Respublikai Ozarboyjon

Ozarboyjon, Respublikai Sovetii Sotsialistii Ozarboyjon (Azerbaydjan So­vet Sosialist Respublikasi). 28 aprel 1920 tashkil shudaast. Dar qismi janubi sharqii – Zakavkazya voqe gardidaast. Dar Shimol bo RSFSR (RASS Dogiston), dar Shimoli Garb bo RSS Gurjichton, dar Janubi Shimol bo RSS Armaniston va Turkiya, dar Janub bo Eron hamsarhad meboshad. Onro az Shimol bahri Kaspiy ihota kardaast. Masohat 86,6 hazor kilometr². Aholiash 6202 hazor nafar (1981). Poytakhtash shahri Boku. Ba hayati RSS Ozarboyjon RSS Nakhs. va Viloyati Avtonomii Qarobogi Kuhy dokhiland. Respublika ba 61 rayon chudo shuda, 63 shahr va 122 ptsh dorad.

            Sokhti davlati. RSS, Ozarboyjon davlati sotsialistii umumikhalqi, ba hayati Ittifoqi Respublikahoi Sove­tii Sotsialisti dokhil ast. Konstitusiyai joriashro Sessiyai 7-umi gayrinavbatii Soveti Olii RSS Ozarboyjon 21 aprel 1978 qabul kardaast. Organi olii hokimiyati davlati_— Soveti Olii respublika, ki ba muhlati 4 sol intikhob meshavad. Dar davrai bayni sessiyahoi Soveti Oli organi olii khokimiyati davlati — Prezidiumi Soveta Olii RSS Ozarboyjon meboshad. Soveti Oli khukumati respublika — Soveti Vazironro tashkil medikhad. Organhoi mahalii khokimiyat — Sovethoi deputathoi khalqi meboshand. Sistemai su­di: Sudi Oli va sudkhoi khalqii rayoni.

            Tabiat. Qismi ziyodi territoriyai Ozarboyjon dar bayni qismhoi janubi sharqii siste­mai kuhii Kavkazi Kalon va Khurd, inchunin kolkhozhoi Tolish voqe gardidaast.

Sohilhoi b.ahri Kaspiy chandon kaju kileb nestand. Tuli khatti sohil 800 kilometr meboshad. Qad-qadi sohil nimjazirahoi kaloni Obshoron, Sara, dimogai Kura; khalijhoi qullai Qizilogoch), Boku; jazirahoi Jiloy va Artyom voqe gardidaand. Taqriban nisfi territoriyai Ozarboyjonro kuhho ishgol kardaand. Dar bayni qismhoi janubu sharqii Kavkazi Kalon dar Shimol va Kavkazi Khurd dar Janubi pastii Kura joygir shudaast. Dar Janub Shimol kuhhoi Tolish, dar Janub pastkhamii Araksi miyona tul kashidaast, ki onro qatorkuhhoi Ayosdzor va Zangezur ihota kardaand.

Nuqtai balandtarini kuhi Kavkazi Kalon (quhi Bozordyuzyu, 4480 metr) meboshad. Sarvathoi zerizamini: neft, gaz, madani okhan va polimetall, alunit, molibden, namaksang, masolehi gunoguni binokori va gayra. Iqlimash asosan subtropi­ki. Territoriyai Ozarboyjon ba yakchand mintaqai iqlimi chudo kardan mumkin.  Harorati miyonai solona az 14°Selsiya dar pastkhamiho to 0°Selsiya va dar rayonhoi kuhi az in ham pasttar ast. Harorati mi­yonai iyul dar rayonhoi pastkhami 25—27° Selsiya, dar balandkukh 5° Selsiya. Tobistoni pastkhamiho khushk. Borishoti solona dar nohiyahoi nazdi bahr va pastkhamiho 200—300 millimetr; dar pastii Langaron 1200—1400 millimetr; dar nishebi janubi Kavkazi Kalon to 1300 millimetr.

Dar respublika qarib 1250 daryo khast, kalontarini on — Kura va shokhobash Arake. 250 kul dorad, kulhoi kalonash: Khojikabul va Buyukshor.

