ShARQShINOSI

ShARQShINOSI, orientalistika, ilmest, ki tarikh, iqtisodiyot, zabonho, adabiyot, etnografiya, sanat, madaniyat, adyon, falsafa, osori madanii moddi va manavii Sharqro ba tavri jome meomuzad. Dar dokhili Sharqshinosi sohahoi judogonai regionali: misrshinosi, oshurshinosi, somishinosi, arabshinosi, eronshinosi, turkshinosi, khitoyshinosi, mugulshinosi, hindshinosi, yaponshinosi va g. ba vujud omadaand. Qadimtarii sohai Sharqshinosi eronshinosist, zero yunoniyoni qadim nakhustin bor davlati Eroni qadim va badtar tamomi kishvarhoi dar sharqi Yunon joy giriftaro Sharq nom dodaand. Az hamin jo mafhumi Sharqshinosi paydo shuda ast va hududi jugrofii in mafhum tain gardidaast.

Sharqshinosi dar Evropa az asrhoi miyona, hangomi barqarorshavii robitahoi tijorati va siyosii evropoiyon bo mardumi Osiyo va Afrikai Shimoli ogoz yoftaast. Dar in davra olimoni Evropa tanho du zabon— yahudii qadimro chun yagona zaboni mabdaii insoniyat va arabiro ba sharofati osori Abuali ibni Sino va Ibni Rushd etirof mekardand.

Omuzishi zaboni forsi dar a. 17, asosan, bo maqsadi ba roh mondani tijoratu munosibathoi iqtisodi va diplomati rivoi yoft. Dar in davra munosibathoi kapitalisti ba miyon omada budand va eronshinosi az in jihat nisbat ba arabshinosi beshtar ahamiyati amali dosht. Okh. a. 16 dar Evropa nakhustin tipografiyahoi hurufi sharqi doshta ba vujud omadand. Dar a. 17 grammatika va lugathoi zabonhoi sharqi — turki, arabi, forsi va g. ba tab rasidand. Dar Italiya, Fransiya, Angliya, Ispaniya, Gollandiya dastnavishoi ziyode sharqi jam ovarda shudand. Dar asosi in dastnavisho yakchand asarhoi jome, az qabili «Kitobkhonai sharqi»-i d’Erbelo, ki dar borai muallifoni sharqi va osori onho malumoti nisbatan mukammal medod, murattab gardid (nashri yakum — Parij, 1697; nashri duyum — Gaaga, 1777 —78; nashri seyum ba zaboni nemisi—1785). Inchunin matnu tarjumai yak zumra osori klassikoni adabiyoti fors-tojik (mas., «Guliston»-i Sadi) chop shudand.

Asrhoi 17—18 dar Evropa filoorientalizm (sharqdusti) inkishof yoft, ki on osori madanii Sharqro az didi nav kashf namuda, baroi ijroi maqsadhoi khud muboriza bar ziddi istibdodi feodalon va riyoi dindoron istifoda mekard. Dar arafai Revolyusiyai Kabiri Fransiya filoorientalizm bo Maorifparvari robita dosht (dramahoi «sharqii» Volter, «Nomahoi forsi»-i Sh. Monteskyo va g.).

Metodi ilmi dar Sharqshinosi tanho dar a. 19 roij gardid. Dar asosi in metod filologiyai Sharq, ki ba zabonshinosii muqoisavi asos guzosht, beshtar rivoj yoft. Paydoishi zabonshinosii muqoisavi ba kashfi khatho va zabonhoi qadim marbut bud: s. 1771 olimi fransavi Anketil-Dyu-perron Avestoro ba fransavi tarjuma kard; olimoni anglis U. Jons va G. Kolbruk omuzishi sanskritro dar muqoisa bo zabonhoi evropoi shuru namudand; s. 1802 olimi nemis G. Grotefend, sipas s-hoi 20— 30 a. 19 olimi daniyagi R. Rask, anglis G. Roulivson, fransavi E. Bbyuruf khati mekhii forsii qadim, Olimi fransavi P. E. Botta, irlandi E. Khinks khati mekhii oshuri-bobuli va olimi fransavi F. Shampolon s. 1822 ieroglifhoi misriro kashfu ramzkushoi kardand.

