ShVEYSARIYa

ShVEYSARIYa (nem. Schweiz, frans. Suisse, ital. Svizzera), Konfederasiyai Shveysariya, davlatest dar Evropai Markazi. Masoh. 41,3 haz, km2. Aholiash 6423 haz. naf. 1985 aholii shahri qarib 60% Zabonhoi rasmi: nemisi (65% aholi), fransavi (18%), italiyavi (12%); guruhi khurdi shveysarigiho ba zaboni retoromani guftugu mekunand. Poytakhtash sh. Bern. Shveysariya respublikaest iborat az federasiyai 23 kanton (3-toi onho ba nimkantonho judo shudaand). Organi olii federalii hukumat — Majlisi (ittifoqii) dupalatagii federali. Majlisi ittifoqi az Soveti milli (palatai poyon) va soveti kantonho (palatai bolo) iborat ast. Sardori davlat va hukumat — prezident. Qismi ziyodi mamlakat dar k-hoi All (balandiash to 4634 m, q. Dyufur) voqe gardidaast. Nohiyai markaziro pahnkuhi Shveysariya, nohiyai shim. garbiro k-hoi Yura faro giriftaand. Iqlimash mutadili sernam. Borishoti solona 800—2500 mm. Dar hududi Shveysariya boloobi daryohoi kuhi — Reyn, Rona, Tichino va kulhoi Jeneva, Boden voqeand. Dar k-hoi Alp piryakhho (qarib 2 haz. km2) hastand. Beshazorho (24%-i hudud), margzorhoi subalpi va alpi mavjudand.

Dar ahdi qadim dar hududi Shveysariya retho va gelvetho zindagoni mekardand. Dar a 1 to m. sarzamini Shveysariyaro rimiyon, dar a. 5 m. alemanho, burgundho, ostgotho istilo kardaand. Az a-hoi 10—11 dar hayati «Imperiyai muqaddasi Rim» bud. Dar muboriza bo Gabsburgho dehqononi ozodi kantonhoi besha (Shvis, Uri, Untervalden) bo ham ittifoq basta (1291), istiqloliyati khudro nigoh doshtand (galabahoi nazdi Morgarten, 1315, Zempakh, 1386 va r.); rivoyatho dar borai V. Tell va dit. qahramononi khalq, bo in muborizaho vobastaand. S. 1499 Shveysariya dar amal az imperiya judo shuda istiqloliyat ba dast ovard (dar asosi Sulhi Vestfaliya, 1648). Shveysariyaro bisyor mamlakathoi jahon hamchun davlati mustaqil etirof namudand. A-hoi 14— 15 mamlakathoi Evropai Garbi az Shveysariya qushun kiro mekardand. Dar a. 16 shahrhoi mutaraqqii iqtisodi (Jeneva, Syurikh) markazi faoliyati reformatorho J. Kalvin, U. Svingli bud. S-hoi 1798—1803 dar hududi Shveysariya respublikai Gelvesiya mavjud bud. Kongressi Vena (1814—15) sarhadi Shveysariyaro muayyan kard (ba hoziraash nazdik bud) va betarafii onro kafolat dod. S-hoi 30—40 bayni quvvahoi feodaliyu klerikali va burjuaziya muboriza avj girift, ki on bo galabai burjuaziya ba okhir rasid. Dar asosi konstitusiyai soli 1848 Shveysariya az ittifoqi noustuvori kantonho ba davlati yagonai ittifoqi tabdil yoft. Dar a. 19— ibt. a. 20 Shveysariya markazi muhojirati revolyusioni va demokrati bud, dar Shveysariya yakchand muddat V. I. Lenin zindagoni karda ast. Shveysariya dar janghoi yakum va duyumi jahoni betarafiro nigoh dosht. S. 1921 Partiyai kommunisti (dar asosi on 1944 Partiyai mehnatii Shveysariya) tasis yoft. Bo SSSR az 1946 aloqai diplomati dorad.

Shveysariya mamlakati mutaraqqii industriyavi buda, ba khorija kapital eksport mekunad. Dar iqtisodiyotash monopoliyai kapitalisti hukmfarmost. Shveysariya baroi tadqiqoti ilmi va korhoi tajribaviyu konstruktori mablaghoi bisyor sarf mekunad. Ba Shveysariya qarib 1% mahsulot (1979), beshtar az 1,5% sodiroti jahoni kapitalisti rost meoyad. Dar sanoat, hunarmandi va sokhtmon 44%, dar h. q 6,2%, khizmatrasoni ba mehmonho 4,5% aholii qobili mehnat band ast (1975).

Sanoat baroi istehsoli mahsulothoi balandsifat makhsus gardonida shudaast. Moshinsozi va korkardi metal (masnuoti elektrotekhniki, dastgohho, asbobho), istehsoli soat (54 mln dona, 1984), sanoati khimiya va dorusozi, poyafzol, bofandagi, duzandagi, trikotaj, kogaz, poligrafi, khurokvori hast. Shveysariya s. 1984-um 59 mlrd kVts energiyai elektrik istehsol kard. X. q hosili baland medihad (5%-i mahsuloti umumii milliro tashkil mekunad). Qarib 6% hududi Shveysariya zaminhoi kh. q.-and; margzor va charogoh—46%, beshazor 25%. Ziyoda az 3/4 qismi mahsuloti kh. q-ro chorvodori medihad. Tuli umumii r. o. qarib 5 haz. km. Bandari asosiash Bazel dar d. Reyn. Shveysariya ba khorija moshin, soat (ziyoda az 95% hamai mahsulot), molhoi sanoati khimiya, mahsuloti sanoati sabuk va khurokvori mebarorad. Passivi balansi savdo bo mamlakathoi khorija az hisobi daromadi amaliyoti bank va turizmi khoriji (14,3 mlrd frank, 1985) tanzim karda meshavad. Vohidi pul — franki shveysari.