TOJIKON

TOJIKON, millat, aholii asosii Resspublikai Soveti Sotsialistii Tojikiston. Dar SSSR shumoraashon 2898 hazor nafar (1979); az jumla dar Resspublikai Soveti Sotsialistii Tojikiston 2237 hazor nafar, dar Resspublikai Soveti Sotsialistii Uzbakiston (asosan dar viloyathoi Samarqand, Bukhoro, Surkhondaryo, Qashqadaryo, Fargona, Andijon, Namangon va Toshkent) 595 hazor nafar, dar Resspublikai Soveti Sotsialistii Qirgiziston (viloyati Ush) 23 hazor nafar.  Shumorai ziyodi Tojikon dar khorija, beshtar dar Afgonistoni Shimoli va Markazi, muzofoti Khurosoni Eron, inchunin dar rayoni mukhtori Uygur (Sinziyan)-i Resspublikai Khalqii Khitoy zindagi mekunand. Tojikon ba zaboni tojiki (porsii dari), mardumi Badakhshon va Yagnob inchunin dar oila ba zabonu shevahoi makhsusi guruhi zabonhoi sharqii eroni gap mezanand. Dindoron asosan musulmononi sunnimazhaband, yak qismashon shiamazhab buda, dindoroni Badakhshon payravi mazhabi ismoiliyaand.

Ibtidoi etnogenezi khalqi tojik ba zamonhoi qadimtarin taalluq dorand, ki on vaqt dar Osiyoi Markazi va dashthoi Evrosiyo qabilahoi hindueroni maskun buda, dar hazorai 2—ibtidoi hazorai 1 to melod az onho dar voha, vodi va dashthoi Osiyoi Markazi qabilahoi eroni tashakkul yoftaand. Az onqo dar qaeorai 1 to m. ajdodi bevositai T.— khalqiyatho va qabilahoi davrai gulomdori — bokhtariho dar havzai boloob va miyonobi Amu, sugdiyon dar havzaqoi Zarafshon va Qashqadaryo, portho dar Khuroson, margiyoniyon dar vohai Marv, khorazmiyon dar poyonobi Amu, parkanho dar vodii Fargona va qabilahoi sakoiyu massagetii kuhhoi Pomiru Tiyonshon va dashthoi sohili bahrhoi Aralu Khazar (Kaspiy) tashakkul yoftaand. Khamai in khalqiyatu qabilaho ba zabonu shevahoi guruhi zabonhoi eroni, ki ba nomi khudashon mavsum bud, gap zada, tipi antropologii mezokrani va dolikhokranii evropoisuratro nigoh doshtaand. Onho dar vohayu vodiho ba deqqoni mashgul shuda, zaminhoro obyori mekardand; dar dashtu kuqsor bo chorvodori, istikhroji sarvathoi zerizamini va dar shahrhoyu dehaho ba kosibi mashgul budand.

Jarayoni tashakkuli etnikii khudi khalqi tojik hanuz dar ibtidoi asrhoi miyona ogoz yofta, asrhoi 6—8 avval dar shahru voha va vodiho, badtar dar tamomi Movarounnahru Khuroson dar zaminai komponenthoi asosi — sugdiyon, bokhtariho, takhoriyon, khurosoniyon, fartonagiho, khorazmiyon va sakoiho quvvat girift. Dar hamin davra dar hududi Movarounnaqru Khurosol tashakkuli zaboni yagonai forsi-dari-tojiki ogoz yoft, ki badtar ba digar nohiyahoi Osiyoi Miyona, Eron, Afgoniston, Turkistoni Sharqi zud pahn gashta, joi zabonu shevahoi maqalliro girift.

Tashakkuli zabon, territoriya va hayoti iqtisodiyu madanii Tojikon asosan dar asrhoi 9—10 dar hududi davlati Somoniyon ba itmom rasida, khalq tojikon nom girift va zaboni tojiki ba zaboni umumikhalqi va umumidavlati tabdil yoft. Ba tufayli hamin zabon adabiyot, ilm va sanat ba darajai balandi inkishof rasida, namoyandagoni on (Rudaki, Daqiqi, Firdavsi, Nosiri Khisrav, Abuali ibni Sino, Umari Khayyom va digaron) shuhrati jaqoni paydo namudand. Dar sohahoi shahrsozi, meayuri, hunarmandd, sanati amali, kuhkori, metallurgiya, dehqonii ba obyorii suni asosyofta, afkori jamiyatiyu falsafi va dini, ofaridani yodgorihoi bebahoi moddiyu manavi muvaffaqiyathoi kalon ba dast omadand.

