SUGD

SUGD (fors-qadim Sugud, arabi), yake az qadimtarin markazhoi tamadduni ajdodi tojikon, voqe dar havzai daryohoi Zarafshon vaQashqadaryo. Avvalin bor dar Avesto va katibahoi mekhi, badtar dar osori muallifoni atiqayu Khitoi Qadim va dar sarchashmahoi asrimiyonagii arabiyu forsi yodovar shudaast. Asrhoi 6—4 to melod Sugd dar hayati davlati Hakhomanishiyon yakjoya bo Port, Khorazm va Oriyo satrapin 11-umi onro tashkil mekard. Aholii Sugd ba Hakhomanishiyon andoz doda, onhoro az sanghoi qimatbaho tamin mekard, baroi khizmati qalaho va jangi ziddi yunoniho va gayra sarboz mefiristod. Solhoi 329—328 to melod aholii Sugd bo sardorii Spitamana ba Iskandari Maqduni muqobilati sakht nishon dod va faqat badi muborizai duru daroz mute gardid. Badi vafoti Iskandar Sugd ba hayati imperiyai Selevkiyon, ki asosguzori on Selevk ba dukhtari Opitamana — Apama khonador shuda bud, dokhil gasht. Dar nimai duyumi asri 4 va asri 3 to melod Sugd dar hayati Yunonu Bokhtar, dar asrhoi ibtidoi milod ba davlati Kushoniyon dokhil bud. Dar asrhoi 4—5 Sugd ba shohoni Haytoliyon, dar asrhoi 6—7 ba Khoqonii turk itoat mekard. Dar okhiri asri 7 va ibtidoi asri 8 Sugdro arabho zabt kardand. Az zamoni barham khurdani davlati Kushoniyon (asri 4) to ba hayati Khilofati arab dokhil shudani Sugd istilogaron aslai ba korhoi dokhilii on dakholat namekardand. Dar tuli in vaqt Sugd az yakchand mulkho (Maymurg, Kabudon, Kushoniya, Bukhoro, Kesh, Nasaf, Samarqand, Panjakent, Ishtikhon va gayra) iborat bud. Kushki hokimi Samarqavd mabadi niyogon dosht va dar on ba yodi guzashtagon qurboniho mekardaand. Hokimoni Sugd munosibathoi kheshutabori niz doshtaand. Hokimi markazi unvoni ikhshid (masalan, ikhshidi Samarqand Varkhumana — aniqtarash Avarkhumana bud), hokimoni Kesh unvoni ikhrid doshtand. Az hama kalontarnn mulkhoi Sugd vohai Bukhoro bud, ki goh-goh mustaqil meshud va dar makhazhoi tarikhi hatto dar boral du Sugd— Sugdi Bukhoro va Sugdi Samarqand yod shudaast. Yake az muhimtarin mulkho Panjakent bud (niared Panjakenti Qadim), ki ba hayati on gayr az khudi nohiyai Panjakent (hamon vaqt «Panj» nom dosht) boa nohiyahoi boloobi Zarafshon — Mogiyon, Pargar (Falgar), Kshtut (hozira Kishtut), Martushkat (hozira Mastchoh) va vodii Yagnob, digar qalamravhoi Petaman (Butamoni asrhoi miyona), nohiyahoi qatorkuhhoi HisoruZarafshon dokhil meshudand. Dar hujjathoi Qalai Mug nomi dehai hozirai Anzob zikr yoftaast. Panjakent dar davrai hujumi arabho baroi Sugd ahamiyati kalon dosht. Hokimi Panjakent Devashtich muddate takhtnishini Samarqand bud. Hujjathoi az Qalai Mug yoftshuda va gayra shahodat medihand, ki Sugd bo Choch, Istaravshan, Fargona va digar mamlakatho munosibathoi diplomati dosht. Sugd dar ahdi qadim va khususan dar ibtidoi asrhoi miyona dar hayoti iqtisodiyu madanii Sharqnufuzi kalon dosht. Dar Samarqand, vohahoi Bukhoro, inchunin Qashqadaryo sistemai murakkabi obyori vujud dosht. Viloyati Samarqand chunon serobu obod budaast, ki voliyoni arab onro «bustoni amiralmuminin» menomidand. Baroi obyorii zaminhoi janubi Samarqand az mahalli Varagsar (hozira Raboti Khuja) se kanali asosi ogoz meyoft. In kanalho pesh az istiloi arab sokhta shuda budand. Dar Kushoniya kanali Narpay, dar hududi nohiyai Bukhoro kanali Shopurkom (badtar Shofirkom), ki qismi shimolii vohai Bukhoro — Vardanaro obyori mekard, mavjud budand. Ziroati Sugd beshtar obi bud, harchand istifodai zaminhoi lalmi az ehtimol dur nest. Ziroat beshtar galla va sabzavot bud. Tokdori yake az sohahoi asosii dehqoni ba hisob meraft. Dar Panjakent dastgohhoi maykashi yoft shudand. Az materialhoi arkheologi va hujjathoi Qalai Mug barmeoyad, ki ayonu ashrof miqdori ziyodi mayro solhoi sol nigoh medoshtand. Boghoi ziyode niz mavjud budand. Az Samarqand shaftolui alosifat, ki «shaftolui tilloi» menomidand va oluchai safedu zardro baroi furush mebarovardand. Aspho va gusfandoni dunbadori sugdi dar mamlakathoi hamsoya shuhrati kalon doshtand. Sugd bo abreshim, pakhta va pashmi alosifat niz nom barovarda bud.