Sharqshinosi dar zamoni hozira yake az sohahoi taraqqikardai ilm dar khorija (Evropai Garbi, ShMA va mamlakathoi Sharqi khoriji) meboshad. Ba inkishofi Sharqshinosi dar Evropa tagyiroti pas az jangi duyumi dahoni ruydoda tasir rasonid. Olimoni sharqshinosi khoriji qarib dar tamomi Sharq hafriyoti bostonshinosi guzaronidaand, matni katibahovu osori khattii hakhomanshni, pahlavi, sugdi, porti, khutani va g-ro ramzkushoi karda, ba tab rasondaand. Sharqshinosoni khoriji inchunin asarhoi jome oid ba tarikhi adabiyot, zabonho, shevaho, siyosati zaboni dar mamlakathoi Sharq, madaniyat, afkori falsafi, talimoti dinii khalqhoi Sharq ba vujud ovardaand. Sharqshinosoni mutaraqqii khoriji aqidai ziddilmiero, ki muvofiqi on guyo kishvarhoi Sharq dar jaholat monda budand va mustamlikadoron ba on jo chun homiyoni madaniyat qadam guzoshtand, rad namuda, tarikhi mardumi Sharqro ba sifati yak juzi judonashavandai tarikhi insoniyat meomuzand. Dar omuzishi tarikh, madaniyat, adabiyot, zabon, iqtisodiyoti Sharq va g. hissai muhaqqiqon — namoyandagoni khudi mamlakathoi Sharq, khele kalon ast.

Masalahoi gunoguni Sharqshinosi dar kongresshoi baynalkhalqii sharqshinoson (az s. 1873 to imruz 31 kongress barguzor shudaast) jambast karda meshavand.

Dar Rossiya omuzishi zabonhoi Sharq pas az farmonhoi Pyotri I (s-hoi 1700 va 1702) rasm gardid. Yake az avvalin grammatikahoi sanskritro dar Evropa muhaqqiqi rus G. S. Lebedev s. 1801 tartib dod. Sharqshinosi marufi a. 19 N. Ya. Bichurin (Iakinf) bud. Sharqshinosoni rus dar Un-thoi Qazon (az s. 1807) va Peterburg (az s. 1819) tarbiya megiriftand. S. 1818 dar Rossiya Ganjinai dastnavishoi sharqi va sikkaho—Muzei Osiyo tasis yoft, ki badan markazi akademii Sharqshinosii gardid.

Dar Sharqshinosii torevolyusionii rus raviyai demokratii mutaraqqi ba nazar merasad. Namoyandagoni in raviya ba khalqhoi Sharq, tarikh va madaniyati onho ehtiromi ziyod doshtand va mokushidand ba tasiri mutaqobil va robitahoi madaniyati Sharqu Garb musoidat namoyand; on ho ba qismatu taqdiri mamlakathoi Osiyo va Afrika betaraf nabudand, muborizaashonro dar rohi ozodi va peshrvfti madani dastgiri menamudand. Sharqshinosii rasmii «davlatii» Rossiyan podshohi ba manfiat va maqsadhoi mustamlikadorii pomeshiku kapitaliston khidmat mekard.

Sharqshinosii marksisti dar Rossiya ibt. a. 20 paydo shud. Tashakkuli on ba faoliyati ilmiyu publidsistii V. I. Lenin va yak zumra namoyandagoni partiyai bolshevikon, ki siyosati mustamlikadorii imperializm va muborizai ozodikhohii milliro meomukhtand, vobasta bud.

Sharqshinosoni rus doir ba Sharqinosi osori purqimat ofarida, ba sohahoi mukhtalifi on, az qabili turkshinosi, kavkazshinochi va g. asos guzoshtaand. Maktabi khitoyshinosii rus shuhrati jahoni dosht. Asosguzori maktabi hindshinosii rus I. P. Minaev meboshad. Tadqiqoti bunyodi oidi zabonhoi eroni, folkloru adabiyot ba A. V. Boldirev, K. A. Kossovich, V. A. Jukovskiy, K. G. Zaleman, F. E. Korsh taalluq dorand. K. G. Zaleman inchunin asosguzori omuzishi zabonhoi pomiri meboshad. Hissai V. A. Dorn dar afgonshinosi, A. Khodzko va Lerkh dar tadqiqi zaboni kurdi, A. M. Shegren va V. F. Miller dar omuzishi zaboni osetini khele kalon ast. Arabshinosoni marufi rus O. I. Senkovskiy, A. V. Boldirev, G. S. Sablukov, X. D. Frey, D. A. Khvolson, V. F. Girgas va V. R. Rozen budand. Sharqshinosoni torevolyusioni hujjatu manbaho, osori madaniyati moddi va manavii Osiyoi Miyona, Sibir, Muguliston, Khitoy va g-ro kashf namuda, dastrasi ahli ilm gardonidand. Tadqiqoti sershumori oid ba tarikh, jugrofiya va tarzi zindagii mardumi qadimii Osiyoi Miyona ba qalami V. V. Grigorev, N. V. Khanikov, N. I. Veselovskiy, V. V. Bartold va dig. dakhl dorand. Asosguzori maktabi rusii tarikhi Sharqi Qadim B. A. Turaev meboshad. Ba vusati Sharqshinosi dar Rossiya Jamiyati geografii rus (dar Peterburg), jamiyati dustdoroni tabiatshinosi, antropologiya va etnografiya (dar Moskva), inchunin Komiteti rusii omuzishi Osiyoi Sharqi va Miyona musoidat namudand. Tadqiqot va hafriyoti bostonshinosi ba uhdai Shubai sharqii Jamiyati arkheologii rus bud. Muhimtarin nashriyahoi Sharqshinosi jurnali «Aziatskiy vestnik» (SPB, 1825—27), silsilai «Melanges asiatigues» (1852— 92), «Zapiski Vostochnogo otdeleniya Russkogo arkheologicheskogo ob-va» (SPB, 1887—1921), «Izvestiya Russkogo geograficheskogo ob-va» (SPB—M., 1865), j-i «Mir islama» (SPV, 1912—13), «Uchenie zapiski Kazanskogo universiteta» (Kazan, 1834), «Trudi po vostokovedeniyu Lazarevskogo vostochnogo instituta» (M., 1899 —1916) va g. budand.

