TARIKhI ZABON

TARIKhI ZABON, yak sohai ilmi zabonshinosist, ki masalahoi gunoguni paydoish, tashakkul, intishor va inkishofi zabonro meomuzad. Zabon chun «muhimtarin vositai aloqai insoni» (V. I. Lenin, Asarho, jildi 20, sahifai 422) vohidi yagonai poydoru mutaharrik, ustuvoru digargunshavanda, statikivu dinamiki, yane doroi ziddiyathoi qonunii ravnaqu ikishof meboshad va in ravnaqu inkishof hangomi istemol va az nasl ba nasl guzashtan ba tavri evolyusioni, tadrijan amali megardad. Dar har davrai inkishofk zabon dar jamiyat maydone ba sodda namudani zabon vujud dorad. Har fardi sohibi zabon, makhsusan, shoironu navisandagon, olimonu muarrikhon dar asarhoi khud digargunihoero ba sistemai zabon medarorand, ki onho ba mururi zamon khususiyathoi navi zabonro paydo mekunand. Digarguniho pesh az hama dar tarkibi leksiki, ovozi va rafta-rafta dar sokhti grammatikii zabon niz paydo meshavand, ki on ba digar shudani sifati zabon ovarda merasonad. Dar Tarikhi zabon hamai in guna tagyirotu digargunihoi sokhti zabon mavridi omuzish qaror megirand. Azbaski Tarikhi zabon bo tarikhi sohiboni zabon aloqai sakhti bevosita doradu ruydodhoi tarikhi ba inkishofi zabon tasiri muayyane merasonand, masalahoi Tarikhi zabon vobasta ba voqeahoi muhimtarini tarikhi khalq omukhta meshavad.

Odatan zabon marhalahoi gunoguni shafofro az sar meguzaronad. Dar omuzishi Tarikhi zabon in marhalaho ba nazar girifta meshavand. Masalan, tarikhi zabonhoi eroni, ki zaboni tojiki yake az onhost, se marhila dorad: 1) davrai qadimi eroni (az davrahoi qadimtarin to asrhoi 4 to m.); 2) davran miyonai eroni (asrhoi 4—3 to melod— asrhoi 7—8); 3) davrai nadi eroni (az asrhoi 8—9 to zamoni mo). Zabonhoi qadimi eroni ba zabonhoi qadimi Hind khele nazdikand va az in zaboni mabda paydo shudaand. In zaboni mabdaro muhaqqiqon zaboni oriyoii menomand, ki bayni du davra — hinduevropoi va eronii qadim—marhalai tarikhiero tashkil medihad.

Tarikhi zabon bo sarchashmahoi khattii davrai guzashta, omuzishi filologii onho, davrai murattab gardidan va istemol shudan, sistemai khat, qoidahoi imlo, marhalaho, digargunihoi sistemai ovozi, lekstasivu grammatikii zaboni sarchashma kordor meshavad.

Tarikhi zabon du shuba dorad: Tarikhi zabon  va Tarikhi zaboni  adabi. Shubai duyum ba Tarikhi zabon vobastagii zich doshta, yak qismi onro tashkil medihad, zero ofarandai zaboni adabi ham misli zaboni umumi khalq ast va baroi durust fahmidani Tarikhi zaboni adabi boyad tamomi nozukihon zaboni umumikhalqi sanjida shavand. Juzi digari fanni Tarikhi zabon grammatikai tarikhi meboshad.

Adabiyot: Dodikhudoev R. X., Dasturi mukhtasari tarikhi zaboni tojiki, Dushanbe, 1978.                                  R. Dodikhudoev.