Kuhhoi atrofi Sugd sarvati farovon doshtand. Dar Sugd tillo va navshodir istehsol mekardand. Tillo ba savdoi khoriji barovarda meshud (khususan az Kesh va Maymurg). Khulai misu ruh va namaki rangini Maymurgu Kesh shuhrat dosht. Sanati ohangari, zargari, kuloli ham khele taraqqi karda bud. Az jumlai oloti filizi bel, tabar, dos, mekh, miqroz va digar asbobu anjomi ruzgor va hunarmandi yoft shudaand. Ba hunari ohangari istehsoli yaroq sakht aloqamald buda, istehsoli tiru kamon, shamsher, sipar, javshan, kuloh va gayra hunar va donishi khubro talab mekard. Silohi mudofiavii sugdiyon dar kishvarhoi dur shuhrat dosht. Soli 718 sugdiyon ba Khitoy javshani khudro faristodand; yaroqsozoni Chin onro hamchun namuna qabud kardandva dar armiyai Khitoy javshan mamul shud. Dar Sugd hunari bofandagi khele taraqqi karda bud. Dar Qalai Mug namunai 150 navi mato (pakhtagin, abreshimin, pashmin) yoft shud. Dar porchahoi matohoi sugdie, ki dar muzeyhoi Evropai Garbi mahfuzand, surathoi sher, gusfand va baze parrandaho tasvir yofta, bo ranghon surkh, gulobi, kabud va safedi balandu ravshan oro doda shudaand. Charmgari, sadafkori, duredgari, kuloli, kogazsozi niz khele dar inkishof budaast.

Vusati ziyodi istehsoloti hunarmandi, khususan dar shahrho ba savdoi dokhili va khoriji musoidat mekard. Sugdbo mamlakathoi Sharqu Garb va inchunin bo aholii dashthoi shimoli munosibathoi tijorati dosht.

Khususan aloqahoi tijorati dar bayni Sugd va Rum vusat yofta bud. Taqriban az asri 2 savdogaronu ruhoniyoni buddoii sugdi, hunarmandon, jangovaron, sarlashkarho, olimon va gayra az in jo baromada, dar Hindustonu Khitoy amal mekardaand. Az asri 4 onho dar muhimtarin rohhoi savdo az Marv sar karda to Khitoyu Muguliston boshishgohho va korvonsaroyho sokhta budand, dar bisyor shahru nohiyaho mahallahoi sugdnishin mavjud bud (dar toponimiyai asrhoi 10— 11-i Haftrud unsurhoi sugdi bis yor dida meshud).

