SANOATI BOFANDAGI

SANOATI BOFANDAGI, yake az sohahoi qadima va kalontarini sanoati sabuk, ki az navhoi gunoguni nakhi rastani, pashmi hayvonot va nakhi khimiyavi (suni va sintetiki) matoi bofta, trikotaji va masnuoti digar tayyor mekunad. Sanoati bofandagi sohahoi omoda namudani ashyoi khomi bofandagi, matohoi pakhtagin, katoni, pashmin, abreshimin, kanabiyu juti, turi, bofandagiyu charchinvori, trikotaji va gayraro niz dar bar megirad. Mahsuloti Sanoati bofandagiro baroi dukhtani libosu poyafzol, inchunin dar digar sohahoi sanoat (masalan, sanoati mebel, moshinsozi) istifoda mebarand.

Istehsoli masnuoti bofandagi dar zamonhoi khele qadim sar shudaast. Korkardi pakhta va dasti tayyor kardani resmonu mato pesh az milod dar Hinduston, Khitoy va Misr malum bud.
Dar Rossiya barobari manufakturahoi mohuti va istehsoloti kapitalisti dar khonaho dastgohhoi khurdi ziyode mavjud budand, ki masnuoti pashmin istehsol mekardand. Dar ibtidoi asri 18 bisyor manufakturahoi kaloni matohoi pashmin (mohuti), katoni va abreshimin paydo shudand. Sanoati matohoi pakhtagini Rossiya nisbat ba digar sohahoi Sanoati bofandagi dertar ba vujud omada, dar zaminai istehsoloti katonbofi taraqqi kardaast. Korkhonahoi nisbatan kaloni matohoi pakhtagin dar nimai duyumi asri 18 va ibtidoi asri 19 paydo shudand.
Soli 1913 Sanoati bofandagi 20,5% mahsuloti tamomi sanoat va qarib o2% mahsuloti istehsoloti molkhoi istemoliro medod. Dar Osiyoi Miyona va Qazoqiston — nohiyahoi asosii ashyoi khomi bofandagi Sanoati bofandagi vujud nadosht. Norasoii ashyoi khom taraqqii Sanoati bofandagiro boz medosht. Sanoati trikotaj va pillakashi, korkardi avvalini zagir, pashm va gayra nav ba vujud meomadand.
Badi Jangi yakumi jahoni (1914 —1918), Jangi grajdani (1918—20) hajmi istehsolot khele kam shud. Solhoi avvali Hokimiyati Soveti barobari ba kor andokhtani korkhonahoi kuhnai bofandagi fabrikahoi nav sokhta shudand. Solhoi panjsolai 1-um (1929—1932) 13 korkhonai matohoi pakhtagin, 3 korkhonai matohoi katoni, 4 korkhonai matohoi pashmin va baze korkhonahoi digari bofandagi ba kor daromadand. Dar panjsolai 2-yum (1933—1937) sokhtmoni navbati avvali kombinathoi matohoi pakhtagini Toshkent va Barnaul, Kombinati bofandagii Dushaibe, kombinathoi matohoi katonii Smolensk, Orsh, Kostroma va digar korkhonahoi Sanoati bofandagi ba okhir rasid.
Dar panjsolahoi pesh az jang dar respublikahoi ittifoqii Osiyoi Miyona Sanoati bofandagi ba vujud omad. Sanoati bofandagi dar davrai Jangi Buzurgi Vatani sakht zarar did. Bisyor korkhonaho vayron shudand. Dar panjsolai 4-um Sanoati bofandagi barqaror karda shud. Dar panjsolahoi minbada niz korkhonahoi ziyodi Sanoati bofandagi bino yofta, bo tekhnika va tekhnologiyai navu puriqtidor tajhizonida shudand. Istehsoli masnuoti Sanoati bofandagi sol to sol meafzoyad (nigared jadvali 1).