Dar respublika 4100 navi nabotot meruyad. Dar dashthoi khushk, nimbiyobon va dar margzorhoi balandkuh nabotot beshtar. Nishebihoi kuhhoro jangali darakhtoni pahnbarg faro giriftaast; 11% territoriyai respublikaro jangalzor tashkil mekunad. Olami khayvonotash boy va gunogun. Dar respublika khazandaho va khoyandaho, gizol, kabk, qoz, murgobi, tazarv, dar rayonkhoi kuhi guroz, khirs, buzi kukhi va gayra vomekhurand. Bahri Kas­piy va daryoi Kura az mohi boy. Dar Ozarboyjon yakchand mamnugokh, az on jumla, Zakatal, Kizilogoch va gayra hast.

            Aholi. Aholii asosii respublika ozariho buda, inchunin rusho, arma- niho va namoyandagoni digar khalqho zindagi mekunand. Zichii miyonai aholi dar 1 kilometr 65,7 nafar. Aholi dar nimjazirai Obshoron, dar mintaqai havolii Boku, inchunin dar hamvori va mavzehoi nazdikuhi beshtar joy giriftaast. Shahrhoi kalon: Boku, Kirovobod. Dar davrai Hokimiyati So­veti shahrhoi Sumgait, Mingechaur, Bayramali, Dashkesan va digar bunyod shudand.

            Ocherki tarikhi. Odam dar territoriyai hozirai Ozarboyjon dar davrai paleolit maskun shuda bud. Dar asri 9 to milod dar in jo avvalii davlati Mana tash­kil shud. Taqriban dar solhoi 70-umi asri 7 to milod Mana ba hayati davlati Mod dokhil shud. Dar miyonai asri 6 to milod khokimiyat dar Mod ba dasti sulolai qadimii Hakhomanishiyon gu­zasht. Okhiri a.sri 4 to milod lashkari Iskan- dari Makduni davlai Hakhomanishiyonro torumor kard va dar territoriyai Ozarboyjon hozira davlati Atropatena tashkil shud. Dar ibtidoi milod dar in jo davlati Albaniya (nigared Albaniyai Kavkaz) vujud dosht. Dar miyonai asri 3 qismi Ozarboyjonro Sosoniyon zabt karda davlati puriqtidori Eronro tash­kil namudand.

Asrhoi 3—5 dar Ozarboyjon munosibathoi feodali asosan purra tashakkul yoft. Ibtidoi asri 8  ba istiloi arab duchor shuda dini islom niz dar Ozarboyjon  az hamin davra pahn shudan shrift. Dar miyonai asri 11 ba Ozarboyjon  qabilahoi turk (oguzho va digar), ki ba onho sulolai Saljuqiyon sarvar bud, hujum kardand. Dar in davra zaboni ozari va dar asosi on khalqi ozar tashakkul meyobad.

Dar asri 13 dar sarzamini az tarafi mugulho zabt shudai Ozarboyjon va mamlakathoi hamsoya davlati Halokuiyon tashkil shud. Okhiri asri 14 Temur ba Ozarboyjon hujum kard. Okhiri asri 14 — ibtidoi asri 15 davlati Shervonshohiyon ba avji tapaqqi rasid; asri 15 davlathoi nav ~ Qaroquyunlu va Oqkuyunlu barpo shudand. Aloqai tijoratiyu iqtisodi va diplomati bo davlati Rusiya  mustahkamtar shud. Barobari dar ibtidoi asri 16 tashkil shudani davlati Safaviyon hayoti khojagi va madanii mamlakat khele pesh raft. Ammo dar ahdi Abbosi I (hukmronii 1587—1629) mansabu vazifahoi baland asosan ba dasti forsho guzasht. Poytakht az Qazvin ba daruntari Eron —ba Isfahon kuchonda shud.

Ozarboyjon ba yake az gushavu kanorhoi davlati Eron tabdil yoft. Dar ibtidoi asri 18 muborizai bayni Eronu Tukiya baroi Ozarboyjon az nav quvvat girift, ki on na tankho ba iqtisodiyot va madaniyati mamlakat tahdid mekard, balki dar in nizo halok shudani mardumi bisyor niz yaqin bud. Boz yake az sababhoi qa- fomonii Ozarboyjon parokandagii feodaliya on bud, masalan, dar nimai duyumi asri 18 dar territoriyai Ozarboyjon 15 khoni vujud dosht. Manfiathoi iqtisodi va madanii mam­lakat bo manfiathoi Rossiyai podshohi, ki baroi vase namudani nufuzi khud dar Sharq mekushid, muvofiq budand, binobar on Ozarboyjon bo Ros­siya khele nazdik shud. In prosess, ki olhoi 1803—05 bo ikhtiyoran ba Rossiya hamroh shudani khoniqoi Qarobog va Shyokin cap shuda bud, soli 1828 ba okhir rasid. Ba Rossiya hamroh shudani Ozarboyjoni Shimoli digargunii muhimme bud dar hayoti khalqi ozar. Soli 1883 az Tbilisi to Boku rohi ohan guzaronida shud, ki on baroi Ozarboyjon ahamiyati kalon dosht, Istikhroji nefti mamlakat az 26 hazor tonna soli 1872 dar soli 1901 ba 11 million tonna rasid, ki on qarib 50% nefti jahoniro tashkil medod.