Dar asri 5 dar Sugd tashakkuli munosibathoi feodali ogoz yoft. Dehqonon (nomi hamonvaqtai ayonu ashrofi mulkdor), tojiron va kohinoni tabaqai olii jamiyat ba shumor meraftand. Ba onho kadevarho va gulomon muqobil meistodand. Kadevarho ba zamindoron az jihati iqtisodi mute budand. Onho aslan az tabaqahoi ozodi aholi paydomeshudand. Shumorai kadevarho az hisobi baze tabaqahoi benavoshudai aholii dehot va qavmhoi patriarkhali, inchunin az hisobi gulomon meafzud. Istiloi arab tafriqai tabaqahoi jamiyatro tezond, shumorai tabaqahoi mute afzud. Dar muborizai duru daroz bo istilogaron hatto yak qismi dehqononi bobizoat maqomi iqtisodii khudro az dast dodand. Kohinon barham khurdand, joi onhoro ruhoniyoni musulmon giriftand.

Mardumi Sugdro sugdiyoi tashkil medodand. To istiloi arab zaboni sugdi az mamultarin zabonhoi Osiyoi Miyona bud. Az asrhoi 7—8 sar karda, ba andozai dar Movarounnahr pahn shudani zaboni tojiki (dari) zaboni sugdi tadrijan mavqei khudro az dast dod. Az asri 10 sar karda zaboni tojiki zaboni asosii tamomi Sugd gardid. Lekin to asrhoi 13—14 dar baze nohiyahoi judogonai sargahi Zarafshon zaboni sugdi hanuz zinda bud. Dar joyhoi balandkuhi vodii Yagnob zaboni sugdi to zamoni mo (to soli 1970) khudro nigoh doshta tavonist (nigared Zaboni yagnobi). Sugdiyon khatu adabiyoti khos doshtand. (Nigared Khati sugdi). Solhoi okhir az Panjakent, Varakhsha, Shahriston (nohiyai Uroteppa), Afrosiyob va az digar shahru dehoti qadimii Osiyoi Miyona dar rui tangaho, devorho, safolporaho, ustukhonho va digar ashyoho bisyor katibahoi sugdi yoft shudand. Az osori adabi ba gayr az mukotibai zikrshuda, tarjumai sugdii asari badeii buddoi «Vessantra jatak», rivoyat dar borai Siyovush, porcha az dostoni Rustam va Rakhsh, baze masalhoi «Kalila va Dimna» malumand. Dar okhiri asri 8 va avvali asri 9 dar bayni ahli khiradi Sugd va digar nohiyahoi tojiknishini Osiyoi Miyona nahzati shuubiya shaydo shud, ki yake az avvalin namoyandagoni on fardi sugdi Khuraymii Samarqandi bud. Avvalin namoyandagoni adabiyoti dari — tojikii Sugd shoiron Abuhafsi Sugdi va Abulyanbagi (Abutaqi) budand. Solhoi okhir dar borai masolehi binokori, tarzu uslubi sokhtmon va sanati oroishii Sugd malumoti nav ba dast omad. Ba sanati memorii Sugd khonahoi kambari rostkunjai gumbazdor va khonahoi chorkunjai bomashon pahn khos bud. Tekhnikai ravoqsoziyu gumbazsozi va sokhtmoni oshyonahoyu pagnaho (daromadgohi hamvori nisheb) ba baland budani darajai sanati memorii Sugd dalolat mekunand. Dar bayni binohoi dar Panjakenti Qadim kushodashuda binohoi duoshyona va seoshyona hastand, ki devorhoi 3—4 va 8—9-metra dorand. Devorho bo kahgil yo gaj andova shudaand. Tahsutunhoi sangini khele khub taroshidashuda, boqimondai sutun va bolorhoi sukhta yoft shudaand, ki naqshhoi ajoib dorand va az mahorati balandikandakoronu sangtaroshoni Sugd shahodat medihand. Tarzu uslubhoi ajoibi sokhtmon va sanati memorii Sugdro dar osori memorii Afrosiyob va Varakhsha, Paykand, Kofirqala va Tali Barau didan mumkin ast. Dar vodii Zarafshon qalai Gardanai Hisor tadqiq shud. Dar darai Mogiyon yodgorihoi ziyode tadqiq shudand va hamagi dar vodii Boloobi Zarafshon ziyoda az 50 yodgorii ibtidoi asrhoi miyona omukhta shudand, ki yakjoya bo yodgorihoi janubi Sugd— havzai daryoi Qashqadaryo shohidi sanati balandi memori va hunarmandii mardumi Sugd meboshand. Bozyofthoi arkheologi az sanati balandi haykaltaroshi va tasviri niz darak medihand. Sugdiyon az chub, filizot, gil va gach haykalhoi khele zebovu dilkash va purmazmuni odam, hayvonot va gayraro mesokhtand. Sanati nafisa bar bunyodi ananahoi qadimi mahalli qaror girifta, dar asrhoi 6—8 ba darajai balandi taraqqiyot rasida bud. Dar Sugd raviyahoi gunoguni sanati naqqoshi jori budand. Dar rui devor manzarahoi qurboni, otashparasti, raqsi marosimii dini, azovu sugvori, bazmu ziyofat, zurozmoii jangovaronu pahlavonon va digar lahzahoi hayoti sugdiyon aks yoftaand. Dar aksari manzaraho zanon ham hastand. Onho barobari mardon dar bazmu ziyofatho shirkat karda, asbobhoi gunoguni musiqi navokhta, meraqsidaand, libosi jangi pushida dar musobiqa va jangho ishtirok mekardaand.

