TAKhORISTON

TAKhORISTON   yake az viloyathoi tarikhie, ki dar sobiq sarzamini Bokhtari Qadim dar bayni kuhhoihoi Pomir, daryohoi Murgobu Harirud va kuhhoi Hindukushu Hisor (dar hududi hozirai janubi Tojikiston viloyati Surkhondaryoi RSS Uzbakiston va shimoli Afgoniston) voqe gardida bud. Takhoriston nomi khudro az nomi qabilai bodiyanishini takhoriyon giriftaast, ki dar asri 2 to melod  ba Osiyoi Miyona hujum ovarda, davlati Yunonii Bokhtarro sarnagun karda budand. Dar sarchashmahoi khattii fosi-tojiki va arabi istilohi «Takhoriston» az asri 5 to asri 13 istifoda shudaast. Makhazhoi khitoi in istiilohro Tukholo nom burdaand. Dar asrhoi 1—4 melodi Takhoriston qismi tarkibii davlati Kushoniyon gardid. Dar asri 5 davlati Kushoniyon az tarafi Haytoliyon sarnagun karda shuda, Takhoriston to asri 6 dar hayati imperiyai Haytoliyon mond. Dar asri 7 imperiyai Haytoliyon barham khurda, Takhoriston ba tasarrufi Khoqonii turk aftod. Takhoriston ba Haytoliyolu Khoqonin turk tobe shuda ba onho andoz medod, onho boshand ba jarayoni zindagii in mardum on qadar mudokhila namekardand. Turkho dar bayni aholii muqimi in sarzamin kam budand. Aholii mahalli asosan khalqhoi eroninajod bud. Dar ahdi Haytoliyon va turkho dar Takhoriston munosibathoi navi jamiyati-feodali avj girift va yakchand davlatchahoi alohidai feodali tashkil yoftand. Muvofiqi malumoti sayyohi khitoi Syuan- Szan dar avvali asri 7 dar Takhoriston miqdori in davlatchaho ba 27 rasida bud. Jugrofidonu muarrikhoni arabizaboni asrhoi 7—9 dar Takhoriston yakchand davlatcharo nombar mekunand:Balkh, Tirmiz. Chagoniyon, Ahorun, Shuman, Qabodiyon, Vakhsh, Vashgird, Rasht, Khutalon, Badakhshon, Kumod, Shikinon va Vakhon. Shumorai onho dar har yak davra har khel bud. Hokimoni davlatchaho sohibikhtiyor buda, «shoh» va «khudot» barin unvonhoi makhsus doshtand. Har yake az onho ba nomi khud pul sikka mezad va dastai khurdi harbi dosht. Asosi qushuni onhoro savoragon (az jumlai ashrof va qisman askaroni kiroya) tashkil medodand. Aslihai qushun az tiru kamon, shofu shamsher, nayzavu soskan va gurzu tabarzin barin yaroqho iborat budand. Shohoni davlatchahoi nomburda zud-zud bo ham nizo mekardand. Baze az onho dar davrai istiloi arab quvvai arabhoro bar ziddi dushmani khud istifoda meburdand. Adovat va nabudani yagonagi dar bayni hokimon ba khalqhoi Osiyoi Miyona imkon nadodand, ki dar muborizai ziddn istilogaroni arab muttahid shavand. Yake az sababhoi asosii az tarafi arabho dar nimai yakumi asri 8 zabt shudani Takhoriston, va digar nohiyahoi Movarounnahr niz hamin bud. Takhoriston  asrhoi 9—12 ba hayati davlathoi Tohiriyon, Safforiyon, Somoniyon va Guriyon dokhil bud, avvali asri 13            onro mugulho zabt kardand. Az hamin vaqt sar karda istilohi «Takhoriston» khamchun nomi muzofot az bayn raft. Makhazhoi khatti va bozyofthoi arkheologi shahodat medihand, ki Takhoriston yake az qadimtarin nohiyahoi ziroat, chorvodori va tamaddun budaast. Dehqoni asosan az kishti obi iborat buda, dar domanakuhho lalmikori niz vujud doshtaast. Bogdori, tokparvari, sabzavotkori va poliz ham rivoj dosht. Sharoiti musoidi geografi, farovonii ob va charogohhoi bekanori Takhoriston boisi inkishofi chorvodori gardida bud.