Digar sohahoi sanoat niz taraqqi kard. Tarkibi ijti- moi tagyir yoft, sinfhoi nav — burjuaziya va proletariat ba vujud omadand. Okhiri solhoi 90 dar Boku avvalin krujokhoi sotsial demokrati, 1901 guruhi «Iskra» va Komitet sotsial-demokrati Boku barpo shud. Dar nimai duyumi asri 19 — ibtidoi asri 20 dar Ozarboyjon intelligensiyai demokrati (A. Sobir, G. Zardobi, I. N. Narimonov va digar) tashakkul yoft. Baroi tashakkuli millati ozar sharoiti tarikhi ba vujud omad. Muborizai revolyutsionii proletariati Boku solhoi 1903—04 va khususan dar davrai Revolyutsiyai 1905—07 vusat yoft. Solhoi 1913—14 dar Boku korpartoihoi umumi barpo shud. Ba mubo­rizai revolyutsionii mehnatkashoni Ozarboyjon va tamomi Zakavkaziya hodimoni barjastai partiyai bolshevikon M. A. Azizbekov, P. A. Japaridze, L. B. Krasin , N. N. Narimonov, G. K. Orjonikidze, S. S. Spandaryan, I. V. Stalin, I. T. Fyaoletov, S. G. Shau­myan, S. M. Efendiev va digar rohbari kardand.

Partiya hamchun targibkunandai ideyahoi internasionalizmi proletari baromad karda, millatchiyoni burjuazi: panislomistho, dashnakho, musovotchiyon (par­tiyai «Musovot» soli 1911 barpo shud), aserkho va menshevikonro fosh me­kard. Badi Revolyutsiyai Fevrali 1917 dar Boku duhokimiyati: az yak taraf, Komiteti ijroiyai tashkilothoi jamiyati — organi burjuaziya va pomeshikoni sanoati neft, organi mahallii hukumati muvaqqati, az tarafi digar Soveti deputathoi korgaron barqaror gardid.

Noyabr 1917 Soveti Boku hokimiyatro ba dasti khud girift. Dar hayoti iqtisodi va madanii Ozarboyjon asosi digargunsozihoi sotsialisti guzoshta shud. Ammo dar zeri fishori interventhoi Angliya, bad Germaniyayu Turkiya 31 iyuli 1918 Hokimiyati Soveti dar Ozarboyjon muvaqqatan shikast khurd. 26 nafar komissaroni Boku vahshiyona parronda shudand. Baroi tashkili yori ba mehnatkashoni Ozarboyjon va tamomi Zakavkaziya 16 yanvar 1919 dar nazdi Komissariata khalqii millat do­ir ba korhoi musulmononi Zakavka­ziya shubai makhsus tasis yoft. KM RKP (b) va SKKh RSFSR bo tashkiloti partiyavii Boku, ki dar pinhonkori amal mekard, aloqai zich dosht.

Begokhii 27 aprel dar Boku shurish ba amal omada hokimiyati burjua- zi-pomeshikii musovotchiyon sarnagun karda shud. Tamomi hokimiyat ba ikhtiyori Komiteti revolyutsionii Ozarboyjon guzasht, ki on Ozarboyjonro Respublikai Sovetii Sotsialisti elon kard. 19 may 1921 dar Sezdi I Sovethoi Ozarboyjon avvalin konstitusiyai RSS Ozarboyjon kabul karda shud. Az 12 marta 1922 Ozarboyjon ba federasiyai Zakavkaziya (ZSFSR), az 5 dekabr 1936 bevosita ba hayati SSSR dokhil meboshad. Dar hayati Ozarboyjon Viloyati Avtonomii Qarobogi Kuhi (1923) va RASS Nakhch. (1924) ta­sis yoftand.