Dar hayoti madanii sugdiyon sanati musiqi joi (makhsusro ishgol menamud. Dar bayni haykalchahoi sershumori gilie, ki dar Sugd yoft shudand, haykalchahoi mardu zanhoe hastand, ki nayu surnay va udu daf menavozand. Dar devornigorahoi Panjakenti Qadim navozandagoni tablak, ud, barbat, nay, duyoni va gayraro didan mumkin ast. Marduml Sugd na tanho bo musiqii khud, balki bo sanati balandi raqs ham shuhrat doshtand. Ohanghoi raqsho surudii makhsus mavjud bud. Baze raqsu surudho yakka va bazei onho jomeona ijro meshudand. Bukhoro bo aktyorhoi khud shuhrat dosht. Teatri lukhtak dar asri 7 az Osiyoi Miyona ba Khitoy raftaast.

Dinu marosimhoi mardumi Sugd asosan ba zardushtiya, khususan mazdoiya vobastagi dosht va bo urfu odathoi mahalli omezish yofta bud. Dar Bukhoro ruzi 28 mohi avval—idi mugho bud. Mardum dar dehai Ramush dar mabadi otash jam shuda, shodiyu khursandi mekardand. Idi Agam mamultarin jashni solinavii mardum ba hisob meraft. Dar yake az mohho sugdiyon az hama guna khurokiho va nushokiho, az hamai on chi ki otash rasida boshad, parhez mekardand va faqat sabzavotu meva mekhurdand. Dar ruzi yakumi mohi oyanda, dar otashkada jam shuda, khuroki makhsuse mekhurdand, ki az ordu ravganu qand tayyor karda meshud. Sole yak bor mardumi Sugd bar guzashtagoni khud azo megiriftand, girya mekardand, rui khudro mekandand, baroi murdaho khuroku nushoki memondand. Bino ba naqli Narshakhi, dar Bukhoro subhi ruzi navi Soli Nav ba Siyovush khurus qurboni mekardand, ki onro kini Siyovush menomand. Dar Samarqand etiqod doshtand, ki javoni ilohi mohi haftum murda bud va ustukhonhoyash gum shudaand. Onho libosi siyoh pushida, poyluch giryon ba sahro mebaromadand va murdai javoni ilohiro justuju mekardand. In marosim ruzi haftum khotima meyoft. Obrazi Siyovush na faqat ba parastishi murdaho, balki ba etiqodi qadimtare dar borai murda va zindashavii khudoi rustaniho aloqamand bud. Dar katibahoi Qalai Mug nomi khudo Baga va Mehr sabt shudaast, sugdiyon nomi Ahuramazdoro ba zabon namegiriftaand va namenavishtaand va ba joi u onnomhoro istifoda meburdaand. Dar matnhoi sugdii buddoi khudoi sugdi Zarvanna hamradifi Brahma ast va «buzurg» va «shohi khudoho» guyon sifat shudaast. Nomhoi Varetragna (Vashegn), Nanaya, Khivarenakh (Farn), Tishtriya va gayra niz parastida meshudand. Dar qatori dini mahalli dar Sugd dinhoi buddoiya, masehiyat, monaviya niz mamul budand. Nigared niz Sugdiyon.

Adabiyot: Smirnova O. I., Ocherki istorii Sogda, Moskva 1970; Frue R., The Nistori of ansientIran, Munshen. 1984.

A. Jalilov.