SOKhTI JAMOAVII IBTIDOI

SOKhTI JAMOAVII IBTIDOI, avvalin formasiyai jamiyatiyu iqtisodi dar tarikhi insoniyat. Asosguzoroni talimot dar borai Sokhti jamoavii ibtidoi hamchun formasiyai khosi jamiyatiyu iqtisodi K. Marks va F. Engels meboshand. V. I. Lenin onro minbad inkishof dod. Bino ba aqidai mamuli ilmi muosir Sokhti jamoavii ibtidoi zamonero az paydoishi odamoni avvalin to ba vujud omadani jamiyati sinfi dar bar megirad, ki muvofiqi davrabandii arkheologi ba asri sang rost meoyad. Dar Sokhti jamoavii ibtidoi munosibati hamai azoyoni jamiyat ba vositahoi istehsolot yak khel ast, az in ru, tarzi hissai mahsuloti jamiyatiro giriftani onho niz yagona bud, ki istifodai istilohi «kommunizmi ibtidoi» bo hamin aloqamand ast. Farqi Sokhti jamoavii ibtidoi az marhalahoi minbada on ast, ki dar in davra molikiyati khususi, sinfho va davlat nabudand. Zamoni tashakkuli odam va jamiyat dar davrai qadimtarini tarikhi insoniyat bud. Odamoni shaklgirifta dar jamiyati bavujudoyanda zindagi mekardand, ki onro bnsyor olimoni soveti, «ramai ibtidoii odamon» menomand. Agar arkhantrop (pigekantrop, sinantrop, atlantrop, odami eyoydelbergi va gayra) odamoni avvalin donista shavand, sanai paydoishi «ramai ibtidoii odamon»-ro 1 mln sol pesh shumoridan mumkin ast. Muvofiqi aqidai mamultar davrai «ramai ibtidoii odamon» ba avvali paleolit rost meoyad.

Mahalhoi istiqomati odamoni avvalin — arkhantropho nisbatan mahdud buda, onho faqat dar nohiyahoi iqlimashon garm (Afrika, Osiyoi Sharqi va Janubi, Evropai Janubu Garbi) zindagi mekardand. Mashguliyati asosii onho shikori kollektivi buda, nayzahoi chubi, kaltak va sangro hamchun asliha istifoda meburdand. Sinantropho otashro istifoda mekardand. Badi guazshtan ba paleoantropho (neandertaliho) shikor vasilai asosii zindagi gardid. Odamon nohiyahoi iqlimashon khunukro az khud mekardand. Usulhoi korkard va istifodabarii sang takmil meyoft.

Ba ziroat va chorvodori guzashtani odamon gardishi kullie bud dar inkishofi quvvahon istehsolkunandai insoniyat. Agar dar guzashta inson khurokro faqat dar shakli tayyori tabii ba dast meovarda boshad, aknun onro khudash istehsol mekard, ki on baroi afzoishi aholi sharoit faroham ovard. Paydoishi ziroat va chorvodori istehsoli muntazami mahsuloti izofaro tamin namuda, ba jamiyati sinfi guzashtanro imkonpazir va dar oyanda noguzir gardond. Dar okhiri fazai duyum baroi tashakkuli jamiyati sinfi tamomi sharoithoi zaruri ba vujud omadand. Khudi paydoishi jamiyati sinfi jarayoni tuloni, murakkab va mukhtalife bud. Chamoa tadrijan ba sistemai toraft beshtar az yakdigar farqkunandai khojagihoi khonagi, oilai jufton ba oila monogami (yakkanikohi) tabdil meyoft. Baaze on ba paydoishi oilai kaloni padarshohi aloqamand ast. Az dehqoni judo shudani hunarmandi ba inkishofi minbadai gardishi mol musoidat namud. Nobarobari az jihati molu mulk, ki peshtar ba vujud omada bud, ziyod shud. Shaklhoi az khud namudani mahsuloti izofa inkishof yofta, ba sistemai munosibathoi istismori tabdil meyoft. Gulomi va shaklhoi tobeiyati asoratovar avj megirand. Molikiyati khususi tadrijan tashakkul meyobad. Ziddiyathoi ijtimoi ba vujud omada tezutund megardand. Shaklhoi alohidai davlat ba vujud omadand, ki yake az onho demokratiyai harbi bud. Janghoi goratgarona meafzudand. Onho prosessi paydoishi sinfho va davlatro tezondand.

YOdgorihoi Sokhti jamoavii ibtidoi dar terretoriyai Tojikiston. Malumothoi arkheologi shahodat medihand, ki qadimtarin qarorgohhoi odamoni asri sangi territoriyai respublika hamai davrahoi inkishofi Sokhti jamoavii ibtidoiro inikos mekunand.