14 marta 1937 konstitu­siyai navi RSS Ozarboyjon qabul karda shud. Dar davrai aznavbarqarorshavii khojagii khalq va industrikunonii sotsialisti Hukumati Soveti kushish menamud, ki surati balandi taraqqiyoti sanoat va afzoishi mablagguzoriro dar respublikahoi ittifoqi tamin namoyad. Marti 1931 neftchiyoni Boku plani panjsolai 1-ro dar zarfi 2,5 sol ijro kar­dand. Sanoati nefti Ozarboyjon 31 marti 1932 bo ordeni Lenin mukofotonida shud. Soli 1940 istehsoli neft nisbat ba 1913 qarib 3 marotiba, istehsoli maqsuloti sanoati 6 marotiba af- zud, 99% khojagihoi dehqonon kollektivonida shudand, programmai azimi korhoi irrigasionyiba anjom rasid.

Dar barobari ziyod shuda­ni istehsoli pakhta dar respublika choyparvari niz cap shud. Siyosati millii lenini, dastgirii dustonai tamomi khalqi soveti dar kori dar Ozarboyjon ba amal barovardavi revolyutsiyai  madani — mahvi besavodi, tayyor kardani kadrhoya balandikhtisosi millii sinfi korgar va intelligensiyai khalqi, barpo namudani maktabhoi oli, muassisahoi ilmi va madaniyu marifat yorii kalon rasond. In­dustrikunonii sotsialisti, kollektivonii khojagii qishloq va revolyutsiyai madani simoi mamlakati dar guzashta qafomondaro’ ba kulli tagyir dod.

Dar Ozarboyjon  jamiyati sotsialisti asosan bunyod karda shud. Dar davrai Jangi Buzurgi Vatani (1941—45) khalqi Ozarboyjon dar barobari tamomi khalqhoi Ittifoqi Soveti ba hifzi Vatani sotsialisti barkhost. Dar davrai jang ziyoda az 100 nafar jangovaroni respub­lika, ki 40 nafari onho ozari meboshand. Qahramoni Ittifoqi Soveti shudand. Dar davrai jang hazoron mehnatkashon baroi mehnati shoista sazovori ordenu medalhoi hukumati gardidand. Badi jang khalqi ozar dar qatori hamai mehnatkashoni mamlakat ba mehnati osoishta, ba sokhtmoni jamiyati sotsialisti va kommunisti kamar bast. Hajmi mahsuloti umumii sanoati Ozarboyjon soli 1968 nazar ba 1940 4,8 marotiba afzud. RSS Ozarboyjon bo se ordeni Lenin (1945, 1964, 1980), ordeni Revolyutsiyai Oktyabr (1970) va ordeni Dustii Khalqho (1972) mukofotonida shudaast.

Partiyai k o .m m u n n i s t i, komsomol, ittifoqhoi ka­saba PK Ozarboyjon qismi tarkibii KPSS meboshad. Avvalin krujokhoi revolyutsionii korgaron solhoi 90, avvalin krujokhoi marksisti soli 1898 dar Boku tashkil shu­dand. Bahori 1901 avvalin komiteti sotsial-demokrati Boku tasis yoft. Marti 1903 dar Tbilisi Sezdi 1-umi tashkilothoi sotsial-demokrati Kavkaz barguzor gardida, Ittifoqi kavkazii RSDRP-ro tashkil namud. Dar davrai avji harakati revolyutsioni tashkilothoi bolshevikii respublika dar safi peshi ommai korgaru dehqon budand.

Soli 1915 dar Boku majlisi bolshevikoni Kavkaz davat karda shud va dar on Byuroi kavkazii RSDRP intikhob gardid. Dar davrai jangi grajdani tashkiloti RKP (b) Boku, tashkilothoi kommunistii «Himmat* va «Adolat* amal mekardand. 11—12 fevral 1920 dar Boku Sezdi I gayrilegalii tashkilothoi kommunistii Ozarboyjon shuda guzasht, sezd tashkilothoi kommunistiro ba Partiyai Kommuniston (Bolshevikon) Ozarboyjon — PK Ozarboyjon-(b) muttahid namud. Badi galabai hokimiyati So­veti dar Ozarboyjon Partiyai Kommunistii respublika ba muborizai mehnatkashon dar kori az nav barqaror kardani khodagii khalq va barpo namudani iqtisodiyot va madaniyati sosialisti rohbari menamud.

