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TERMODINAMIKA

TERMODINAMIKA, ilmest dar borai umumitarin khususiyathoi sistemahoi makroskopie, ki dar holati muvozinati termodaiamiki meboshand. Termodinamika prosesshoi tabdiliero niz meomuzad, ki bayni holathoi muvozinati termodinamiki ba vujud meoyand. Termodinamika az rukn (prinsip) hoi umdae iborat ast, ki dar natijai jambasti mushohidahoi ziyod ba dast omada, ba tabiati konkretii jismhoi sistemaro tashkildihanda vobasta nestand. Isboti qonunhoi Termodinamika va robitai onho ba qonunhoi harakati zarrahoe, ki jismro tashkil medihand, mavzui tadqiqoti fizikai statistiki meboshad.

Rukni yakumi Termodinamika ifodai qonuni baqoi energiya baroi sistemahoe meboshad, ki dar onho prosesshoi harorati mavqei muhim dorald. Rukni yakumi Termodinamikaro olimi nemis Yu. R. Mayer tarif dodaast va badtar G. Gelmgols (1847) dar shakli mukammali fiziki bayon kardaast. Bino ba rukni yakumi Termodinamika, sistemai az hisobi energiyai dokhilii khud yo az hisobi energiyai yagon manbai beruna kor karda metavonad. Agar sistemai teriodinamiki miqdori muayyani garmi (Q) girad, energiyai dokhilii on qadre tagyir meyobad va sistema korero (A) ba jo meorad: (Q= u +A. In barobari chi qadar tagyir yoftani energiyai dokhilii sistemaro nishon medihad. Hamin tariq, u afzoishi buzurgii u-ro memonad, ki dar har yak holat ba qimati muayyan sohib ast, yo chi tavre ki meguyand, funksiyai holati sistema meboshad. Rukni yakumi Termodinamika mavjudiyatia muharriki abadii jinsi avvalro inkor mekunad.

Rukni duyumi Termodinamikaro fiziki nemis Klauzius (1850) chunin tarif dodaast: garmi khud az khud az sistemai haroratash past ba sistemai haroratash baland guzashta nametavonad. In qonun az jihati matematiki ba vositai funksiyai makhsus — entropiya ifoda meyobad Entropiya holati har yak sistemaro muayyan mekunad. Masalan, entropiya baroi sistemai yakjinsa funksiyai du parametri mustaqilest (fishor R va harorat Termodinamika yo harorat Termodinamika va hajm V), ki holati sistemaro muayyan mekunand. Entropiya ham monandi energiyai dokhili ba holati sistema vobastabuda, payvasta ba har yak holati sistema tagyir meyobad. Muvofiqi rukni duyumi Termodinamika, yagon moshin garmii qabulkardaashro purra ba kor tabdil doda nametavonad. Qismi muayyani garmi dar sardovak (khunukkunak) memonad. In prosess ba vositai teoremai Karno aniqtar sharh yoftaast. Muvofiqi teoremai Karno har yak moshini harorati az sikli bargardandai Karno ziyod buda nametavonad.

Rukni seyumi termodinamika qimati mutlaqi entropiyaro muayyan mekunad. Onro inchunin qonuni harorati Nernst menomand.

Bino ba in qonun, entropiyai osistemai ikhtiyori 5 dar harorat (S)-i dilkhohi ba sifri mutlaq maylkunanda ba qimati hududii sohib megardad, ki on ba fishor va zichi vobasta nest. Soli 1911 M. Plank rukni soyumi termodinamikaro ba tavri zerin sharh dod: hangomi ba sifr mayl kardani harorati mutlaq entropiyai sistema ham ba sifr mayl mekunad, yane lim S = 0 ast. T – 0

Dar nimai duyumi asri 19 dar natijai tashakkuli nazariyai moshinhoi harorati (S. Karlo) va kashfi baqoi energiya (10. R. Mayer, Ch. Joul,G. Gelmgols) ba paydoishi termodinamika zamina paydo shud. Dar inkishofi termodinamika R. Klauaius va U. Tomsol (sharhi rukni duyumi termodinamika), J. Gibbs (usuli potensialhoi termodinamiki), V. Nernst (rukni seyumn termodinamika) va digaron sahmi kalon guzoshtaand.

Termodinamika i fiziki yo umumi, termodinamikai khimiyavi (qonunhoi termodinamikaro ba prosesshoi khmmiyavi va fizikiyu khimiyavi tatbiq mekunad), termodinamikai tekhniki va termodinamikai prosesshoi barnagardanda mavjudand.

Adabiyot: Zommmerfeld A., Termodinamika i statisticheskaya fizika, Moskva, 1955; Kubo R., Termodinamika, Perevod s angl,, Moskva, 1970.   M. Hotamov.

TERMODIFFUZIYa, diffuziyai harorati yo termiki, diffuziyaero guyand, ki bo tasiri gradienti harorat dar muhite (mahlul, omakhtahon gaz) ba amal meoyad. Agar farqi harorat doimi nigoh doshta shavad, pas dar natijai termodifuziya dar hajmi omekhta gradienti konsentrasiya ba vujud meoyad, ki on diffuziyai muqarrariro niz ba amal meorad. Termodifuziyaro dar mahlulho olimi nemis K. Lyudvig (1856) kashf namud va olimi shveysari Sh. Sore (1879—81) tadqiq kard (onro hodisai Sore menomand). Termodifuziyaro dar gazho olimi anglis S. Chepmen va olimi shvesiyagi D. Enskot dar asosi nazariyai kinetikii gazho peshguy kardand, olimoni anglis S. Chelmep va F. Dutson boshand, onro soli 1917 dar tajriba muayyan namudand.

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