Takhoriston az sarvathoi tabiat boy bud. Muvofiqi malumoti jugrofidonhoi asrhoi 9—10 Istakhri, Ibni Rusto va muallifi «Hudud-ul-olam» dar Vakhon va Khutalon tillo va nuqra istikhroj mekardaand. Dar natijan tadqiqoti geologiyu arkheologii dar hududi Viloyati Avtonomii Badakhshoni Kuhi guzaronidashuda ziyoda az 78 joi konu madangudozii asrimiyonagi muayyan gardid. Dar khojagii Takhoriston hunarmandi va savdo niz joi makhsusro ishgol menamudand. Yake az qadimtarin va mamultarin sohahoi hunarmandi kuloli bud. Dar shahru dehoti Takhoriston dukonhoi ohangari niz ziyod budand, ki ahli hunar oloti mehnat, asbobi ruzgor, yaroqhoi jangi va har guna asbobi oroish tayyor mekardand. Hangomi hafriyot dar Tirmiz mahallai makhsusi ohangaroni asrhoi 10—11 yoft shud, ki dar on qarib 100 ustokhonai ohangari, zargari va gayra voqe budaast.

Dar Takhoriston bofandagi kasbi khele qadima va ananavi bud. Matohoi rangorangu nafisi pakhtagi, pashmi va abreshimii Takhoriston berun az on ham shuhrati ziyod doshtand. Dar Takhoriston zargari, shishasozi, charmgari, sangtaroshi, kandakori va gayra rivoj yofta bud.

Inkishofi hunarmandi az kishovarzi judoshaviro tezond. Istehsoli mol dar asrhoi 10—11 boisi ba markazhoi hunarmandi va savdo tabdil yoftani shahrho gardid. Dar baze shahrho yakchand bozor bino yofta, az shahru dehoti atrof va mamlakathoi digar bahri savdo meomadand. Takhoriston bo bodiyanishinoni Khitoy, Hinduston, Eron, Rum, baze knyazihoi davlati Rusi Qadim, Misr va digar mamlakathoi Sharqi Nazdik va Miyona aloqai savdo dosht. Bisyor rohhoi tichoratii bayni garb va sharq az shahrhoi Takhoriston meguzasht. Dar qadi rohho korvonsaroyho budand. Muvofiqi malumoti Ibni Havqal dar asrhoi 9—10 dar Movarounnahr 10 hazor rabot budaast.

Dar natijai tadqiqoti sharqshinosoni soveti muayyan gardid. ki miyonai khazorai 1 to melod va miyonai hazorai 1 melodi dar in joyho sokhti gulomdyri hukmron budaast. Az asri 5            sar karda dar Takhoriston munosibathoi feodali inkishof yoftaand.

Istiloi arab ba hayoti ijtimoii Takhoriston tagirot darovarda boshad ham ba inkishofi munosibathon Feodali tasiri kalon merasonid, Bo omadani arabho tafriqai tabaqahoi jamiyat tez shuda, shumorai tabahoi mutei aholi afzud. Dar muborizai durudarozi ziddi istilogaron, hatto yak qismi dehqonon niz maqomi iqtisodii khudro az dast doda, ba toifai tobe mubaddal meshudand. Qismi digarashon ba tarafi arabho guzashta, peshtara barin chun tabaqai hukmroni Takhoriston mondan giriftand. Badi istiloi arab az tarkibi sinfhoi hukmroni Takhoriston kohinon barham khurdand, zero onho namoyandagoni dinu mazhabi ziddnislomi buda, arabho onhoro sarosar qir kardand. Ba joi onho ruhoniyoni musulmon pando shudand, ki dar asrhoi 10—12 yake az tabaqahoi asosii sinfi hukmroni Takhoristonro tashkil medodand. Dar in asrho dar natijai avjgirii iqtoyu iljadori zaminho ba dasti feodalon guzashtand. Zamindorii kaloni feodali ba amal omada, jamiyat ba du sinfi antagonisti — feodalon va dehqononi poband judo shud. Munosibathoi feodali dar hayoti jamiyati purra galaba kard.