Dar davrai Jangi Buzurgi Vatani kommunistoni respublika baroi safarbar namudani tamomi quvvai mehnatkashon bar ziddi dushman khizmati kalon kardand. Pas az jang va holo Partiyai Kommunistii Ozarboyjon dar safi peshi mehnatkashoni respublika buda, bahri barpo namudann bazai moddi-tekhnikii kom­munizm, sokhtmoni jamiyati kommu­nisti muboriza mebarad.

1 yanvari 1982 dar safhoi on 324456 azo va 15316 nomzad ba azogii partiya bud. Dar respublika 9220 tashkiloti ibtidoii partiyavi amal mekunad.

Ittifoqi Leninii Kom­munistii javononi O z a r b o y j o n — qismi tarkibii VLKSM meboshad. Avgusti 1917 Komiteti RSDRP (b) Boku tashkiloti korgar- javonon va donishjuyon — tahkursii komsomoli respublikaro tashkil kard. Ittifoqi internasionalii korgarjavononi Boku, ki yanvari 1918 tasis yoft, dar muboriza bahri mustahkam namudani Hokimiyati So­veti roli kalon bozid.

Mohi sentyabr 1919 dar Boku Konferensiyai 1-umi gayrilegalii zakavkazii tashkilothoi kommunistii javononi Ozarboyjon , Armaniston, Gurjiston barpo shud; konfe­rensiya tashkilothoi kommunistii javononro ba tashkiloti viloyatii zakavkaziyagii Ittifoqi Kommunis­tii javononi Umumirossiya muttahid namud. Soli 1920 Sezdi 1-umi Ittifoqi javononi Ozarboyjon dar borai tashkil shudani Ittifoqi Leninii Kommu­nistii javononi Ozarboyjon qaror qabul kard.

Dar Sezdi 5-umi komsomoli respub­lika iyuni 1924 (nomi Ittifoqi Le­ninii Kommunistii Javononro) LKSM Ozarboyjon girift. Soli 1977 LKSM res­publika bo ordeni Revolyutsiyam Ok­tyabr mukofotonida shud. 1 yanvari 1982 komsomol dar safhoi khud 1097 362 azo dosht.

I t t i f o q h o i kasabai Ozarboyjon — qismi tarkibii ittifoqhoi kasabai SSSR meboshand. Soli 1905 tasis yoftaand, hanuz dar okhiri soli 1906 tashkilothoi onho qarib ba 20 rasida, taqriban 13 haazor azoro muttahid mekardand. 30 iyuni 1920 Konferensiyai 4 ittifoqhoi kasabai Umumiboku barpo shud, ki dar on Soveti Ittifoqhoi kasabai Ozarboyjon tasis yoft. 1 yanvari 1982 ittifoqhoi kasabai respublika 2 million 271 hazor azo dosht.

            Khojagii khalq. Ozarboyjon respublikai in­dustriale buda khojagii qishloqi mutaraqqi dorad. Sanoati puriqtidori neft, istohsoli mahsuloti neft, sanoati gaz, khimiya, moshinsozii Ozarboyjon dar idqtisodiyoti SSSR mavqei muhimro ishgol mekunand. Sanoati sabuk, bofandagi, vinokashi, konserv ahamiyati umumiittifoqi dorand.

Dar khojagii qishloqi respublika pakhtakori, obchakori, bogdori, tokdori, kirmakparvari, tamokukori, choyparvari, chorvodorii charogohi beshtar vusat yoftaaid. Soli 1975 hajmi umumii mahsuloti sanoati nazar ba 1913 49 marotiba afzud. Sanoati quvvai elektrik niz sol to sol taraqqi mekunad, soli 1981 14,6 milliard kiloVatt soat quvvai elektr istehsol karda shud. Dar sanoati moshinsozi dar qatori istehsoli tajhizot baroi sanoati neft sanoati elektrotekhniki, asbobsozi mavqei muhim dorad.

Dar davrai Hokimiyati Soveti dar Boku zavodi elektromoshin, zavodi moshini Kishlin, podshipnik, dar Kirovobod va Boku zavodhoi asbobsozi va radio, dar Mingechaur va digar shahrho korkhonahoi moshinsozii elektrotekhniki va gayra sokhta shudand. Dar Boku, Stepanakyort, Nakhchuvon istehsoli masnuoti elektrotekhnikii ruzgor taraqqi kardaast. Rayonhon navi sanoati: Kirovobod — Dashkesan, Mingechaur — Evlakh va digar ba vujud omadand. Dar barobari Boku Sumgait ba yake az kalontarin markazhoi sanoati neftu khi­miya, khimiya va metallurgiyai respub­lika tabdil yoft. Kombinati neftu khimiyai Sumgait dar asosi sanoati neft va gazi mahalli kor mekunad. Dar iqtisodiyoti Ozarboyjon sanoati sabuk va khurokvori, ki shahri Kirovobod markazi asosii on meboshad, ahamiyati kaloni khojagi dorad.

