SAN-TOME VA PRINSIPI

SAN-TOME VA PRINSIPI, Respublikai Demokratii Sa n-Tome va Prinsipi, davlat dar jazirahoi San-Tome va Prinsipi dar khaliji Gvineya, dar sohilhoi garbii Afrika. Masohatash 964 kilometr2. Aholiash 97 hazor nafar (1981). Poytakhtash shahri San-Tome.
Sokhti davlati. San-Tome va Prinsipi— respublika, iyuli 1975 Majlisi milli intikhob karda shud. Sardori davlat va hukumat — prezident. Organi qonunbaror — Majlisi millii yakpalatagi.

Tabiat. Jaz-hop San-Tome va Prinsipi asosan bazaltni buda, dar on osori vulqonhoi qadima boqi mondaand. Dar tanurahoi vulqonho kulhoi khurd voqeand. Iqlimi jazirai Prinsipi ekvatori, doimo sernam, iqlimi jazirai San-Tome ham ekvatoriyu ham tropi- ki ast: az oktyabr to iyun serboron va az iyun to oktyabr khushk. Harorati miyonai mohona az 23 to 27°Selsiya. Borishoti solona az 1000 to 2000—3000 millimetr. Nabototi tabii— Jangali gulii sernami ekvatori. Dar rezishgohi daryoho chakalakzorhoi mangro meruyand.
Aholi. Aholii mamlakatro asosan avlodu ajdodi afrikoihoe, ki asrhoi 15—16 az Angola, Mozambik, az jazirahoi Dimogai Sabz baroi kor kardan dar plantasiyahoya evropoiyon (asosan portugaliho) ovarda budand, tashkil medihand. Taqriban 10%-i aholi dar shahrho istiqomat mekunad. Zaboni rasmi — portugali. Aksariyati dindoron katolikand.
Malumoti tarikhi. Jazirahoro portugaliho asri 15 kashf namuda, ba mulki khud tabdil dodand. Asrhoi 16— 17 jazirai San-Tome nohiyai muhimi gulomfurushi bud. Hukumatdoroni Portugaliya har sol az Angola va Mozambik hazorho korgaroni kiroya meovardand. Muborizai khalqhoi San-Tome va Prinsipi bar ziddi mustamlikadoroni Portugaliya hanuz dar ibtidoi asri 16 sar shuda bud: shurishi soli 1517 dar San-Tome, shurishi okhiri asri 16 dar jaziraho va gayra. Shurishi soli 1953 yake az kalontarin shurishhoi mamlakat ba hisob meravad. Ba Harakati ozodikhohii khalq Komiteti ozodkunii San-Tome va Prinsipi, ki soli 1960 tashkil shuda bud, rohbari mekard va on soli 1972 ba Harakati ozodikhohii jazirahoi San-Tome va Prinsipi tabdil doda shud. Noyabri 1974 bayni vakiloni Harakat va namoyandagoni hukumati Portugaliya, ki badi tabadduloti revolyutsionii soli 1974 ba sari hokimiyat omada bud, dar borai ba San-Tome va Prinsipi dodani istiqloliyat shartnoma ba imzo rasid. Dekabri 1974 bo ishtiroki namoyandagoni Harakati ozodikhohi va Portugaliya hukumati muvaqqati tashkil yoft. 12 iyuli 1975 Majlisi milli San-Tome va Prinsipiro Respublikai Demokra- tii sohibistiqlol elon kard. Avgusti 1975 banni San-Tome va Prinsipi va Ittifoqi Respublikahoi Sovetii Sotsialisti Soyuz Sovetskikh Sosialisticheskikh SSSR munosibathoi diplomati muqarrar karda shudand.
Partiyahoi siyosi. Ha r a k a t bahri ozodii San-Tome va Prinsipi Sa n-T o m e v a Prinsipi (HOSTP), yagona tashkiloti siyosii rohbarikunandai mamlakat. Tasisash 1960. Raisash M. Lintu da Koshta.
Iqtisodiyot. Asosi iqtisodiyoti mamlakat khojagii qishloq meboshad. Taqriban dar 1/3 hissai territoriyai ziroat koshta me- shavad. Dar jaziraho (baroi eksport) kakav, qahva, nakhli (ravgandehu norjil, banan, darakhti khina parvarish mekunand. Arzan, mannok, juvorimakka, yams niz kisht meshavad. Pas az mustaqil shudani San-Tome va Prinsipi sohiboni peshtarai plantasiyaho ba iqtisodiyoti on zarari kalon rasondand, bisyor kishtzorhoi kakao nobud shudaand. .Soli 1981 San-Tome va Prinsipi in qadar chorvo dosht (ba hisobi hazor sar): gov —3, gusfand —2, buz —4. Dar jazirai San-Tome rohi ohani kambar hast. Tuli rohhoi avtomobilgard 287 kilometr (1980). Mohigiri nisbatan ravnaq dorad; sangpushti obi, hashtpo sayd mekunand. Korkhonahoi sanoatiash asosan bo korkardi ashyoi khomi khojagii qishloq mashgul ast. Mamlakat ba khorija ashyoi khomi khojagii qishloq barovarda, az khorija molhoi sanoati, mahsuloti neft, sement mekharad. Sharikoni asosii savdoyash: Portugaliya, Shtathoi Muttahidai Amerika, Respublikai Federativii Germaniya, Niderland. Vohidi pul — dobra.
Nigahdorii tandurusti. Dar soli 1970 ba 1 hazor aholi 53,7 tavallud, 15,1 favt; ba 1 hazor kudaki navzod 35,1 favt rost omad. Kasalihoi siroyati va parazitari beshtar pahn shudaand. Soli 1968 ziyoda az 7 hazor khuruji varaja qayd karda shud. Soli 1969 dar mamlakat 18 dukhtur (1 dukhtur ba 3,3 hazor aholi),.az on jumla 13 dukhtur dar khizmati davlati va qarib 100 kormandi miyonai tibbi mavjud bud. Soli 1965-1950 kasalkhonai doroi 1,9 hazor kat (30 kat ba 1 hazor aholi), az on jumla dar 14 kasadkhonai davlati 427 kat bud. Instituti tibbi nadorad; hamshirahoi tibbiro maktabi tibbi tayyor mekunad.
Maorif. Ziyoda az 85%-i aholi besavod. Talimi kudakoni 6—12-sola hatmist. Dar soli 1960 hamagy 25% kudakon ba maktab meraftand. Az nisf ziyodi maktabho khususi va yo ba missiyahoi katoliki taalluq dorand. Maktabi ibtidoii 4-sola, maktabi miyonai 5-sola (3 + 2) dorad. Talim ba zaboni portugali. Soli tahsili 1971/1972 dar 44 maktabi ibtidoi beshtar az 9000 dar 2 maktabi miyona beshtar az 1460 khonanda mekhond. Kasbomuzi dar bazai maktabi miyona va miyonai nopurra ba amal barovarda meshavad. Soli tahsili 1971/1972 dar 4 maktabi kasbomuzi 112 khonanda tahsil kard. Dar bazai maktabi miyonai nopurra omuzishgohi pedagogi amal mekunad, ki on baroi maktabhoi ibtidoi muallim tayyor mekunad.
Matbuot, radio. Soli 1974dar mamlakat gazetahoi harhaftainai «Boletin ofisyal» («Vo1e1sh oLs1i1»), az soli 1836 injonib, «Vosh di San-Tome» («A Urg §ao Totyo») nashr meshudand. Radioshunavoni az soli 1958 vujud dorad.