‘Go vaqthoi okhir mo dar borai zaboni mardumoni Takhoriston chize namedonistem. Az rui katibai tanga va digar ashyoi madaniyati moddi malum bud, ki zaboni takhoristoniho az guruhi zabonhoi eronist.

Muvofiqi malumoti baze manbahoi khatti va bozyofthoi arkheologi mardumi Takhoriston bomarifat budand va to istidoi arab dar sohahoi gunoguni ilm komyobi va asarhoi ilmi doshtaand. Tadqiqotchiyon mukarrar namudaand, ki dar davrai Yunoniyu Bokhtar dar Bokhtar barobari hisobi dahi hisobi bistiro ham kor mefarmudaand. Mahz dar hamin davra munajjimoni mahalli nomhoi sayyorahoi asosi va baze burjhoi falakro sareh kardaand. Onho dar ayni hol fizik, matematik, faylasuf ham budaand. Mardumi Takhoriston dar sohai kimiyo donishi khub doshtaand.

Avvalin zuhuroti ejodi adabii mardumi Takhoriston dostonhoi qahramoniyu asotirii onhost. Inkishofi tarikhii khalq ba vositai ofaridahoi bade inikos meyoft, bo hamin roh dar borai bahoduronu pahlavononi Bokhtaru Sugdu Khorazm — Rustam, Siyovush, Barzu va gayra silsilai rivoyatho paydo meshudand. Hamai in rivoyatho sonitar baroi «Shohnoma»-i Firdavsi makhazi asosi gardidand. Tavassuti muborizai ozodikhohii ziddi istilogaroni arab adabiyoti Takhoriston va digar nohiyahoi in az nav barqaroru mukammal gardida, orzuvu havasi mardumro purratar inikos menamud. Okhiri asri 8 va avvali asri 9 dar bayni ahli khiradi Takhoriston shuubiya paydo shud. Ahli in raviya madaniyati qadima va boi mahalllro ba tamadduni soddavu oddii toislomii arabho qiyos namuda, bo hamin roh orzuvu omoli ba ozodidoshtai khalqro ifoda menamudand. Yake az namoyandagoni mashhuri in raviya Bashshor ibni Burdii Takhoristoni bud. Az okhiri asri 8 va avvali asri 9 adabiyoti badeii Takhoriston ba zaboin dari inkishof yoftan girift.

