ShUUR

ShUUR (ar.— dush, ogohi, fahm, fikr), shakli olii inikosi manavii voqeiyatro guyand, ki tanho ba inson khos ast. On bo nutq aloqamand buda, shaklhoi hissiyotash idrok, khotira, tasavvur, takhayyul va diqqat meboshad va hamchun tafakkuri abstrakti dar mafhum, hukm, khulosa, farziya, hads, goya ifoda megardad. Mafhumi Sh. ham shuuri fardi (shakhsi) va ham jamiyatiro darbar megirad, Sh.-i jamiyati (ilm, falsafa, sanat, akhloq, din, siyosat va huquq) innkosi hastii jamiyati buda, novobasta ba shuuri odamoni judogona inkishof meyobad va zimni faoliyati odamon amali megardad.

Idealizm Sh.-ro hamchun javhari mustaqil ba materiya muqobil meguzorad. Bar khilofi on materializmi dialektiki paydoishi Sh.-ro Vatikan qonunii inkishofi tadrijii materiya meshumorad. Imkoniyati paydoishn Sh., chunon ki F. Engels meguyad, «dar khudi materiya nuhufta ast. Materiya bo taqozoi tabiati khud ba darajai inkishofi mavjudoti fikrkunanda merasad va in dar hama holathoi mavjud budani sharoiti muvofiq noguzir ba amal meoyad» (Marks K., i Engels F., Soch., t. 20, s. 524).

Zaminahoi biologii paydoishi Sh. dar antropoidho muhayyo shuda boshad ham, vay baroi paydo shudani Sh.-i inson basanda nabud. On az zaminahoi biologi dar prosessi antropogenez ba vujud omad. Az in ru F. Engels takid namudaast, ki «muhimtarin va nazdiktarin asosi tafakkuri odam na khudi tabiat, balki… tabiatro tagyir dodani odam ast. Aqli odam mutobiqan ba on ki chi tavr vay tagyir dodani tabiatro omukhtaast, inkishof yoftaast» (Marks K. i Engels F., Soch., t. 20, s. 545). Dar jarayoni mehnat faoliyati predmeti ba faoliyati fikri mubaddal meshavad, ki zabon hamchun oloti on az rui zarurati munosibat ba digaron ba vujud meoyad va hamchun vositai bayoni fikr khizmat mekunad.

Dar marhilahoi avvali inkishofi falsafa farqi moddiyot va ruhiyot hanuz muayyan nabud. Dar asrhoi miyona Sh. hamchun mabdai favquttabii va ofarandai tabiat tavsif shudaast. Mutafakkironi asrhoi miyonai Sharq masalai nafsro ba miyon guzoshta, onro murodifi Sh. pindoshtand. Dar falsafai Ahdi jadid Dekart jihati khudshinosiro dar joi avval guzoshta, Sh.-ro chun mushohidai botinii subekt muoina kard. Materiallistoni a. 18-i fransavi (makhsusan Lametri va Kabanis) ba muvaffaqiyathoi fiziologi va tibbi takya namuda, isbot kardand, ki Sh. funksiyai makhsusi mayna buda, ba tufayli on odam dar borai tabiat va khud donish megirad. Idealizmi klassikii nemis oid ba Sh. va tarkibi on fikri toza bayon namuda, zinahoi gunoguni onro oshkor namudaast. Gegel ba fahmishi mohiyati ichtimoiyu tarikhii Sh. nazdik omada, dar borai ba hayoti jamiyati vobasta budani Sh.-i fard ba khulosai durust omadaast, lekin u hayoti jamiyatiro idealistona sharh doda, onro tabassumi ruhi obektivi donistaast.

Tufayli komyobihoi neyrofiziologiya (Sechenov, Pavlov) va psikhologiyai eksporimentali (Veber, Fekhner, Vundt, Jems) donish dar borai Sh. afzun va nihoyat amiq shud. Ammo mavjudiyati sharhi introspektivii Sh. boisi paydoishi jarayonhoe gardid, ki dar faoliyati odam roli asosi doshtani shuurro inkor mekunand (freydizm, bikheviorizm).

Az nuqtai nazari falsafai marksisti Sh. shakli olii faqat ba inson khosi inikosi voqeiyat ast, ki dar mayna hosil meshavad. Mayna – organi moddii Sh., uzvi anatomiyu fiziologii tafakkur — faoliyati manavi meboshad. Sh. dar natijai azkhud kardani tajribayu qobiliyat va tarzi amali dar ashyo tajassum-gardida tashakkul meyobad. Sh.-i fardi hamchun shakli makhsusi inikosi subektivii realiyati obektivi ba sifati mahsuli munosibat va robitahoe fahmida meshavad, ki dar jarayoni tashakkulu inkishofi jamiyat ba vujud omadaand. Berun az sistemai in munosibatho, berun az Sh.-i jamiyati va zabon, ki substrati realii on ast, mavjudiyati Sh.-i fardi gayriimkon meboshad. Odamon maqsadhoi ejodii khudro amali gardonda tabiat, jmiyat, inchunin khudro digargun mesozand, chunki «olam insonro qone namegardonad va inson qaror medihad, ki bo amali khud onro tagyir dihad» (Lenin V. I., As., ch- 38, s. 215). Az in lihoz «shuuri inson olami obektiviro na tanho inikos mekunad, balki onro ejod ham mekunad» (hamon 40, s. 214).

I. Qulmatov.