SURATFIZOHOI ZARRAHOI ZARYaDNOK

SURATFIZOHOI ZARRAHOI ZARYaDNOK, dastgohhoero guyand, ki baroi tavassuti maydoni elektri hosil kardani zarrahoi zaryadnoki balandenergiya (elektronho, protonho, yadrohoi atomi) tain shudaand.

Dar Suratfizohoi zarrahoi zaryadnok dastai zarrahoi zaryadnoke hosil megardad, ki energiyaashon ba sadho GeV merasad. Seliin guna zarraho baroi voqei gardondani reaksiyahoi gunoguni yadroi, baroi tahqiqi sokhti yadrohoi atomi va zarrahoi elementarivu tasiroti mutaqobili onho istifoda meshavad.

Suratfizohoi zarrahoi zaryadnok du nav meshavaond: muttasila va munfasila (imnulsi). Dar suratfizohoi muttasila seli zarraho bo mururi zamon betagyir memonad. Dar suratfizohoi munfasil boshad, zarraho lakht-lakht (guruh-guruh) afkanda meshavand. Buzurgii jarayoni impulsi (yane hosili zarbi adadi zarrahoi dar 1 s az «duli» Suratfizohoi zarrahoi zaryadnok afkananda va zaryadi elektrii yaktoi onho) nazar ba qimati miyonai jarayoni zarrahoi suratfizoi muttasila hazorho marotiba ziyod buda motavonad.

Suratfizoho az rui tarzi korashon niz du nav moshavand: dar suratfizokhoi navi avval zarraho surati khudro bo tasiri maydoni elektrosgatikii shiddatash tagyirnayobanda meafzoyand; dar suratfizohoi navi soni surati zarraho dar natijai tasiri chandinkaratai maydoni elektrii tagyiryobanda ziyod mashavad. Suratfizohoi navi duyum dar navbati khud du khel meshavand: rostkhatta va sikli. Traektoriyai harakati zarraho dar suratfizohoi rostkhatta khati rostro memonadu dar suratfizoho sikli (siklotron, sinkhrotron, sinkhrofazotron, mikrotron va gayra) — doira yo spirali bozshavandaro.

Suratfizohoi rostkhatta (yo khatti) du nav meshavad: rezonansi va induksioni. Suratfizohoi rostkhattai rezonansi baroi afzudani surati protonho az qatori naychahoi darunkholie iborat ast, ki onho ba manbai shiddati elektrii tagyiryobanda payvastand. Protonho dar fosilahoi 3 tanho dar mavridi surati khudro afzuda metavonand, ki hangomi manfi budani shiddati naychai oyanda ba okhiri naychai peshina oyand; onho tanho dar fosilai 3-i bayni naychaho shitob megirand, zero dar daruni naychaho maydoni elektri vujud nadorad.

Suratfizohoi rostkhattai induksioni odatan baroi to yakchand karat afzudani surati elektronho istifoda meshavand. Suratfizohoi rostkhattai rezonansi boshand, elektronhoro to ~20 va protonhoro to ~ 80 GeV tezonida metavonand.

Siklotron, baroi tezonidani protonho (yo ionho) istifoda meshavad. Siklotron (rasmi 2) az duantho nom du elektrodi nimsilindrii D-shakl iborat ast, ki andaruni kamerai vakuumi dar maydoni magnitii yakjinsai shadidiyatash N (dar masofai muayyan az yakdigar) joy doda moshavand. Generatori balandbasomadi 4 dar fosilai bayni duantho maydoni elektrii tagyiryobanda hosil mekunad.

Ioni az manbai 4 khorijgardida bo tasiri shiddati tagyiryobanda sui duante medavad, ki dar hamin lahza potensiali manfi doshta boshad. Bad dar lahzai oyandai vaqt (nom davri T-i tagyiroti maydoni elektri, yane t — T) ion ba tasiri maydoni maishi dar daruni on duant nim davra kashida, to lahzai alomati muqobil giriftani maydoni elektri ba sarhadi fosilai bayni duantho meoyad va ba sui duanti digar shitob megirad. In hodisa pas az har muddati T/2 takror meyobad. Siklotron ba protonho to 20 MeV energiya doda metavonadu bas. In norasoi dar siklotroni izokhroni, fazotron, sinkhrotron va sinkhrofazotron bartaraf shudaast. Sikdotroni izokhroni protonhoro to 1 GeV energiya bakhshida metavonad.

