SARBADORON

SARBADORON Dehqonon, hunarmandon va zamindoroni khurde, ki dar harakati khalqii ozodikhohii asri 14 dar Eron va Osiyoi Miyona bar ziddi istilogaroni bodiyanishini mugulu turk va feodaloni mahalli ishtirok kardaand. Tashkilkunanda va rohbari goyavii Sarbadoron shaykhi masjidi jomei shahri Sabzvor Halifa bud. Badi kushta shudani u (1335) sardori Sarbadoron shogirdi Khalifa shaykh Hasani Jura meshavad, ki vay tashkiloti Sarbadoronro ba silsilai (tashkiloti) sufiya tabdil medihad. Har yak uzvi silsila uhdador bud azoii khudro makhfi dorad, hamesha musallah boshad va bo avvalin davati shaykh ba khizmat hozir shavad. 16 marti 1337 dehqononi dehai Bashtini Khuroson ae zulmi amaldoroni mugul ba dod omada shurish bardoshtand. Shurishgaron savgand khurdand, ki yo bedodgarihoro barham medihand yo sari khud ba dor mesuporand. Nomi Sarbadoron az hamin jost.
Sarbadoron avgusti 1337 shahri Sabzvorro girifta onro ba markazi davlati khud (1337—1381) tabdil dodand. Sarbadoron bo rohbarii Vajhuddin Masud (1338—44) bar lashkari ikhtiyorii ashrofi bodiyanishini mugulu turk galaba karda, shahri Npshopur va Tusro ba dast darovardand. Bad az in Vajhuddin Masud unvoni sultonro megirad. Soli 1353 Sarbadoron ba okhirin hokimi (elkhoni) Gurgon Tuga Temur zarba zada, uro ba qatl merasonand va Gurgonro bo shahri Astarobod ba davlati khud hamroh mekunand. Davlati Sarbadoron dar in davr az Khurosoni Garbi va Gurgon iborat meshavad. Davlati Sarbadoron davlati demokratiyai dehqoni ne, balki davlati zamindoroni khurd bud, ki faqat ba tufayli guzashthoi ziyode ba dehqonon vujud dosht. Dar davlati Sarbadoron yagonagi nabud. Baroi sohib shudan ba hokimiyat bayni du jarayon — jarayoni mutadil (namoyandagoni zamindoroni khurd, ki faqat baroi az yugi mugul ozod shudan sar bardoshta budand) va jarayoni chap (namoyanda- goni darveshoni silsila Hasani Jura, ki ba hunarmandon va dehqononi kambagal takya karda, baroi umumi kunonidani molu mulk kushish mekardand) muboriza meraft. Vazifahoi muhimi davdati beshtar dar dasti namoyandagoni jarayoni mutadil bud. Namoyandagori jarayoni chap barobarhuquqiro talab mekardand. Bi- nobar in amironi jarayoni mutadil talabi darveshonro ba andozae ba nazari etibor megiriftand. Lekin ziddiyati bayni jarayonhoi mutadil va chap davom mekard. Soli 1304 jarayoni mutadil bar jarayoni chap galaba karda, ba darveshon jazo dod. Dar natijai in muborizai dokhili davlati Sarbadoron sust shud. Temur az in vaziyat istifoda burda, soli 1381 davlati Sarbadoronro barham dod.
Dar niman duyumi asri 14 goyahoi Sarbadoron dar Movarounnahr niz pahn shuda, boisi sar zadani shurishi Sarbadoroni Samarqand gashtand. Soli 1361 khoni mugul Tugluq Temur ba Movarounnahr hujum ovarda, dar qatori yakchand shahru dehot Samarqandu Kesh (Shah- risabz)-ro ishgol kard. Soli 1364 hokimi Balkh amir Husayn va Temur yakjoya ba muqobili Tugluq Temur barkhosta, uro az Movarounnahr ron- dand. Badi yak sol Ilyoskhoja (pisari Tugluq Temur) bo quvvai ziyode ba Movarounnahr hujum kard. Amir Husayn va Temur dar sohili daryoi Chirchiq bo lashkari Ilyoskhoja jangidand. Amir Husayn va Temur shikast khurdand va Samarqandu Keshro partofta ba Balkh gurekhtand (nigared, Jangi loy). Ilyoskhoja ba Samarqand lashkar kashid. Hunarmandon, dehqonon, zamindoroni khurd — sarbadoron bo sardorii Mavlonozoda mudofiai Samarqandro ba uhda megirand. Mardumi shahr qaror medihand, ki dar muboriza qurbon meshavandu goratgaroni mugulro ba Samarqand roh namedihand.
Dar tashkili mudofiai Samarqand gayr az Mavlonozoda Abubakri Kalavii naddof va Mavlono Khurdaki Bukhoroi niz rohbari menamudand. Mudofiai shahr khele khub tashkil karda shud. Ilyoskhoja Samarqandro girifta natavonist va majbur shud girdu atrofi shahrro gorat karda, ba vatanash bargardad. Amir Husayn va Temur az raftani mugulho bokhabar shuda, bahori soli 1306 bo lashkari khud ba nazdikii Samarqand omadand va ba rohbaroni mudofia noma na- vishtand, ki kori idorai Samarqand ba onho doda meshavad va vada kardand, ki kasero jazo namedihand. Rohbaroni Sarbadoron bovar karda, ba lashkargohi amir Husayn va Temur raftand va hama (gayr az Mavlonozoda) kushta shudand. Ba hamin tariq haraqati Sarbadoron pakhsh karda shuda, amir Husayn va Temur az nav ba Samarqand sohib gardidand. Solhoi 1365— 1366 harakati Sarbadoron dehoti atrofi Samarqandro niz faro megirad. Dar solhoi 1373—1374 shurishi Sarbadoron dar Kirmon sar zad, ki quvvai asosii on dehqononu kambagaloni shahr budand. Sarbadoron molu mulki feodalonro musodira namuda, sohiboni iqto va ruhoniyoni oliro ba qatl rasonidand. Soli 1383 dar Sabzvor niz shurishn Sarbadoron sar zad, ki onro Temur pakhsh karda, shahrro ba kharobazor tabdil dod va 2 hazor sokinoni onro zinda ba zinda zeri devor guronid. Harakati Sarbadoron, ki dar on beshtar dehqonon, hunarmandon va za- mindoroni khurd ishtirok kardand, dar zeri pardai goyahoi shia va ta- savvuf guzashta bud.
Adabiyot: Petrushevskiy I. P.. Dvijenie serbedaron v Khorasane, «Uchyotnaya zapis IV Akademii Nauk Soyuza Sovetskikh Sosialisticheskikh Respublik», Moskva, 1956, tom 14; B a r t o l d V. V. Narodnoe dvijenie v Samarkande v 1365 godu Sochinenie, tom 2, chast 2, Moskva, 1962; Istoriya tadjikskogo naroda, tom 2, kilometr. 1, Moskva 1964; Istoriya Samarkanda, tom 1, Tashkent, 1969; Gafurov B. G. Tadjiki. Drevneyshaya, drevnyaya i srednevekovaya istoriya, Moskva, 1972. A. Jalilov.