Dar asrhoi 11—15 tarikhi minbadai etnikiyu madanii Tojikon bo sardorii sulolaqoi turku mugul bavujudomada davom yofta boshad ham, zaboh va madaniyati Tojikon mavqei umumidavlatii khudro nigoh dosht. Dar in davra inchunin prosessi ba vohayu vodi va dashthoi Movarounnahru Khuroson kuchida omadani guruhhoi ziyodi aholii turkizabon (oguzho, turkmanho, uygurho, qarluqqo, chigilho, yagmoho, turgashho, qarakhitoliyon, barlosho, jaloiriho, qipchoqho va digar) avj girift, ki az onho minbad dar hududhoi muayyaii Osiyoi Miyona turkmanhoyu uzbekho va digar khalqhoi turkizabon tashakkul yoftand. Ba tarikhi Tojikoni asrhoi 16— 19 chunii jihatho khosand: taraqqiyot va takmili minbadai ananahoi etniki va madani dar sharoiti nihoyat nomusoidu nabudani davlati yagona, judoshavi ba ittihodhoi siyosii mukhtalif, davom dodani aloqahoi mustahkami etnikiyu madani bo uzbekho, turkmanho, qirgizho, qazoqho, qaroqalpoqho.

Dar arafai Revolyutstyai Kabiri Sosialistii Oktyabr (asri 19— avvali asri 20) taqdiri Tojikon khele murakkab gardid. Shahru rayonhoi tojiknishin va markazhoi asosii on — Bukhoro, Samarqand, Khujand, Shahrisabz, Marv, Nishopur, Hirot, Balkh, Kulob, Qurgonteppa, Hisor, Panjakent, Uroteppa, Konibodom, Isfara ba hayati davlatu mulkhoi gunoguni imperiyai Rossiya, amorati Bukhoro, khonii Kheva, khonii Khuqand, mulkhoi qojorhoi Eron va khonhoi Afgoniston taqsim shudand. Parokandagii hayoti iqtisodi, nabudani davlati yagona, tartiboti aqibmondai feodali prosessi bo rohi taraqqiyoti kapitalisti peshravii khalq va ba vujud omadani millati tojikro bozmedosht, harchand, ki nishonahoi chunin guzarish dar rayonhoi shimolii Tojikiston (vodihoi Zarafshonu Fargona) mushohida meshud.

Dar hayoti Tojikon tanho pas az Revolyutsiyai Kabiri Sosialistii Oktyabr digargunihoi kulli ba amal omadand. Onho az nav sohibi davlati khud — Resspublikai Soveti Sotsialistii Tojikiston shudand. Dar natijai sokhtmoni sosialisti Tojikiston ba respublikai mutaraqqii sermillati industriali, khojagii qishloqi mekhanikonidashuda va balandmadaniyat tabdil yoft. Dar rafti in digarguniho Tojikon dar SSSR hamchun millati sosialisti tashakkul yoftand.

Tojikon dar tuli tamomi tarikhi khud, muttasil dehqoni, bogdori, kuhkori, kosibi, shahrsozi, memori, ilm, rassomi va kandakoriro inkishof medodand. Zaboni adabii tojik fasehu sufta shuda, adabiyoti klassiki, osori jolibi diqqati sanat ba maydon omada, dar tamadduni jahoni sahmi arzanda guzosht. Osori nobigahoi khalqi tojik, hamchuya ganigardonandai madaniyati Osiyoi Miyona, dar tashakkuli etnikiyu madanii yak qator qabilayu khalqhoi in nohiya hangomi ba hayoti muqimi guzashtani onho roli kalon bozid. Hamin tavr, Tojikon bo uzbekho, turkmanho, qirgizho, qazoqho va qaraqalpoqho pahlu ba pahlu istoda, binoi hayoti khutabakhtonaro bunyod namudand.

Tojikon az qadimulayyom bo dehqoni mashgul buda, dashthoi kalonro bo rohi suni obyori menamudand va bogu tokdori, obchakoriyu chorvodori (asosan gusfandparvari) mashguliyati avvalindarajai onho bud. Tarzi dehqoni dar vodiyu kuhsor gunogun buda, dehqonon oloti harkhelai mehnat (omoch, mola, kaland, namudhoi gunoguni bel, tesha, dos, kordhoi bogdori va gayra) -ro istifoda meburdand. Hunarmandi yake az kasbhoi ananavii shahriyon buda, onho bo istehsoli matohoi pakhtagi va abreshimi, bo ohangari, kuloli, duredgari, hakkoki, gajkori, kashidaduzi va gayra shugl mevarzidand. Hunarmandi dar dehot niz ravnaq dosht.