Tavassuti hafriyoti arkheologii solhon okhir masolehi binokori, tarzi sokhtmon va sanati oroishi Takhoriston niz ravshan shuda istodaast. Hafriyoti yak qator yodgorihoi qadima shahodat medihand, ki memoroni Takhoriston hangomi bunyodi imoratho az khishti khom va pokhsa istifoda meburdand. Az khisht devor va saqfi gunbazshakl mesokhtaand. Bazan az khisht farsh megusturdaand. Devori qalaho asosan az pokhsa bardoshta meshud. Usuli mushtaraki devorsozi (yak radda khisht, yak radda pokhsa) ham vujud dosht. Az khishti khomu pokhsa binohoi buzurg ham mesokhtand, ki chandin dar khonavu hujraho doshtand. Zimnan, in guna binoho duoshyona va hatto seoshyona meshudand. Oshyonaho pagnaho doshtand. Dar inshooti memorii Takhoriston chub baroi bolor, sutunkashonho, daru daricha va korhoi oroish istifoda meshud. Sangro faqat dar tahkursi mechidaand. Dar mahalhon kuhiston az sang devor bardoshta khona mesokhtand. Az sang tahsutunu bosha, takhtasanghoi rukash, naqshu oroishoti gunogun niz metaroshidand. To davrai islom dar sokhtmon khishti pukhta khele kam istifoda meshud. Az asrhoi 9—10 sar karda az khishti pukhta qasr, maqbara, masjid va baze imorathoi jamiyati mesokhtagi shudand. Dar pardozu oroish gachro ba kor meburdand. ‘Garzi ravoq, gunbaz, oshyonu pagnasozi, az sanati balandi memoroni Takhoriston darak medihad. Malum meshavad, ki takhoristoniyon barobari donistani usulhoi gunogunu ajibi memori (khishtchini va tarhbandi) bo ilmhoi handasi ham nagz shinos budaand. Imorathoi davrai toislomii Takhoriston gafs, vazninbom, mustahkamu boshukuh budaand. Binohoro bo naqshunigor va haykalho oro medodand. Bo mururi inkishofi munosibathon feodali ba joi binohoi azim (gayr az masjid, madrasa, maqbara) binohoi khurdu sabuki sinjdor mesokhtagi shudand. Bo vujudi baze tagyirot ananai sanati memorii toislomii takhoristoniyon barham nakhurd va baraks asosi inkishofi minbadai sanati memori gardid. Binobar in asosi sanati memorii tojikon shugli memorii chandinasrai takhoristoniyonu sugdiyoni qadima meboshad.

Memoroni Takhoriston naqshunigori memoriro dar surujtakhta, safol, sang, chub va gil mekashidand. Badi istiloi arab va mamul shudani khishti pukhta dar sanati memori naqshunigori khishti ham rivoj yoft. Yake az qadimtarin osori memorie, ki naqshunigori khishtin doshta, to ruzhoi mo rasidaast, maqbarai Alambardor (dar nazdikii shahri Karkii RSS Turkmaniston) meboshad. Vay

dar avvali asri 11 sokhta shuda, ba maqbarai Ismoili Somoni khelo shabohat dorad.

Soli 1933 dar Ayritom sangi taroshndashudaero yoftand, ki namunai oroishi memorii asri 1 meboshad. Hafriyoti arkheologii dar vayronahoi mabadi buddoi Tirmizi Qadim, dimnahoi Balalikteppa, Kholchayon, Ajinatepna va Kofirqala (vodii Vakhsh) va gayra guzaronidashuda, asarhoi balandmazmunu zeboshakli sanati tasvirii toislomii Takhoristonro oshkor namudand. Hangomi hafriyot yak silsila haykalhoi Buddo, haykalu haykalchahoi hayvonu inson va digar osori madaniyatu ruzgor yoft shudand. Namunahoi ajoibi saiati haykaltaroshi va naqqoshi inchunin az kharobahoi Dilvarzin teppa, Zarteppa va Qaroteppa, Surkhkutal va Shahri Bonu (Afgonistoni Shimoli) va az yakchand kharobahoi digari sarzamini Bokhtar — Takhoriston ham paydo gardidand. Baroi tahiyai haykalho dar barobari gil, inchunin sang va gaju filizot niz kor mefarmudaand. Naqshunigori Dayri Tirmizi Qadim az namunahoi sanati naqqoshii davrahoi okhiri atiqa meboshad. Baze namunahoi naqshunigori asri 6 Takhoriston solhoi 1950—55 asnoi koftukovi kharoboti qalai Balalikteppa ba dast omadaand. Kashfiyoti arkheologi dalolat menamoyad, ki Takhoriston sanati ba khud khos, ananahoi boi badei va raviyavu maktabhoi khos doshtaast.

Adabiyot: Bartold V. V., Tokhariston, Sochinenie, tom 3, M., 1865; Gafurov B. G., Tadjiki. Drevneyshaya, drevnyaya i srednveekovaya istoriya, Moskva, 1972; Djalilov A., Iz istorii kulturnoy jizni predkov tadjikskogo naroda i tadjikov v rannem srednevekove, Dushanbe, 1973.

A. Jalilov.