Bino ba malumoti olimon inson taqriban 2,5 mln sol pesh dar Afrikai Sharqi az olami hayvonot judo shudaast. Minbad odamon az Afrika dar tuli hazoraho ba qismhoi digari jahon pahn shudand. Onho ba sharoithoi mukhtalifi geografi mutobiq gashta, to okhiri asri sant dar tamomi sayyora maskan giriftand.

Bozyofthoi Kuldara va Khonaqoh II (nazdikii Khovaling, taqriban nim mln sol muqaddam ofarida shudaand) daleli paydoishi qadimtarin odamoii ibtidoi dar hududi Tojikiston meboshand. Materialho oid ba davrai avvali paleolit (ba davrai tojamoati rost meoyad) khele ziyodand. Az qarorgohhoi Qarotog II (200000 sol pesh) va Lohuti I (130000 sol pesh) ba miqdori ziyod oloti sangi yoft shudand, ki onho az darajai tekhnikai ofarinishi olot az tarafi qadimtarin aholii Tojikiston malumot medihand. Odamoni madaniyati Hisor dar zamoni iqlimi nisbatan musoid ba hududi imruzai janubi Tojikiston omadaand (ba zamonhoi bayni yakhbakhdii Evropa rost meoyad). Onho dar sohilhoi daryoho maskun shuda budand. Hayot va munosibathoi ijtimoii khele oddi doshtand. Dar in zamon jamyayati insoni tashakkul meyoft.

Tashkilothoya neandertalihoe, ki dar terretoriyai Tojikiston 70—40 hazor sol pesh mezistand, nisbatan inkishof yofta budand. Onho magorahoro az khud karda ba qarorgohhoi darozmuddati khud tabdil medodand. Dar yake az chunin magoraho (Otainichik), ki dar domanai qatorkuhi Sebistoya (dar nohiyai Dangara) voqest, bostonshinoson ziyoda az 10 hazor olati sangi yoftand, ki onho az hayoti mutadili odamoni in mahal shahodat medihand. Neapdertaliho baroi makon sufahoi darbiro niz istifoda meburdand. Masalan kashf shudani chunin makonho ba monandi Qayroqqum (taqriban 100 km qad-qadi sohili rosti daryoi Sir yoft shudani miqdori ziyodi oloti sangi) va Qarobura daleli onand.

Dar zamoni paleoliti bolo (40—10 hazor sol pesh) inson ba davrai sokhti avlodi qadam nihod. Hayoti ijtimoii odamoni paleoliti bolo (kromanoniho) khele murakkab gardid.

Dar Tojikiston tanho yak qarorgohi paleoliti bolo — Shugnov kashf gardidaast. Hafriyot nishon dod, ki dar in jo muddati daroz (30—10 hazor sol pesh) makoni tobistonii odamoni paleoliti bolo vujud doshtaast.

Davrai mezolit (10—6 hazor sol pesh) nisbatan purratar omukhta shudaast. Ba in davra hayoti bodiyanishiniro az sar guzaronidani odamon khos ast. Dar davrai mezolit baroi guzashtan ba khelhoi gunoguni khojagidori sharoiti musoid faroham omad. Odamon gayr az shikor inchunin ba jamovarii mevayu reshahoi khurdanibob mashgul budand. Qarorgohhoi Tutqavul, Darai Shur (holo zeri obanbori Norak mondaand) vaOshkhona (darPomiri Sharqi) yodgorihoi mashhuri on zamon ba shumor meravand.

Dar zamonhoi minbadai Sokhti jamoavii ibtidoi neoliti asri sang ba okhir merasad. Dar hazorai 2 to melod dar terretoriyai Tojikiston qabilahoi mansubi asri birinji maskan giriftand. Nishonahoi tarzi zindagii onho dar boshishgohhoi sershumori Madaniyati Qayroqum boqi mondaavd. In boshishgohho ba asri birinjii tipi dashti mutaalliqand. Madaniyati onro baze olimon ba qabilahoi mutashakkil— pahnkunayadagoni azbon va madaniyati hinduevropoi nisbat medihand. Sokhti tashkilothoi ijtimoii in guna qabilaho dar yodgorii adabii hindi ba monandi «Rigveda» khele khub tasvir shudaast.

Dar janubi Tojikiston boshishgohhoi Teguzak va Kangurttut, inchunin qabristonhoi tamadduni Vakhshu Beshkent kashf shudand. Materialhoi yoftshuda dar borai du shakli choovodorii kuchi malumot medihand. Dehqonii muqimi dar in nohiyaho inkishof nayoftaast. Dar kuhiston boshishgohhoi shahrchamonand (chunon ki dar Afgoniston, Turkmaniston va janubi Uzbekiston vujud doshtand) bino nayoftaand. Nobarobarin taraqqiyoti tarikhi dar zamoii sokhti avlodi maha dar hamin zohir megardad.

V. L. Ranov.