SANATI TASVIRI

SANATI TASVIRI, yak sohai sanati plastikist, ki sanati rassomi, grafika, haykaltaroshi va suratgiriro (manzara, portret, fotoetyud va gayra) dar bar megirad. Sanati tasviri voqeiyati realiyu predmethoi mavjudaro tavassuti obrazhoi ayoniyu idashavanda va dar shaqli tabiiashon (muvofiqi aslash) tasvir menamoyad, baroi ifodai onho az metodi umumikunoni, tipikunoni, inchunin im-koniyathoi gunoguni hajm, fazo, masofa, rang va gayra istifoda mebarad. Asari Sanati tasviri odatan zuhurotu voqea va harakatu holati yaklahzainai predmeti tasvirshavandaro ifoda namoyad ham, dar asosi on oid ba inkishofu mohiyati voqea yo simoi manavi, holati ruhi, omolu afkor va khislatu kharakteri odamon tasavvuroti muayyane hosil mekunonad.

Asarhoi Sanati tasviri inchunin predmetu zuhuroti gairivoqei (mahsuli takhayyuloti inson) yo yagon jihati chizi voqeiro yaktarafa va az budaash beshtar nishon doda metavonad. Sanati tasviri chun digar namudhoi sanat yak shakli darki voqeiyat buda, hodisavu voqeahoi zindagiro ba tavri badei ifoda mekunad va goyahoi siyosi, akhloqi, falsafi va estetikiro talqin menamoyad. Sanati tasviri hodisahoi hayoti ijtimoiro inikos namuda, ba onho bahoi muayyan medihad va az in jihat hamchun omili muhimi tashakkuli ideali ijtimoiyu estetikii davr va tarbiyai goyavii jamiyat khizmat meku nad. Zero ayniyati obrazhoi Sanati tasviri ba sanatkor imkon medihad, ki munosibati khudro ba zuhurotu hodisahoi hayot ifoda namuda, bo hamin vasila onro ba tamoshobin talqin namoyad. Az in jost, ki Sanati tasviri barobari paydoishu inkishofi jamiyati sinfi chun yaroqi ideologii sinfi hukmron va vositai talqini sistemai muayyani afkoru jahonbinii onho dar bayni omma khizmat kardaast. Dar natijai khudshinosi va tashakkuli jahonbinii khosi omma Sanati tasviri ba vasoiti ifodai idealhoi umumikhalqi va etirozi ijtimoi tabdil yoft. Muborizai tamoyulhoi goyavi dar sohai Sanati tasviri , alalkhusus, dar davrai kapitalizmi mutaraqqi tezutund shuda, dar sharoiti hozira ba yake az qismathoi muborizai umumii ideologii du sistema — kapitalizm va sotsializm mubaddal gardidaast.
T a r i kh i Sanati tasviri az jamiyati ibtidoi ogoz yoftaast. Namunahoi in sanat (rasmho, haykalchahoi az gil, sang va ustukhon sokhtashuda) mehnatu faoliyati insonro aks namudaast. Dar jamiyati gulomdori ofaridani simoi inson (dar timsoli khudoyon, hokimon, qahramonho va digar) mavqei khos paydo kard. Sanati tasvirii Misri Qadim bo inikosi lavhahoi hayoti reali va asarhoi sanati tasviriyu haykaltaroshiash sazovori diqqat ast. Dar osori Sanati tasvirii Yunon va Rimi Qadim barobari simoi zohiri olami manaviyu holati ruhii odamon mohirona ifoda shudaand, ki ba in boqimondahoi nigorishoti ruidevorivu khotamkorii binoho, shikastaporahoi relefu haykalho va gayra dalolat mekunand. Bozyofthoi osori rassomi va haykaltaroshii Tuproqqala, Varakhsha va Panjakent az inkishofi Sanati tasvirii Osiyoi Miyona va alalkhusus mardumi tojik dar davrai to islom shahodat medihand. Davrai Ehyo dar tarikhi Sanati tasviri sahifai nav kushod. Saromadoni Sanati tasvirii in davr Leonardo da Vinchi, Rafa-el, Mikelanjelo, Tisian va digar dar asarhoi khud qudratu zeboi, buzur-giyu zakovati inson, tantanai adolat va goyahoi insondustiro talqin namudaand. Dar davrai feodalizm Sanati tasvirii Evropai Garbi ba qullai olii khud — gotika rasid. Dar in davra dar Hinduston, Khitoy, Hindukhitoy, Indoneziya, Yaponiya Sanati tasviri nihoyat in-kishof yoft; mabadu qasrho bo tasviru tazyinoti boshukuh va relefu haykalhoi bohasham oro yoft. Asrhoi 17—19 dar Evropa yak qator raviyavu uslubhoi ejodi — barokko, rokoko, klassisizm ba maydon omadand. Dar asri 19 akademizm rivoj yofta, hamchunin bo tasiri harakathoi revolyutsionii burjuazi-demokrati va ruhiyai millii ozodikhohi romantizm vase pahn shud. Az okhiri asri 16 sar karda realizm chun vositai etimodbakhshi ifodai voqeahoya muhimi ij-timoi va holatu ruhiyai inson ba miyon omad va bartarii khudro nisbat ba digar uslubu raviyahoi ejodi isbot namud. Dar asrhoi 19—20 ba tufayli inqirozi umumii madaniyati burjuazi yak qator jarayonhoi formalisti — abstraksionizm, shaklparasti, futurizm, kubizm va gayra paydo shudand, ki baraksi realizm hayotro yaktarafa nishon doda, tamoyulot va goyanokii sanatro oshkor mekardand.
Revolyutsiyai Kabiri Sotsialistii Oktyabr dar tarikhi Sanati tasviri sahifai nav kushoda, metodi realizmi sotsialistiro ba vujud ovard. Sanati tasvirii sermillati soveti ba prinsiphoi partiyaviyat va khalqiyati sanat takya namuda, az behtarin ananavu bozyofthoi Sanati tasvirii rus va jahoni bahravar megardad. Dar zaminai metodi realizmi sotsialisti maktabhoi milli va uslubhoi navi ejodi paydo shuda, Sanati tasvirii respublikahoi ittifoqi ba poyai baland merasand (nigared, niz Sanati rassomi, Grafika, Haykaltaroshi va qismati Sanati tasvirii maqolahoi ba hamai mamlakatho, Ittifoqi Respublikahoi Sovetii Sotsialisti Soyuz Sovetskikh Sosialisticheskikh Respublik SSSR, respublikahoi ittifoqi va Respublikai Sovetii Sotsialistii Tojikiston bakhshidashuda).
Adabiyot: Marks Karl i Engels Fridrikh, Ob iskusstve tom 1—2, Moskva, 1967; L e n i n Vladimir Ilich, O literature i iskusstve, Moskva, 1969; Vseobshaya istoriya iskusstv, tom 1—6, Moskva, 1956—1966; Nedoshivin G. A., Besedi ob iskusstve, Moskva„ 1970; hamon muallif, Teoreticheskie problemi sovremennogo izobrazitelnogo iskusstva, Moskva. 1972; Kantor A. M., Izobrazitelnoe isskustvo XX veka, Moskva, 1973.