstoy i sovremennost. Moskva 1981; Chelishev E. P., Lev Tolstoy i literatura Vostoka, Moskva 1981.

V. Samadov.

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