Badi galabai Revolyusiyai Kabiri Sosialistii Oktyabr Sharqshinosii soveti dar sharoitu vazi dushvori “Jangi grajdani, intorvensiyai khoriji va barqarorsozii khojagii khalq tashakkul meyoft. Hissai V. I. Lenin dar tashakkul va inkishofi Sharqshinosii soveti buzurg ast. Muvofiqi Dekreti SKKh-i RSFSR (7 sent. 1920), ki V. I. Le-nin imzo karda bud, In-ti markazii zabonhoi zindai Sharq tashkil gardid. Naqshai talimii on ba vazifahoi ilmi va amalii peshguzoshtai Davlati Soveti mutobiq bud.

Sharqshinosii soveti ba ananahoi Sharqshinosii guzashta nazari tanqidi dosht, ba masalaho az nuqtai nazari internasionalizm baho medod va bo in khususiyatash az Sharqshinosii burjuazi ba kulli farq mekard.

S. 1921 muvofiqi nishondodi V. I. Lenin donishkadahoi olii Sharqshinosi va Assosiasiyai umumirossiyagii ilmii sharqshinosi tasis yoftand. In Assosiasiya va nashriyaash j. «Noviy Vostok» dar inkishofi Sharqshinosi hissai arzanda guzoshtand. Badtar dar Un-ti kommunistii khalqhoi Sharq Assosiasiyai ilmii tadqiqot oid ba omuzishi mustamlikaho va masalahoi milli tashkil yoft. In tashkilot yakchand monografiyaho, majmuaho va j. «Revolyusionniy Vostok»-ro nashr kard. Sharqshinosoni marufi rus dar markazhoi nav tashkilshudai Sharqshinosi ba kor shuru kardand. Dar in davra akademikho V. V. Bartold, N. Ya. Marr, .S. F. Oldenburg, F. I. Sherbatskoy, B. Ya. Vladimirsev, I. Yu. Krachkovskiy, P. K. Kokovsov asarhoi purqimat ofaridand. Omuzishi tarikhi Sharqi Qadimro akademik V. V. Struve bo rohu ravishi nav pesh girift. S. 1930 dar zaminai Muzei Osiyo va baze muassisahoi digari Sharqinosi In-ti sharqshinosii AF SSSR tasis gardid.

Markazhoi navi tayyor kardani sharqshinoson ba vujud omadand (Inti zabonhoi zindai Sharqi Leningrad ba nomi A. S. Enukidze, In-ti sharqshinosii Moskva ba nomi N. I. Narimonov va g.). Asarhoi ilmii marksisti oid ba tarikh, iqtisodiyot va adabiyoti kishvarhoi muosiri Sharq, oid ba masalahoi agrari, harakati korgari va buhroni siyosati mustamlikadori, kitobhoi darsi doir ba zabonhoi gunogun va tarikhi Sharq talif shudand. Yak khususiyati Sharqshinosii muosir on ast, ki khudi khalqhoi Sharq, az on jumla Sharqi soveti dar inkishofi on hissa meguzorand. Dar AF SSSR va AF respublikahoi ittifoqi markazhoi navi omuzishi masalahoi Sharqshinosi tasis gardidand (shubahoi sharqshinosi, in-thoi tarikh, zabon va adabiyoti akademiyahoi respublikaho, int-hoi sharqshinsi AF RSS Uzb, Ozarb., Gurj., Tojikiston va g) . Dastnavishoi ziyodi sharqi dar ganjinahoi Leningrad, Toshkent, Dushanbe, Boku, Erevan, Tibilisi, Qazon va dig. choyho jamovari shudaand. Dar Un-ti Moskva, In-ti mamlakathoi Osiyo va Afrika, dar Un-thoi Leningrad, Toshkent, Boku, Tbilisi, Dushanbe va g. fak-ti sharqshinosi mavjudand. S. 1950 Inti sharqshinosii AF SSSR az Leningrad ba Moskva guzaronida shud. Holo Shubai Leningradii In-ti sharqshinosin AF SSSR vujud dorad. S. 1957 Nashriyoti adabiyoti Sharq tasis yoft (az s. 1964— Sarredaksiyai adabiyoti Sharqi nashriyoti «Nauka»). Nashriyahoi asosii Sharqshinosi j-hoi «Sovetskoe vostokovedenie (1955; 1959—61— «Problemi vostokovedeniya» nom girift, az s. 1961 «Narodi Azii i Afriki») va «Sovremenniy Vostok» (1957; az s. 1961 — «Aziya i Afrika segodnya») meboshand. Sharqshnosoni soveti dar osori ilmii khud yakdili va hamrayiashonro ba muborizai ozodikhohii millii khalqhoi Osiyo va Afrika kushodu ravshan izhor menamoyand, ba tadqiqu tahlili masalahoi ruzmarrai zindagii mardumi Sharq va muborizai on jo dar rohi ozodi diqqat medihand. Sharqshinosoni soveti mustamlikadori va tarzhoi istismori vahshiyonai peshgiriftai onro mazammat mekunand, reshahoi tarikhii dustii khalqhoi gunoguni Sharq, tarikhi guzashtai on ho, iqtisodiyot, siyosat, adabiyot, zaboni onhoro meomuzand, hissai ononro dar tamadduni jahoni tain menamoyand.