Soli 1975 Ittifoqi Respublikahoi Sovetii Sotsialisti Soyuz Sovetskikh Sosialisticheskikh Respublik SSSR az jihati istehsoli matohoi pashminu katoni dar jahon ba joi 1gum baromad. Sanoati bofandagii Tojikiston tarikhi qadime dorad. On dar shakli dukonhoi kosibi vujud dosht. Istehsoloti kosibii bofandagi (pakhtaresi, pillakashi, abreshimtobi, shohibofi, qolinbofi, rangrezi) dar hayoti iqtisodii kishvar maqomi makhsus dosht. Soli 1916 faqat dar uezdi Khujand ziyoda az 1,5 hazor dukoni kosibi bud. Dar onho qarib 2,5 hazor kas kor mekard. Umumai dar hududi Tojikistoni hozira pesh az Revolyutsiyai Oktyabr taqriban 6 hazor korkhonai sanoati kosibiyu hunarmandi budand va dar onho qarib 9 hazor kas kor mekard. Istehsoloti kosibi ham dar shahr va ham dar dehot taraqqi karda bud. Ba resandagi tanho zanon (dar dastgohhoi resandagii khurd) mashgul budand, mardon boshand, mato meboftand va onro rangu bor medodand. Masnuoti pakhtagini istehsolshuda navhoi gunogun doshtand: mato, doka, khossa, qalami, chit, karbos va gayra. Matohoi pakhtaginro dar dastgohhoi oddii nomukammali dasti meboftand. Matohoi pakhtaginro dar dukon yo khonaho rangubor medodand. Yake az sohahoi mutaraqqii bofandagii kosibii Tojikiston pillakashi va shohibofi bud. Dar Osiyoi Miyona kirmakdori va shohibofi tarikhi 4 hazor sola dorad. Dar hududi hozirai Tojikiston kirmakdori makhsusan dar uezdi Khujand, vodii Zarafshon, Uroteppa, Konibodom, Shahrinav, Hisor va Kulob taraqqi karda bud. Soi 1916 dar uezdi Khujand 95 korkhonai kosibii matohoi abreshimi bud, ki onho 121 korgar doshtand va sole 15300 sumina mahsulot mebarovardand. Abreshimro az nohiyahoi Osiyoi Miyona ba Rossiya, Hinduston, Eron, Afggoniston mekashondand.
Badi Revolyutsiyai Oktyabr dar qatori digar sohaho Sanoati bofandagii Tojikiston niz ru ba taraqqi nihod. Soli 1936 Soveti Komissaroni Khalqi Ittifoqi Respublikahoi Sovetii Sotsialisti Soyuz Sovetskikh Sosialisticheskikh Respublik SSSR oid ba sokhtmoni Kombinati bofandagii Dushanbe (avvalin korkhonai matohoi pakhtagini respublika) qaror qabul kard. Sokhtmoni kombinat soli 1936 sar shud va navbati yakumi on soli 1942 ba kor daromad. Hamon sol 229 tonna kaloba va 402 hazor metr matoi durusht istehsol kard. Kombinat soli 1966 purra ba istifoda doda shud va ba korkhonai azimi Sanoati bofandagii Ittifoqi Respublikahoi Sovetii Sotsialisti Soyuz Sovetskikh Sosialisticheskikh Respublik SSSR
tabdil yoft. On sole ziyoda az 100 million metr gazvor mebarorad (1978). Digar az korkhonahoi kaloni sanoati matohoi pakhtagii Fabrikai resmonresii Konibodom meboshad, ki solhoi Jangi Buzurgi Vatani (1942—1944) sokhta shudaast. Soli 1942 fabrika qarib 42 tonna resmoni pakhtagin istehsol karda bud. Kombinati bofandagii Dushanbe va Fabrikai resmonressii Konibodom 91,3% korgaron va 95,6% arzishi hama fondhoi asosii Sanoati bofandagii Tojikistonro dar bar giriftaand. In korkhonaho 98,4% masnuoti umumii Sanoati bofandagiro istehsol mekunand.
Sanoati bofandagii Tojikiston sol to sol bo tekhnikai nav tajhizonida, proseshoi istehsolot beshtar mekhanikonida va avtomatonida meshavaid. In boisi balandshavii hosilnokii mehnat va behtarshavii tamomi nishondihandahoi tekhnikiyu iqtisodi gar- did (nigared jadvali 2).