Fazotron yo sinkhrosiklotrov. Az siklotron ba on farq mekunad, ki dar fazotron basomadi ibtidoii shiddati tezonanda _o = 2/T — qN/m_oS davri tagyir meyobad (kam meshavad), yane fazotron impulsi kor mekunad. Har guruh (impuls)-i zarrahoi shitobdodai fazotron to 10⁹—10¹⁰ zarra doshta metavonad. Haddi boloii energiyae, ki zarraho dar fazotron girifta metavonand fizikan mahdud nabuda ba imkoniyathoi iqtisodi vobasta ast.

Sinkhrotron suratfizoi sikliyu rezonansii elektronhost. Dar in navi suratfizo surati elektronho zud meafzoyad va baron energiyahoie = 10 MeV ba surati rushnoi s nazdik (≈c) meshavad—afzoish minbadai energiyai elektron ba surati on asare namekunad; on goh muddati yak davr zadani elektron T niz ba energiya novobasta shuda memonad. Elektron dar sinkhrotron energiyai khudro ba tavri rezonansi afzuda metavonad, ki davri gardishi on T hamesha hamcheni davri tagyiroti maydoni elektrii tezonanda T bimonad. In dar mavride muyassar megardad, ki dar ifodai  nisbati  sobit monad, yane hamshevan ba afzoishi energiyai purrai elektron shadidiyati maydoni magniti ham ziyod shudan girad. Dar in mavrid radiusi madori harakati elektron va basomadi maydoni tezonanda sobit memonad. Sinkhrotron ba elektronho az 0,1 to 12 GeV energiya doda metavonad. Afzoishi minbadai energiyai elektronho bo sababi afkanishoti elektromagniti barovardani onho mahdud megardad.

Sinkhrofazotron yo sinkhrotroniprotonho, moshinestbaroito 1 GeVvabeshtarazonafzudanienergiyaiprotonho. Sinkhrofazotron misli siklotron halqashakl ast (rasmi 3). Radiusi madori harakatizarraho dar sinkhrofazotron sobit nigoh doshta meshavad: baroi inzarur ast, ki ba andozai afzudani surat (energiya)-izarra shadidiyati maydoni magniti ziyod shudan girad, to ki traektoriyai zarrai suratfuzudaro beshtar kaj karda tavonad.

Mikrotron, siklotroni elektronho, dastgohi suratfizoii elektronhost. Dar mikrotron niz madori harakati zarraho davravist. Ammo in davraho markazi mushtarak ne, balki yak nuqtai rasish dorand (rasmi 4); elektronho har bor azhamon yak fosilai suratfizoyandai rezonatori 2 guzashta, energiyai khudro afzuda, dar gardishi oyanda azrui madori kalontar harakat mekunand.

Jarayoni dastai elektronhoi shitobdodaimikrotron 100 mkA (darrejimikoribefosila) —100 mA (darrejimiimpulsi) budametavonad. Haddiokhirienergiyaielektronhodarmikrotron 70 MeV ast (in had ba murakkab shudann harakati elektronho dar fosilai suratfizoyandai rezonator va maydoni magniti aloqamand ast).

Betatron, suratfizoi doiravii gayrirezonansii elektronhost. Dar betatron, bar khilofi suratfizohoi siklii digar, maydoni elektrikii tezonanda az berun «doda» nameshavad, balki dar natijai zud tagyir yoftani maydoni magniti ba vujud omada, elektronhoro andaruni halqai darunkholii 1 (rasmi 5) ae ruimadori sobitradius harakat medihad. Vale baroi betagyir mondani radiusi madori elektronho zarur ast, ki tezii afzoishi energnyai onho ba surati afzoishi shadidiyati maydoni magnitii kajkunandai traektoriyai harakati elektronho khamshevan oyad. Betatron energiyai elektronhoro to 100—300 MeV afzuda metavonad. Ammo onro odatan baroi hosil kardani elektronhoi energiyaashon 20—50 MeV istifoda mekunand.   S. Qoviri.