Sharqshinosii tojik, ki dar s-hoi 20 tashakkul yoftaast, manbaho, rohu ravishi khos dosht. Az yak taraf, on bar ananahoi ilmii mutaraqqii Sharq, ki tarikhi tuloni dosht, takya mekard, az tarafi digar, bar metodologiyai markistiyu leninii khosi tamomi Sharqshinosii soveti asos yofta bud. Asosguzoroni Sharqshinosii sovetii tojik S. Ayni, V. V. Bartold, S. F. Oldenburg va dig. ba shumor meravand. Dar inkishofi sohahoi gunoguni Sharqshinosii tojik hissai B. G. Gafurov, M. S. Andreev, A. A. Semyonov, A. Mirzoev, M. S. Osimi, A. M. Bahovaddinov, B. I. Iskandarov va dig. ziyod ast. Masalahoi Sharqshinosi dar In-ti sharqshinosii AF RSS Tojikiston, fak-thoi zabonhoi Sharq, filologiyai tojik v a tarikhi UDT, In-ti zabon va adabiyoti AF RSS Tojikiston, In-ti tarikhi AF RSS Tojikiston, Shubai falsafai AF RSS Tojikiston, In-thoi davlatii pedagogi omukhta meshavand. Sharqshinosoni tojik ba omuzishi adabiyoti muosiri Eron, zabonu adabiyot va tarikhi Afgoniston, zabonu adabiyot va tarikhi mamlakathoi Arab, zabonho va adabiyoti Hindu Pokiston mashguland. Onho inchunin tarikhi adabiyoti klassikii fors-tojik, afkori adabiyotshinosi va estetikii fors-tojikro tadqiq menamoyand, ravobiti adabii khalqhoi Sharqu Garb, sahmi evropoiyonro dar barrasii adabiyoti Sharq meomuzand, matnhoi ilmivu ommavii osori klassikoni adabiyoti fors-tojikro dastrasi umum mekunand. Yak guruh sharqshinosoni tojik ba omuzishi dastkhathoi sharqi va murattab kardani fehristi Ganjinai dastnavishoi In-ti sharqshinosii AF RSS Tojikiston mashguland. Sharqshinosoni tojik bo muassisahoi Sharqshinosii Moskva, Leningrad va respublikahoi ittifoqi, inchunin bo markazhoi Sharqshinosii Afgoniston, Pokiston, Hinduston va g. hamkori va robitai ilmivu farhangi dorand. Yak qator asarhoi sharqshinosoni tojik dar Eron va Pokiston nashr shudaand. 10 fevr. 1983 dar AF RSS Tojikiston Shubai tojikistonii Anjumani khovarshinosoni umumiittifoq tashkil karda shud, ki 194 naf. uzv dorad (1987).

Ad.: Bartold V. V., Istoriya izucheniya Vostoka v Evrope v Rossii, dar kit.: Soch., t. IX, M., 1977; Ocherki po istorii russkogo vostokovedeniya, majmuahoi 1—v, M., 1953—63; Kulagina L. M.. Kuznesova N. A., Iz istorii sovetskogo vostokovedeniya. 1917—1967, M. 1970; Braginskiy I. S., Problemi vostokovedeniya, M., 1974; Stanovlenie sovetskogo vostokovedeniya (Sbornik statey), M., 1983; Formirovanie gumanisticheskikh tradisiy otechestvennogo vostokovedeniya (do 1917 goda), M.. 1984.

A. Khromov.