Soli 1975 mahsuloti umumii khojagii qishloq nazar ba 1940 3,5 marotiba afzud. Dar ikhtiyori khojagii qishloj respublika 30,8 hazor traktor bud; khojagii qishloq 4,1 million ga zamin (47,1% tamomi territoriya) dosht. Dar natijai kori ziyodi irrigasioni zamini obi ba 1263,9 hazor gektar rasid. Soli 1982 respublika ba miqdori 1150,5 hazor tonna galla, 1015,1 hazor tonna pakh­ta, 1707,3 hazor tonna angur, 849,5 hazor tonna sabzavot, 193 khhazor tonna meva, 123,9 hazor tonna kartoshka, 26 hazor tonna choy 5,267 tonna pilla istehsol kard. Chorvodori ham yake az sohahoi asosii khojagii qishloq ba shumor meravad. Soli 1980 dar respubli­ka (ba hisobi hazor cap) 18073 gov, 5313, 4 gusfandu buz va 191,4 khuk bud. Soli 1981 respublika ba vatan 146,3 hazor tonna gusht, 835,9 hazor tonna shir, 770,7 million dona tukhm suporid.

Soli 1981 dar respublika 735 sovkhoz, 601 kolkhoz, 161 korkhonai baynikhojagi, 40 ittihodiyai istehsolii agrosanoati va khojagii qishloq vujud dosht. S. 1981

respublika ba davlat 1150,5 hazor tonna galla suporid. Plani furushi gallaro ba davlat hamai rayonhoi res­publika ijro kardand. Pakhtakoron va tokparvaroni respublika ba muvaffaqiyathoi kalon noil gardidand. Plani muqarrarshudai kharidi hamai namudhoi mahsuloti chorvo­dori barziyod ijro gardid. Dar hamai rayonhoi Ozarboyjon tokdori va bog­dori taraqqi kardaast. Ziyoda az 70%kolkhozho bo kirmakparvari mashguland. Tuli rohi ohan 1850 kilometr, darozii rohi avtomobilgard 22 hazor kilometr (1975). Boku — bandari asosii bakhrist. Naqliyoti havoi taraqqi kardaast. Nefteprovodya Boku — Batumi, Ali-Bayramali — Boku, gazoprovodi Qarodog — Okstafa va gayra mavjudand. Az soli 1962 bayni Boku va Krasnovodsk paromi bahri kor mekunad.

            Nigahdorii tandurusti. Soli 1974 ba 1 khhazor nafar aholi 25,4 tavallud, 6,5 favt. (soli 1913 25,5 nafar) rost omad. Ozarboyjon az jihati shumorai kuhan- solon dar SSSR dar joi 1-um meistad. Soli 1975 dar respublika 748 muassisai tabobatii doroi 54,8 hazor kat bud; 16,5 hazor dukhtur, 46,5 hazor kormandi miyonai tib ba aholi khizmat merasondand. Instituti tibbi va 17 maktabi miyonai tibbii respublika baroi sohai nigahdorii tandurusti kadr tayyor mekunand. 14 institut va Instituti ‘tibbii tadqiqoti ilmi doir ba masalahoi tib tadqiqoti ilmi meguzaronand. Dar respublika kurortdoi Naftalan, Notisu va gayra mash- hurand. Soli 1974 dar Ozarboyjon 54 sanatoriya, 10 khonai istirohati, 361 lageri pioneri bud.

Soli 1975 dar muassisahoi tomaktabi 127 hazor kudak tarbiya meyoft. So­li tahsili 1975/76 dar 4618 maktabi malumoti umumii gunogun 1656 hazor talaba, dar 125 maktabi kasbhoi tekhniki 63,3 hazor talaba, dar 78 maktabi miyonai makhsus 72,3 hazor ta­laba va dar 17 maktabi oli 99,0 hazor student mekhond. Maktabhoi odii kalontarin: Universiteti Ozarboychon, Instituti neftu khimiya, Instituti tibbii Ozar­boyhon, Konservatoriya.  Soli 1975 dar Ozarboyjon 3479 kitobkhonai ommavi, 2806 klub, 41 muzey bud.

