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TASNIFI ZABONHO

TASNIFI ZABONHO, omuzishu tabaqabandii zabonho az rui alomatu khususiyati asosii onho. Du tarzi tasnifi zabonho mamul ast: genealogi va tipologi. 1) T. genealogi (az yunoni jenealojia — nasab, shajara) vobasta ba umumiyati paydoish va darajai kheshi ba guruhho judo kardani zabonhost. Zabonhoi khesh umumiyati ziyode dorand. Masalan, dar zabonhoi guruhi eroni nomi uzvhoi badan, faslhoi sol, muhimtarin felho, jonishinho, baze shumoraho va affiksho ba ham monandand. Baroi muqarrar namudani tarikhi paydoishu darajai kheshii zabonho fonetikai muqoisavii tarikhi istifoda meshavad, ki on muvofiqati hameshagii ovozii – oilai zabonho va vazi ibtidoii fonemahoro barqaror mekunad. Masalan, ba in vosita sobit shudaast, ki kalimahoi tojikii rang, tang, roh va osetini az kalimota umumieronii rua, rusga, rasa ba vujud omadand. Kheshii digar zabonhoro niz bo in usul muayyan namudan mumkin ast.
Muvofiqi tadqiqoti zabonshinoson imruz dar Evrosiyo oilai zabonhoi hinduevropoi, urali, shokhahoi finu ugori va samodi, turki, kartveli, muguli, tungusiyu manjuri, somiyu homi, dravidi, va gayra malumand. Zabonhoi sershumori Afrikaro ba oilai zabonhoi homiyu somi yo afrikoiyu osiyoi, nigeriyu kardofani, miliyu sahroi va kaysoni mansub donistaand. Dar janubi Osiyo va Avstraliya oilai zabonhoi malaiyu polineoi, papuai va gayra vujud dorand. Tasnifi zabonhoi mardumi muqimnishini qitai Amerika niz nomukammal ast. Onhoro qiyosan ba oilai zabonhoi algonkiyu vakashi, siukhoka, nadne, penuti, yutoasteki-mayya, chibcha, aravaki, tupiturani, kechua va gayra judo kardaand. Ba kadom oila taalluq doshtani bisyor zabonho (baski, burushaski, yaponi, koreyagi, ayni va baze zabonhoi matruk: shumeri, kaositi, khetti va gayra) ravshan nashudaast. Baze zabonho, az jumla zabonhoi abkhaziyu adigi aa kartveliro ba oilai zabonhoi iberiyu kavkazi nisbat dodaand. Yakchand oilai zabonho — turkiyu muguli, tungusiyu manjuri va hatto koreyagiyu yaponi ba yak oilai kalon nisbat doda shudaand, vale in taqsimot dar bayni zabonshinoson purra etirof nagardidaast. 2) Tasnifi zabonhoi tipologi yo morfologi usuli az rui sokht ba guruhho judo kardani zabonhoro pesh meguzorad. Az rui in usul zabonhoi dunyo ba se tipi asosi judo meshavavd: 1) Zabonhoi amorfi yo gayritasnifi (khitoi, tai, birmagy, veshami, yoruba va gayra). Dar in zabonho kalimaho ba tagyirot duchor nameshavand. Aloqai sintaksisii bayni onho dar jumla az rui joyashon muqarrar meshavad. In zabonho affikshoi shaklsoz nadorand. Kalima dar in zabonho ba asos (resha) barobar ast, az in ru onhoro zabonhoi reshagi ham menomand; 2) Zabonhoi agglyutinativi (finu ugori, turki, muguli, banu, dravidi va gayra) doroi sistemai murakkabi affikshoi kalimasozu shaklsoz meboshand. Dar onho kalima sermorfema buda, har yak morfema yagon manoi grammatikiro ifoda mekunad. Hududi bayni morfemaho khele ravshan zohir meshavad. Binobar on dar payvandgohi morfemahoi in zabonho tagyiroti muhimi fonetiki khele kam ba vujud meoyand; 3) Zabonhoi flektivi (hinduevropoi va homiyu somi), affikshon ziyod dorand. Ammo in affiksho sermano buda, har yaki onho yakchand manoi grammatikiro ifoda karda metavonad. Aloqai morfemaho dar in zabonho khele qavi buda, muayyan namudani hududi onho dushvor ast. Kh. Qurbonov.

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