SAMOAI GARBI

SAMOAI GARBI (Western Samoa), davlat dar  Polinez i ya. B a Ittihodi Britaniya dokhil ast. Qismi garbni galajazirai Samoa dar uqyonusi Orom az jazirahoi Savayn, Upolu, inchunin Apolima, Manono na chandin jazazirahoi khurdi beodam iborat ast. Masohatash 2834 km2. Aholiash 100 hazor nafar (1983). Poytakhtash — shahri Apia.

Sokhti davlati. Konstitutsiyai joriash soli 1960 qabul shudaast. Asosi jamiyatro ayga, yane guruhi oilavi tashkil mekunad, ki ba on peshvo— sardorii intikhobshavandai hamon rohbar ast. Ba organi hokimiyat tanho sardoroni kabilaho huquqi intikhob kardan va intikhob shudan dorand. Onho ba muhlati 3 sol parlamenti yakpalatagi — Majhisi qonunbarorro dar hayati 45 peshvoi qabila intikhob mekunand; dar asosi huquqi intikhoboti umumi az jumlam aholii evropoi 2 nafar namoyaida intikhob meshavad. Sardori davlat az soli 1963— peshvo Malietov Tanumafili II meboshad. Muvofiqi konstitutsiya badi vafoti u sardori davlatro ba muhlati 5 sol Majlisi qonunbaror intikhob mekunad. Sardori davlat hokimiyati ijtimoiro ba amal barovarda, sarvaziron va vazironro tain menamoyad.
Tabiat. Jaziraho kuhsor, va paydoishashon pulqoni buda, asosan az bazalt iboratand. nuqtai balandtarinash 1858 m (jazirai Savayi). Vodihoi fapox massivhoi kuhiro az ham judo mekunand. Sohilkhoyash balandi shakhdor. Iqlimat subekvatori va tropiki, sernami passati. Harorati miyonai mohona 25—27°. Borishoti solona 2000—1000 mm. Zud-zud tufonhoi kharobiovar mekhezand. Olami nabototash nihoyat boy, qarib 600 namudro dar bar megirad, ki 25%-i on endemiki meboshad. Sarakhehoi darakhtshakl nihoyat bisyorand. Dar jangalhoi anbuhi sernami tropiki, ki onho dar khoki kahvarangi zardchatob meruyand, navi darakhtoni qimatbaho bisyor ast. Dar mintaqahoi nazdi sohil nakhli porchil, darakhti
non meruyad. Olami hayvonltash kambagal; parrandaash bisyor va gunogun.
Aholi. Qarib 99% aholii mamlakat samoagiho (yakjoya bo duragahoi samoagiho) — yake az khalkhoi polinezi meboshad, boqimonda mardumi digar jazirahoi Uqyonusiya va evropoihoyand. Zabonhoi rasmi — samoagi va Anglisi. Qarib 80%-i etiqodmandon protestant, boqimonda asosan katolik.
Dar mamlakat bekori illati asosi shuda mondaast, binobar on mardum ba digar joyho (beshtar ba Zelandiyai Nav) hijrat mekunad. Aholi dar jazirahoi Upolu, Manono, Apolima va Savayi beshtar joygir shudaast. Shahri az hama kalonash — Apia.
Malumoti tarikhi. Dar zamonhoi qadim dar territoriyai hozirai Samoai Garbi nolineziyagiho, ki davrat sokhti qavmu qabilaviro az cap meguzaronidand, zindagi mekardand. Onho dehqon, mohigir va binokoroni mohir budand. To zamoni az tarafi evropoiyon (Ya. Roggeven, L. Bugenvil, J. Laperuz) kashf gardidani jazirahoi Samoa (asri 18) aholii on davrai barhamkhurii munosibathoi qavmu qabilaviro az cap meguzaronid.