Dar Ozarboyjon avvalin donishhoi ilmi khele barvaqt tashakkul yoftaand. Soli 1259 munajjim va matematiki fors- tojik Nasiruddini Tusi dar Ozarboyjon rasadkhonai Marogaro barpo kard. In rasadkhona ba akademiya shabohat doshta berun az hududi Ozarboyjon shuhrat paydo karda bud. Az asarhoi Na­siruddini Tusi jadvali astrono­mii «Zichi elkhoni», ki az jadvali Tikho Brage 300 sol pesh ast, maqomi makhsuse dorad.

Dar asri 14 dar Tabrez «Dorushshifo» ba vujud omad, ki on az markazi ilm va maktabi oli iborat bud. Dar asri 8 ba vositai tarjumahoi arabi mardumi Ozarboyjon bo falsafai Yunon shinos shudand. Dar Ozarboyjon Bahmanyor (asri 11), ki namoyandai barjastai mashshoiya bud, kushish mekard falsafai Arastu va dini islomro yakjoya omuzad. Namoyandai barjastai tasavvuf Mahmudi Shabustari (okhiri asri 13— avvali v. 14) bud.

Ejodiyoti shoir va mutafakkiri buzurg Nizomii Ganjavi (asri 12) yake az komyobihoi olii tafakkuri asrhoi miyonai Ozarboyjon meboshad. Goyahoi ijtimoii peshqadam dar risolahoi gunogunn Nasiruddini Tusi, dar asarhoi muarrikh Fazlulkhoh Rashiddin (asrhoi 13—14), shoironi mutafakkir Nasimi (asri 15), Fuzuli (asri 16) inikos yoftaand. Badi ba Rossiya hamroh shudani Ozarboyjon robitahoi on bo ilmu madaniyati rus va jahon boz ham inkishof yoft. «Gulistoni Iram»-i A. Boqikhonov yake az shohasarhoi tarikhin Ozarboyjoni Shimoli va Dogiston meboshad.

Mutafakkiri buzurgi asri 19 M. F. Okhundov sistemai falsafai mate­rialistii Sharqi Nazdikro khele saheh tafsir kardaast. Dar ibtidoi asri 20 oid ba tarikhi Hzarboyjon va problemahoi zamonavi asarhoi marksisti talif gardidand. Dar solhoi avvali Hokimiyati Soveti Universiteti davlatii Ozarboyjon yake az manbahoi ilmu marifat gardid.

Mohi noyabr 1923 Jamiyati tadqiqot va omuzishi Ozarboyjon tashkil karda shud, ki dar asosi on soli 1929 Instituti tadqiqoti ilmii Ozarboyjon ba vujud omadani instituti soli 1935 ba Filiali ozarboyjonii AF SSSR tabdil doda shud. Tadqiqoti ilmi asosan ba omukhtani problemahoi nefti Ozarboyjon bakhshida shud. Dar solhoi 30 dar so- hai khimiya ham tadbirhoi ziyode andeshida shudand.

Tadqiqothoi biolo­gi asosan zakhirahoi nabotot va hayvonoti respublikaro muayyan mekardand. Dar khudi hamin solho asarhoi K. Marks, F. Engels, V. I: Lenin va asarhoi hodimoni namoyoni Partiyai Kommunisti ba zaboni ozarboyjoni tarjuma shudand. Oid ba tari­khi falsafai davrai qadim va asrhoi miyonai Ozarboyjon asarhoi A. O. Makovelskiy, A. Zakuev, F. Qosimzoda va digar nashr gardidand.

Soli 1945 AF PCX Ozarboyjon tashkil shud. Kashfiyoti zakhirahoi neft va madan, gayrimadani va istehsoli masolehi sintetiki ahamiyati kalon paydo menamoyad. Ilmi khimiya, fizika, astronomiya taraqqi mekunad. Korhoi bisyorsolai olimoni Ozarboyjon oid ba omukhtani nabototi respub­lika dar asari 8-jildai «Nabototi Ozarboyjon» (1950—61) gird ovarda shudaast.

