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SANOI Abulmajd Majdud ibni Odam

SANOI Abulmajd Majdud ibni Odam (1079/80 Gazna—1140 ha- mon jo), namoyandai marufi irfonu falsafa va adab, afkori ijti- moi, akhloqii forsu tojiki asrhoi 11—12. Davroni javoniro dar Gaz- na guzaronda, dar hamon jo kasbi ulUm kardaast. Kame dar darbori sulton Masudi III (1099-1115) khizmat karda, pas az fahmidani ra- zolat va fisqu fujuri darbor Gaznaro tark meguyad. Chande ba Balkh, Hirot, Sarakhs safar namuda, dar in shahrho istiqomat mekunad. Ba Makka niz safar kardaast. Hangomi safari Nishopur bo Umari Khayyom muloqot mekunad va bo u mukotiba ham doshtaast. Sanoi dar Sarakhs az pushtibonii qozii on jo Muhammad ibni Mansur barkhurdor gashta, qismate az osori khudro dar hamon jo ofaridaast. Badtar soli 1126 ba Gazna rafta zindagii furutanona ba sar bur- daast va to okhiri umr mashguli talifi dostoni «Hadiqat-ul-haqiqa va shariat-ut-tariqa» gardidaast. Sanoi zindagii ozodu faqironaro az hayoti purmazallati darbor baso avlotar shumorida, ba Bahromshohi Gaznavi, ki dubora shoirro ba darborash khonda, khostaast khokharashro ba Sanoi bidihad, javobi manfi dodaast:
Man na mardi zanu ‘zaru joham,
Ba khudo gar kunam vagar khoham.
Gar tu toje dihi zi ehsonam,
Ba sari tu, ki toj nastonam.
Devoni buzurgi ashor, ki shomili qasoid, gazaliyot, qitaot va ruboiyot ast va dostonhoi «Hadiqat-ul-haqiqa», «Sayr-ul-ibod ilal maod», «Kornomai Balkh» az osori Sanoi meboshand. Tazkiranavison va baze muhaqqiqon dostonhoi «Ishqnoma», «Aqlnoma», «Tariq-ut-tahqiq»-ro niz ba Sanoi nisbat dodaand.
Sanoi asosguzori nazmi falsafiyu didaktiki meboshad. Dar «Hadiqat- ul-haqiqa» va osori digarash dar barobari bayonu tavzehi masalahoi falsafi, rohhoi tarbiyai manavii inson va kasbi akhloqi hamidaro hamjun sifati zarurtarin baroi rasidan ba kamol zikr kardaast.
Sanoi tarafdori kholiqi yagona ast. Ba aqidai u in ofarandai ahad sababi tamomi makhluqot buda, khud mustaqilu mustaqim vujud doshtavu dorad. Ammo hamin hastii mutlaq dar ayni zamon hamrohi makhluqoti khesh buda, chun oftob, ki nur sifati lozimi zoti ust, az onho judo nest va makhluqot niz ba sui on mabda harakat dorand. Sanoi meguyad:
Hastho tahti kudrati uyand,
Hama bo uvu u khamejuyand.
Chunbishi nur sui nur buvad,
Nur z-oftob kay dur buvad.
In aqidai panteizmi tasavvufi, ki ba Halloju Boyazid va sufi- yoni digar khos bud, dar natijai omezishi afkori islomi_ va andeshahoi qadimii eroni, hindi va yunoni tashakkul yoft va bad az Sanoi az tarafi Attor, makhsusan Jaloluddini Rumi va digaron khele vusat doda shud.
In aqida zotan muqobili tavhidi ananavii dini islom va maqsadi nihoni on az baland bardoshtani makomi inson iborat bud.
Afkori falsafii Sani mohiyatan idealistist; u hastiro ba vojibulvujud va imkonulvujud taqsim mekunad. Vojibulvujud az nazari mutafakkir hamchun kholiq ba tavri obektivi vujud dorad va hol on ki mavjudiyati imkonulvujud (olami moddi) ba on vobasta ast. Aqidai mutafakkir az nuktahoi umumii talimoti namoyandagoni maktabi mashshoiya, makhsusan Ibni Sino farq mekunad. Harchand ki Shaykhurrais niz hastiro ba vojibulvujud va imkonulvujud taqsim kardaast, u az azaliyati vojibulvujud tavassuti prinsipi sababiyat abadiyati olami moddiro sobit karda, doirai tasiru faoliyati vojibulvujudro mahdud mekunad. Vale Sanoi irodai mutlaqi vojibulvujudro takid mekunad, harchand sharhi baze masalahoi naturfalsafi (harakat, ziddiyat, tanosubi olami jamodi, naboti, hay- voni va gayra) nazari ratsionalisti va nazdik ba mashshoiyon dorad. Dar ashorash Sanoi ba muqobili zulmu istibdod va janghoi torojgarona baromadaast. Dar qasidahoyash «adolat*-i shohoni gaznaviro tanqid karda, ba khudkhohii hukmrononi zamona gururu takabburi shakhsiro muqobil guzoshtaast. Masalan, u dar «Hadiqat-ul- haqiqa» menavisad:
Nabuvam bakhri tuma madhguy,
In nayobi zi man jue az man juy.
