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SANOATI RAVGAN

SANOATI RAVGAN, yak sohai sanoati khurokvorist, ki istehsoli ravgani rastaniyu hayvonot, margarin, mayonez, gliserin, sobun va luzumoti shustushuy, alif va yak qator mahsuloti digarro dar bar megirad. Dar Rossiyai podshohi beshtar az 10 hazor juvozkhonahoi ravgankashii maydai kosibi va 400 zavodi khurdi ravgan bud. Dar in korkhonaho soli 1913 538 hazor tonna ravgani rastani va 192 hazor tonna sobun istehsol namudand. Dar Tojikistoni torevolyutsioni ravgan dasti (dar juvozkhonaho) hosil karda meshud. On vaqt dar Tojikiston faqat yak zavodi ravgani senzi (shahri Uroteppa) bud, ki 67,2 tonna ravgani pakhta va 2272 t ravgani kunjid (soli 1913) istehsol kard.

ravghan

Badi revolyutsiya dar Tojikiston yakchand zavodi kaloni ravgankashi bunyod gardid, ki onho bo tekhnikai navtarin tajhizonida shudaand. Az jumla Sovkhoz — zavodi ravgani anjibar dar Pakhtaobod (1931) va Farkhor (1935), 3avodi ravgani pakhta dar Uroteppa (1932), Kirovobod (1944), Kulob (1946), Leninobod (1946), 3avodi sobuni Dushanbe (1942), zavodi ekstrasionii ravgan dar Konibodom (1957), Qurgonteppa (1958) va gayra.

Dar solhoi Hokimiyati Soveti Sanoati ravgan ba yake az sohahoi kalontariyai industrpyai khurokvorb tabdil yoft, ki ba tekhnikai peshqadam va bazai mustahkami ashyoi khom asos yoftaast. Korkhonahoi Sanoati ravgan  dar hamai respublikahoi ittifoqi mavjudand. Ka- lontarini onho kombinathoi ravgani Krasnodar, Moskva, Toshkent, Dushanbe, Irkutsk, Saratov, Kirovobod, Sverdlovsk, Gomel, Qazon meboshapd. Dar in kombinatho 45% ravgani rastanii mamalakat, ziyoda az 65% margarin. 75% sobun va luzumoti shustushuy istehsol meshavand.

Ittifoqi Respublikahoi Sovetii Sotsialisti Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik SSSR az jihati istehsoli ravgani rastani (nigared Ravgan), sobun va margarin dar jahon joi 2-yumro (pas az Shtathoi Muttahidai Amerika) ishgol mekunad. Istehsoli ravgani rastani Dar Ittifoqi Respublikahoi Sovetii Sotsialisti Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik SSSR ziyoda az 14% istehsoli umumijahonii onro tashkil medihad.

Istehsoli ravgani rastani dar Ittifoqi Respublikahoi Sovetii Sotsialisti Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik SSSR muttasil meafzoyad. Agar soli 1940 miqdori umumii ravgani rastani 0,8 million tonna boshad, soli 1980 istehsoli on ba 2,7 million tonna rasid (nigared, jadval).

Dar Tojikiston soli 1924-um 100 tonna, 1940-um 3500 tonna, 1970-um 68800 tonna, 1975- um 94500 tonna va 1980-um 95300 tonna ravgani rastani istehsol karda shudaast. Bo tasiri progressi ilmiyu tekhni- ki miqdori ravgani az pakhta giriftashuda sol to sol meafzoyad. Dar solhoi panjsolai 9-um miqdori ravgani az pakhta bo usuli pressi (mangana) gpriftashuda az 13,7% ‘ to 15,5% va bo usuli qiyomi (ekstraksioni) az 17,9% to 18,6% rasid.

Holo dar Tojikiston 6 korkhonai kaloni ravgankashi va 56 korkhonai yorirasoni kolkhozi mavjud ast. Ba zimmai korkhonahoi ravgankashi va korkhonahoi yorirasoni kolkhozi 8,3% miqdori korkhona, 15% mlhsulot va 8,3% foidai umumii sanoati khurokvorii respublika rost meoyad. Soli 1980 korkhonahoi Sanoati ravgani Tojikiston ba mablagi 106 million sum mahsulot, az jumla 91,6 hazor tonna ravgani pakhta, 15,0 hazor tonna margarin, 27,1 hazor tonna ravgani efiri anjboar (geran) va 19,4 hazor tonna sobun (miqdori kislotai ravganash 40%) tayyor kardand.

Sanoati ravgan  dar digar mamlakathoi sotsialisti asosan dar zaminai ashyoi khomi mahalli kor mekunad va mahsulote, ki on meoarorad, talaboti ip mamlakathoro qone megardonad. Istehsoli ravgani rastani dar Ruminiya sole 360 hazor tonna, Polsha 213 hazor tonna, Yugoslaviya 165 hazor tonna, Bulgoriya 145 hazor tonna,  Respubliai Demokratii Germaniya 131 hazor tonna, Chekhoslovakiya 88 hazor tonna, Vengriya 80 hazor tonna ast.

Istehsoli ravgani rastani dar mamlakathoi alohidai kapitalisti chunin ast; Italiya sole 830 hazor tonna,  Respublikai Federativii Germaniya  801 hazor tonna, Fransiya 520 hazor tonna. Dar Shtathoi Muttahidai Amerika  istehsoli ravgani rastani ba 4,6 million tonna, margarin 2,6 million tonna, sobun va luzumoti sunii shustushuy ba 3,5 million tonna rasid. Nigared niz Ravgankashi, Ravgani oftobparast, Ravgani pakhta.

Adabiyot: Pishevaya promishlennost Soyuza Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik SSSR. Moskva 1967; Solomonov Sh. M. Razvitie sosialisticheskoy  promishlennosti Tadjikistana, Dushanbe 1967.

M. Nurnazarov.

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