SAN-MARINO

SAN-MARINO, R e s p u b l i k a i S a n-M a r i n o (NeriNsa (P 8ap MaNpo), davlat dar Evropai Janubi, dar nimjazirai Apennin; onro territoriyai Italiya ihota kardaast. Dar domanai
Shimoli sharqii kuhhoi ApepniniToskano-Emiliya, dar nishebii balandii Titano (balandiash to 738 metr) voqe gardidaast. Masohat 61 kilometr2. Aholiash 22 hazor nafar (1984; taqriban 15 hazor nafar grajdanhoi San-Marino dar Italiya, Fransiya, Shtathoi Muttahidai Amerika zindagi mekunand). Poytakhtash — San-Marino. Shahrhoi kalonash: Serravalle, Borgo-Majore, Faetano, Kesanuova, Montojardino,. Forentino, Domanyano, Akkuaviva. Az jihati mamuri territoriyai San-Marino ba okrugho taqsim shudaast. Zaboni rasmi — italiyavi. Dini hukmron — katoliki.

Sokhti davlati. Organi olii qonunbaror — Shuroi kaloni generali (parlamenti yakpalatagi), ki onro aholi ba muhlati 5 sol intikhob mekunad. Sistemai sudi: sudhoi mamuri, grajdani va jinoyati. San-Marino qadimtarin davlati Evropa buda, takhminan soli 301 paydo shudaast va muvofiqi rivoyat asosguzori on Marino nom sangtaroshe budaast, ki az taqibi mutaassiboni dindor az Dalmasiya firor karda ba in jo omadaast. Dar zamoni ba Rim hamla ovardani digar qabilahoi Evropa jamoai nasroniyone, ki dar gorhoi kuhi Titano hayot ba sar meburdaand, atrofi in kuhro bo devoru qurgonho mustahkam kardand. Badho San-Marino ba hayati viloyati Ravenna va shohii Langobard dokhil shud. Nomi «Respublikai San-Marino» bori nakhust dar makhazhoi asri 10 duchor meoyad. Dar tuli asrhoi 11—13 territoriyai respublika az hisobi kharidi digar zaminho va hamroh shudani mulkhoi hamsoya vase gardid. Dar asri 15. ba San- Marino kushki Forentino va yak qator dehaho hamroh gardid. Soli 1739 San- Marinaro qushunhoi papai Rim ishgol kardand va soli 1740 papai Rim Klimenti XII istnqloliyati respublikaro etirof namud. Dar asri 19 vatandustoni italiyavi San-Marinaro borho baroi panohgoh istifoda burdaand. Badi tashkil shudani davlati yagonai Italiya (1861) San-Marino dar soli 1862 bo Italiya shartnomai dusti va haqqi hamsoyagi bast, ki on minbad dar solhoi 1872, 1897 va 1953 kam karda shud. Soli 1909 huquqi umumii intikhoboti baroi mardon (baroi zanho —1960) jori gardid. Dar solhoi Jangi yakumi jahoni San-Marinl az tarafi Antanta dar jang ishtirok kard.