Na kukhan khoqam az kasevu na nav,
Nek donad zi khui man Khusrav.
Sanoi shohonu navkaroni onho va ruhoniyonro tanqid namuda, ba khulosae omadaast, ki sinfi hukmron az hisobi digaron zindagi mekunad.
Sanoi harchand tarafdori dini islom bud va rioyati prinsiphoi asosii onro talab mekard, vale urfu odat va khurofothoi dini, khislathoi razilonayu manfiatjuyonai mutaassiboni din va baze ziddiyathoi rivoyoti diniro niz ifsho namuda, baroi inkishofi ozodfikri khidmati chashmgir kardaast. Masalan, u dar yake az qasidahoyash nazari khudro az nomi shayton bayon namuda, uro begu- noh va khudoro gunahkor sokhtaast, ki shaytonro bo chunin khislatho ofaridaast.
Masalai akhloq dar ejodiyotya Sanoi maqomi makhsus dorad. U akhloki razilonai tabakai hukmron, raftori shaykhonu sufiyon, hamkoronu hamdastoni onhoro tahlil namuda, khislathoi poki akhloqi insoniro tarannum mekunad. Sanoi jihathoi akhloqii ozodii irodai insonro tadqiq kardaast. U insonro dar raftor komilan ozod medonad, ki in ba nazariyai fatalistii dini rasmii islom muqobil bud.
Sanoi bobi makhsusi «Hadiqat-ul-haqiqat»-ro ba omuzishi ilmu adab bakhshida dar on ilmu marifatro vositai tarbiyai shakhsiyat donista, johili va nodoniro khislati badi insoni meshumorad:
Khej badnomi odamiro besh
Nest az jahlu az zulmi khesh.
Sanoi ba jamiyat oqilona munosibat kardanro talqin mekunad. U takid namudaast, ki faoliyati inson boyad maqsadi muayyan doshta boshadu kibru gurur, khashmu shazovat khaddu etidol. Har goh ki in etidol rioya nashavad, bayni insonu hayvon farqe namemonad.
Khashmu shahvat khisoli hayvonist,
Ilmu hikmat jamoli insonist.
Muhaqqiqoni khoriji makhsusan zindagii zohidonai Sanoiro qayd namuda, beshtar ba jihathoi irfonii ejodiyoti shoir etibor dodaand. Hol on ki tasavvuf hamchun jarayon dar natijai etirozi tabaqai poyonii jamiyat ba sokhti mavjudai ijtimoi ba vujud omadaast. Pas, zohidi boyad na hamchun ruhiyai sirf irfoni va dini, balki hamchun yak navi etiroz ba sokhti mavjudai ijtimoi niz barrasi shavad. Ba gayr az in bisyor zohidon, az jumla Sanoi, na fa- qat ba zuhdu zohidi mashgul budand, balki zeboii hayot va ishqu muhab- batro tarannum karda, ba misli Khayyom istifodai maquli mayro ko- ri neku medonistand, ki on ba talimoti rasmii dini islom muqobil bud. Sanoi meguyad:
Id omadu raft ruza bar rohi savob,
Shud z-omadani id base tavba kharob.
Aknun, ki khirad livo firistad ba shitob,
Muzdi hama ruzaro ba yak jomi sharob.
Sanoi dar ashorash khislathoi hamidai insoni (furutani, poki, zeboii botini, rafoqatu sadoqat, odamiyat, adolat), goyai shohi odil va gayraro targib mekard.
Umuman afkori ijtimoiyu akhloqii Sanoi progressivist, harchand ki baze masalahoro u yaktarafa va nodurust tabiru tavil kardaast. Aslan chunin kambudi ba hamai shoironu mutafakkironi asrhoi miyonai Sharq khos meboshad, chunki onho vobasta ba sharoiti tarikhi zaminahoi asosii bisyor masalahoi ijtimoiyu akhloqiro durust dark karda nametavonistand.
Adabiyot: Olimov K., Mirovozzrenie Sanoi, Dushanbe, 1973; B e r t e l s E. E., Sufizm i sufiyskaya literatura, Moskva, 1962.
K. Olimov.

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