Sanoati abreshimi Tojikiston yake az sohahoi qadimist. Soli 1928 dar Khujand dukoni kosibii khurde sokhta shud, ki on minbad ba korkhonai industriali — Kombinati abreshimi Leninobod (sobiq «Bofandai surkh») tabdil yoft. Sekhhoi resmonresi (21 noyabri 1931 bo 980 duk) va pillakashii (8 marti 1931 bo 40 deg) fabrika pesh az mukhlat ba kor daromadand. Fabrika soli 1934-um 289 hazor metr matohoi abreshimi va soli 1935 krepdeshin, ruymol, shiroza, miyonband va gayra istehsol kard. Fabrikaka 82 nomgun mahsuloti gunogun barovard. Soli 1940 mahsuloti umumii on nazar ba soli 1932 ziyoda az 10 marotiba afzud. Soli 1932-yum 2,27/% (dar Ittifoqi Respublikahoi Sovetii Sotsialisti Soyuz Sovetskikh Sosialisticheskikh Respublik SSSR 837 tonna) va soli 1940-um 10,9% (dar Ittifoqi Respublikahoi Sovetii Sotsialisti Soyuz Sovetskikh Sosialisticheskikh Respublik 1816 tonna) abreshimi khomi Ittifoqi Respublikahoi Sovetii Sotsialisti Soyuz Sovetskikh Sosialisticheskikh Respublik SSSR-ro istehsol kard. Respublikai Sovetii Sotsialistii Tojikiston soli 1940 az jihati istehsoli matohoi abreshimi ba har sari aholi bad az Gurjiston dar joi 2-yum meistod. Az soli 1961 avtomatoni va takmili tajhizoti sanoati abreshim muttasil ba amal barovarda shud. Bad az jang sanoati abreshimi Tojikiston bosurat tarqqi kard. (nigared, jadvali 3)
Mahsuloti sanoati abreshimi Tojikiston dar natijai vaseshavii korkhonaho, aznavsozii onho, tajdidi fondhoi asosi, makhsusan tajhizoti istehsolot, inchunin istifodai behtari iqtidorhoi istehsoli, takmili ikhtisosi kadrho va hosilnokii meh- nat khele vusat yoft. Ba abreshimi tojik na tanho dar respublika, bal- ki berun az hududi on iiz talabot kalon ast.
Soli 1960 dar Tojikiston sohai navi Sanoati bofandagi – qolinbofi ba vujud omad. Kombinati qolinbofii ordeni Bayraqi Surkhi Mehnatdoroni Qayroqqum ba nomi Vladimir Ilich Lenin (Nigared, Kombinati qolinbofii Qayroqqum) avvalin korkhonai sanoati qolinbofii Tojikiston msboshad. Dar sokhtan, taj- hizonidan va ba kor andokhtani on namoyandagoni bisyor respublikahoi barodari ishtirok kardand. Istehsoli qolin va mahsuloti qolini dar respublika muttasil meafzoyad (nigared jadvali 4).
Bisyor navhoi qolini kombinat sazovori Nishoki davlatii sifat gashtaand. Soli 1974 dar yarmarkai baynalkhalqis Leypsig du navi qolini Kombinati qolinbofii Qayroqqum medali tillo girift.
Adabiyot: Vladimirskiy N. N., Ot domashnego tkachestva k sosialisticheskomu tekstilnomu proizvodstvu, Kostroma, 1949; Korneev A. M., tekstilnaya promishlennost Soyuz Sovetskikh Sosialisticheskikh Respublik SSSR i ‘puti eyo razvitiya, Moskva, 1957; Vafaev A. D., Materialno-tekhnicheskaya baza tekstilnoy promishlennosti Tadjikistana, Dushanbe, 1965; Iz istorii industrializazii Tadjikskoy Sovetskoy Sosialisticheskoy Respubliki, Dushanbe. 1972; Statisticheskiy ejegodnik, Dushanbe, 1980. A. Shernazarov.