Az sababi mavqek khubi geografi doshtani jazirahoi Samoa (jaziraho dar rohhoi bahri az Amerika ba Zelandiyai Nav va Avstraliya joygirand) baroi ba dast darovardani onho bayni davlathoi kapitalisti (Germaniya, Britaniyai Kabir, IMA) muboriza cap shud; Samoai Garbipo okhiri asri 19 Germaniya ba dast darovard. Avgusti 1914 koloniyai Germaniyaro dar Samoa qushunhoi Zelandiyai Nav ishgol kardand. Mohi may 1919 hangomi «taqsimoti» sobiq koloniyahoi Germaniya Shuroi Olii Antanta Samoai Garbiro ba Khayati Zelandiyai Nav guzarond. Soveti Ligai Millatho 17 dekabri 1920 mandati Zelandiyai Navro baroi idorakunii Samoai Garbi rasman tasdik namud. Aholii Samoai Garbi bar ziddi mustamlikadoron muntazam muboriza (solhoi 1908 —1909 baromadhoi kalon ba amal omadand) meburd. Solhoi 20 dar Samoai Garbi tashkiloti vatandustonai «May» barpo shud, ki on tahti shiori «Samoa baroi samoagiho» ba muborizai ziddi mustamlikadoroni Zelandiyai Nav rohbari kard. Mohi dekabri 1929 khalqi mamlakat bo talabi istiqlol ba namoish baromad. Ba munosibati barham khurdani sistemai mandati badi ba okhir rasidani Jangi duyumi jahoni TDM Samoai Garbiro ba vasoyati Zelandiyai Nav guzarond. Aholi dar korguzorihoi dokhihi mukhtoriyat ba dast ovard. Ammo muboriza baroi istiqloliyat qat namegardid. 18 oktyabri 1901 TDM dar bobati khotima yoftani vakolat bar Samoai Garbi qaror kabul kard. 1 yanvari 1902 Samoai Garbi davlati sohibistiqlol elon shud. Hamon sol hukumati Samoai Garbi bo hukumati Zelandiyai Nav
dar borai dusti shartnoma bast. Samoai Garbi ba TDM dokhil nashud, bo davlathoi khoriji munosibathoi diplomati ba roh namond (yagona namoyandai diplomatie, ki dar nazdi hukumati Zelandiyai Nav tain shudaast, in komissari olii Zelandiyai Nav meboshad). Soli 1970 Samoai Garbi ba Ittihodi Britaniya hamroh shud.
Iqtisodnyot. Asosi iqtisodiyoti mamlakat khojagii qishloq asosan ziroatkorist. Zaminhoi kisht, ki dar vodiho va mintaqai kambari nazdi sohil voqe gardidaand 31,7%-i maydoni umumiro ishgol mekunad. Dar plantatsiyaho (az oni sohibkoroni Amerika va Zelandiyai Nav) va dar khojagihoi aholii tahjoy nakhli norjil, chormagz, banan, kahva parvarish mekunad, ki mahsuloti in ziroat asosan eksport meshavad. Baroi qone gardondani talaboti dokhili dar in jo batat va yams, juvorimakka, sholi, taro, aflesun, ananas va gayra parvarish mekunand.
Chandin korkhonahoi khurd dorad, ki onho bo korkardi chubi darakhtoni qimatbaho (eksport meshavad) mashgulanl, korkhonahoi ravgani nakhli norjil, sobun, fabrtkahoi mebelu qannodi va osiyoi qahva dorad. Shikor va mohigirb inkishof yoftaast. Namudi asosii naqliyot avtomobil ast, ki darozii rohhoi on 1800 km meboshad. Bandari asosi na aeroporti baynalkhalqi dar Apia voqe gardidaand. Dar mamlakat turizm taraqqi kardaast. Samoai Garbi ba khorija magzt javzi hindi, kakao, banan barovarda, az khorija khurokvori, suzishvorb, mol khok sanoati sabuk va gayra megirad. Shariki asosii savdoyash Zelandiyai Nav. V o z i d i pul — dollara Samoai Garbi (tala).
Maorif. Ba maktabi ibtidoii 6- sola kudakon az sinni 7 qabul meshavand; talim ba zabonhoi anglisi va samoagi ast. Maktabi miyona 6-sola buda, ba du zima: poyoni (3 sol) va boloi (3 sol) judo meshavad; dar in jo talim asosan ba zaboni anglisi burda meshavad. Dar sistemai maorifi mamlakat tashkilothoi missioneri roli namoyon mebozand. Dar bazan maktabi ibtidoi tayyorii kasbi ba amal barovarda meshavad. Dar bazan maktabi zinai poyoni kolleji khojagii qishloq (dar Apia, muhlati tahsil 4 sol) amal mekunad; kolleji pedagogi baroi maktabhoi ibtidoi muallim tayyor mekunad (muhlati tahsil 2 sol). Maktabi oli nadorad. Qismi khatmkunandagoni maktabi miyonai zinai boloi baroi giriftani malumoti oli ba khorija (asosan ba IMA) meravad. Dar Apia kitobkhonai ommavi (tasisash 1159) kor mekunad.
Matbuot. radio. Matbuoti mamlakat az gezetahoi khurdformat iborat: «Sivali» («Sayali»), tasisash 1904, hukumat, mohe du marotiba nashr meshavad; gazetahoi harhaftainai khususi: «Samoa bulletin», («Samoa Bulletin»), tasisash 1900, «Samoa tayms» («The Samoa Times»), tasisash 1964. Qamai gazetaho ba zabonhoi anglisi va samoagi chop meshavand. Idorai radioshunavoni hukumatist, az soli 1948 injonib kor mekunad.