Badi hamrohshavii nohiyahoi shimolii tojiknishin ba Rossiya, dar in joyho fabrikayu zavodho va avvalin guruhhoi sinfi korgar paydo shuda, dar kuhkoriyu khojagii qishloq, makhsusan pakhtakoriyu bogdori, tarzi istehsoli kapitalisti jori gardid. Dar ayni zamon, dar amorati Bukhoro, bo vujudi on ki dar in joyho toraft kapitali tijorati bartariyatro sohib meshud, ba mardikoriravii dehotiyon ba shahrhoi sanoati (khususan vodii Fargona) avj girifta, dar nohiyahoi Osiyoi Miyona safi korgaroni sanoatu khojagii qishloq meafzud, tartiboti kuqnai feodalii khojagii aqibmonda va savdogariyu sudkhuri davom mekard. Dar sohai ideologiya, agar dar davrahoi avvali tarikhi Tojikon va ajdodi onho dinu oinhoi qadimi mahalli (parastishi nakhustqahramonho, khudoho, jirmu sitorahoi osmoni va hodisahoi zamini) hukmfarmo boshad, badtar joi onhoro, zardushtiya, buddoiya va budparastii mahalli girift va oqibat in oinhoro dini islom tang karda, hamchun dini yagona hukmfarmo gardid. Harchand dar asrhoi miyona va davrai nav dar bayni Tojikon ideologiyai musulmoni poydor bud, vale baroi madaniyatu hayoti maishii onho dar tuli qarnho ohanghoi demokratiyu gumanisti, rasionalisti va materialisti (osori klassnkoni madaniyati tojik az Rudaki, Firdavsi, Ibni Sino, Nosiri Khisrav, Umari Khayyom, Abdurrahmoni Jomi, Vosifi, Behzod, Sayidoi Nasafi to maorifparvaron Ahmadi Donish, Shohin, S. Ayni va gayra, az onho sarshor ast) khos bud. Ejodiyoti dahonii khalq, musiqii klassiki, dostonhoi musiqiyu epikii «Shashmaqom» va «Gurugli», sanati oroishiyu amalii khalqi tojik az ananahoi amiqi demokrati boyand.

Tojikon dar sharoiti sokhti soveti sosializm barpo namudand va holo bo khalqhoi barodari mamlakat bazai moddiyu tekhnikii jamiyati kommunistiro faroham meorand. Asosi khojagii Tojikon dehqoni buda, pakhtakori sohai asosii on ast. Sanoati sersohai sosialistii Tojikon az moshinsozi va energetika to korkardi mahsuloti khojagii qishloqro dar bar megirad. Sinfi korgari peshqadam, dehqononi kolkhozi va ziyoiyoni milli ba kamol rasidand.

Shahrhoi qadimi Tojikiston — Leninobod (Khujand), Qurgonteppa, Kulob, Uroteppa, Panjakent, Konibodom, Isfara umri dubora dida, ba kulli tagyir yoftand, shahrhoi navi hozirazamon — Dushanbe, Khorug, Norak, Tursunzoda, Gafurov, Qayroqqum, YOvon va gayra bunyod shudand; simoi dehot tamoman digargun gasht. Memori va intereri iqomatgohi shahru dehoti tojikon bo komyobihoi hozirai kommunali va tajhizoti madaniyu maishi ganitar gardidand. Libosi ananavii milli besh az pesh takmil meyobad va dar ayni zamon, dar bayni Tojikon libosi evropoidukht mamul megardad.

Madaniyati millii imruza va hayoti maishii Tojikon, ki mazmuni sosialisti giriftaand, az hisobi unsurhoi demokratii madaniyat va maishati ananavi toraft ganitar meshavand. Onho ananahoi navi umumisovetiro, ki sharoiti ijtimoyai hayoti davrai sokhtmoni sosialisti ba vujud ovardaand, qabul namuda, jihathoi peshqadami rasmu oini ananavii jamiyatiyu grajdaniro (Navruz va gayra) takmil doda, rasmu oinhoi nav (jashnhoi Oktyabr, Yakumi May, idhoi pakhta va hosilot, jashnhoi kasbiyu oilavi va gayra)-ro jori namudaand.

Hayoti oilavii Tojikon, ki az tarzi zindagonii sosialisti, barobarhuquqii zanu mard, mavqei oila va farzand dar jamiyat va gayra barmeoyad, ba kulli tagyir yoftaast. Sanati Tojikon khele gani gashta, dar on dar yak vaqt bo sanati ananavii rangini khalqi, shaklhoi hozirai sanati kasbi (opera, balet, kinematografiya, musiqii simfoni, janrhoi navi dramaturgiyai teatri, estrada, sanati monumentali va gayra) bomuvaffaqiyat ravnaq meyobad. Adabiyoti srvetii tojik, ki S. Ayni, A. Lohuti, M. Tursunzoda barin klassikoni madaniyati muosiri soveti va Sharqro parvaridaast, ba poyahoi balandi taraqqiyot rasid. Ilmi tojik bo Akademiyai fanho va chunin khodimoni barjastai ilm, monandi B. N. Pavlovskiy, S. Ayni, B. Gafurov, S. U. Umarov, A. M. Bahovaddinov va digaron kayho ba arsai ilmi peshqadami jahoni qadam nihodaast.

Adabiyot: Mandelshtam A. M. O nekotorikh voprosakh slojeniya tadjikskoy narodnosti v sredneaziatskom mejdureche, dar majmuai: Sovetskaya arkheologiya,  tom         20, Moskva, 1954; Istoriya tadjikskogo naroda, tom 1—3, Moskva, 1963—65; Gafurov B. G., Tadjiki. Drevneyshaya, drevnyaya i srednevekovaya istoriya, Moskva, 1972; Tadjikskaya SSR, Dushanbe, 1984; Negmatov N. N., Gosudarstvo Samanidov (Maverannakhr i Khorasan v IX—X vv), Dushanbe, 1977.       N. Nematov.