Dar barobari ba sari hokimiyati Italiya omadani fashiston (1922) dar San-Marino unsurhoi fashisti taqviyat yofta, soli 1923 hokimiyatro ba dast darovardand. Fevrali 1921 dar San-Marino seksiyai Partiyai Kommunistii Italiya tashkil shud, ki on dere naguzashta torumor gardid. Dar davrai Jangi duyumi jahoni (1939—45) San-Marino khudro betaraf elon karda boshad ham, iyuni 1944 territoriyai onro aviasiyai Angliyayu Amerika bombaboron kard va sentyabri 1944 onro qushunhoi fashistoni nemis ishgol namudand. Badi jang San-Marino ba markazi kaloni turizmi baynalkhalqi tabdil yoft. Dar intikhoboti parlamenti 1945 bloki partiyahoi ziddifashisti galaba kard. To soli 1957 dar parlament koalisiyai partiyahoi chap aksariyat bud, ki ba on kommuniston va sotsialiston rohbari mekardand. Dar in solho baze korkhonaho milli, az 1/4 hissai zaminho az khud karda shudand, korkhonahoi sanoati, maktabhoi nav ba kor daromadand. Oktyabri 1957 bo yorii doirakhoi khukmroni Italiya, ki onho respublikai San-Marinaro muhosira karda budand, quvvahoi rosti on tabadduloti davlati kardand. Partiyai kommunisti va Partiyai sotsialisti az sari hokimiyat dur karda shud. Az soli 1957 injonib dar sari hokimiyat hukumati koalitsioni meboshad. Mohi mai 1978 dar intikhoboti gayrinavbatii parlament quvvahoi chap galaba kardand, iyuni 1978 «hukumati hamkorii demokrati» tashkil shud, ki ba on namoyandagoni se partiyai navi asosii mamlakat — kommunisti, sotsialisti va partiyai yagonai sotsilisti dokhil gardidand. Soli 1956 bayni Ittifoqi Respublikahoi Sovetii Sotsialisti Soyuz Sovetskikh Sosialisticheskikh Respublik SSSR va respublikai San-Marino mu-nosibathoi konsuli ba roh monda shudand. Sentyabri 1979 bayni San-Marino va Ittifoqi Respublikahoi Sovetii Sotsialisti Soyuz Sovetskikh Sosialisticheskikh Respublik SSSR doir ba hamkorii madaniyu marifati avvalin shartnomai hukumati basta shud. San-Marino alhol dar siyosati khoriji nuktahoi Akti khotimavii majlisi mashvaratii umumievropoiro dar nazar doshta baroi sulh va hamkori muboriza mebarad.
Partiyahoi siyosi va ittifoqhoi kasaba. Partiyai khristiani-demokrati (tasisash 1945). Partiyai sotsialisti (tasisash 1896). Partiyai yagonai sotsialisti. Soli 1976 dar asosi qanoti chapi sobiq partiyai mustaqili sotsial-demokrati tasis yoftaast. P a r t i ya i s o t s i a l-d e m o k-r a t i. Partiyai rosti reformisti. (tasisash 1976). Musolahati demokrati — Partiyai resp u b l i k a v i, tasisash 1983. Partiyai kommunistii San-Marino (hamchun seksiya 1921 va hamchun partiya 1941 tasis yoftaast). Konfederasiyai umumii mehnatkashon. Konfederasiyai demokratii mehnatkashon.
Khojagi. San-Marino korkhonahoi sanoati bofandagi, sement, qogaz, charm, korkardi metall, khimiya, mebel, safolot va gayra dorad. Sangi binokori va sulfur istikhroj mekunand. Xojagii qishloq asosan aa khojagihoi khurd iborat ast. Shariki asosi va yagonai savdoyash Italiya ast. Turizm ba respublika daromadi kalon medihad. V o h i d i p u l — lirai italiyavi. Tashkili talim muvofiqi ustavi soli 1946 muayyan karda shudaast. Hamai maktabho davlatiand. Talimi kudakon az sinni 6 to 14-sola hatmist. Maktabi ibtidoi 5-sola meboshad. Maktabi miyona az maktabi 3-solai miyonai nopurra va 5-solai miyonai purra iborat. ast. Binohoi poytakht asosan 1—3^ oshyona buda, dar nishebii kuh zina-zina sokhta shudaast. Namudi avvalai kalisoho va digar binohoi jamiyati, ki dar asrhoi miyona va dar davrai Ehyo sokhta shudaand, dar natijai tamiru tarmimi ziyode ba khud namudi digar giriftaast. YOdgorihoi sanati tasvirii San-Marino ba sanati maktabi Rimii (asri 14) va Bolonya (asri 17) mansuband. Az kasbu hunarhoi ananavii khalqi kandakorii rui sang va kuloli rivoj yoftaast.
San-Marino Kitobkhonai davlati, Arkhivi davlati, Muzei davlati, Nigoristoni davlati, Muzei yaroqu aslihai qadima dorad.