Seleksioneroni Ozarboyjon navhoi navi pakhta va digar ziroati khojagii qishloqro kashf kardand. Dar sohai falsafa korhoi ziyode burda meshavand. (Sh. Mame­dov, J. Ahmadali, 3. Oruje va digar). Solhoi 1958—63 kitobi sejildai «Tarikhi Ozarboyjon» az chop baromad. Ilmhoi iqtisodiyot va khuquqshinosi bomuvaffaqiyat pesh rafta istodaand (A. S. Sumbatzoda,J. A. Karimov va digar) Muassisai ilmii asosii respublika — Akademiyai Fanhoi RSS Ozarboyjon Soli 1982 dar Akademiyai Fanhoi 51 akade­mik va 69 azo-korr.espondent kor mekard.

            Matbuot, radio, tslevizion. S.oli 1975 dar Ozarboyjon 117 gazeta va 123 jur­nal, az on jumla 71 nashriya ba zaboni ozarboyjoni az chop mebaromad. Agentii telegrafii Ozarboyjon soli 1920 va soli 1972 Ozarinform tasis yoftand. Pa­latai kitobhoi respublikavi az soli 1925 kor mekunad. Radioi Ozarboyjon soli 1926 ba kor daromad. Soli 1956 markazi televizioni Boku ba kor shuru kard. Barnomahoi radio va televizion ba zabonhoi ozarboyjoni, rusi va armani burda meshavand.

            Adabiyot. Asarhoi bakhshida ba mehnat, marosimu maishat, asarhoi afsonaviyu ishqi va tarikhiyu qahramonii epiki (dostonho va digar namudi ejodiyoti dahonii khalq) dar tuli qarnho tashakkul yoftaand. Dar folklor dostonhoi «Gurugli», «Oshiq-Garib», «Shoh Ismoil» va gayra mavqei muhim dorand. Az asrhoi 16— 17 cap karda sherhoi hofizoni khalqi navishta girifta meshudand. Dar asrhoi 11—12 dar adabiyoti Ozarboyjon dar barobari zaboni arabiyu forsi za­boni ozarboyjoni maqomi khudro paydo kard (dostoni «Kitobi Dada Kurqud»). Ejodiyoti Nizomii Ganjavi, ki agarchi shoir osori khudro ba forsi navishtaast, nuqtai olitarini nazmi Ozarboyjoni asri 12 meboshad.

Imomuddini Nasimi avvalin devoni kaloni khudro ba zaboni ozarboyjoni tartib dod. Tashakkuli purrai za­boni adabii oaarboyjonii asri 16 ba nomi Muhammad Fuzuli aloqamand ast.  Mirzo Fathali Okhundov dar bayni navisandagoni asri 19 joi namoyonro ishgol menamoyad. Soli 1906 jurnali hajvii «Mullo Nasriddin», ki shoiri navovar A. Sobirov tashkil karda bud, chop meshud. Samad Vurgun, Sulaymon Rustam, Ra­sul Rizo, M. Ibrohimov saromadoni adabiyoti sovetii Ozarboyjon meboshand, ki asarhoyashon ba tojiki tarjuma shudaand.

Soli 1932 Ittifoqi navisandagoni Ozarboyjon tashkil shud. Romanhoi «Obshoron» (1947—50) va «Kharsanghoi siyoh»-i (1959) M. Huseyn az kornamoihoi neftchiyoni Boku naql menamoyand. Romanhoi «Sachli>-i (1940—48) S. Ragimov, «Gulshan»-i (1949) A. Va­liev va digar ba dehai soveti va ba muvaffaqiyathoi sokhtmoni sotsia­listii on bakhshida shudaand.

Mavzuhoi qahramonii khalq dar solhoi Jangi Buzurgi Vatani dar romanhoi «Dar sohilhoi dur» (1954) va gayrai I. Qosimov va G. Saidbeyli inikos yoftaand. Soli 1980 romanhoi M. S. Urdubodi «Bokui pinhonkor», A. Zuhrobbekov «Ozariston*, H. Abboszoda «General» va gayra chop shudand. Solhoi okhir nasrnavison Ashar, Mak­sud va Rustam Ibrohimbekovho va digar ba arsai adabiyot qadim nihodand. Tanqidi adabi va adabiyotshinosi inkishof meyobad. Kitobi 3- jildai «Tarikhi adabiyoti Ozarboyjon» (1957—60) nashr shud. Dar bo­rai klassikoni ozarboyjoni (Nizo- mi, Fuzuli va digar) risolaho ta­lif karda shudaand.

            Memori va sanati tasviri. YOdgorihoi sanati Ozarboyjon tarikhi qadimi dorand. Dar Kobuston naqshqoi rui kharsang yoft shudand. Dar rui khar- sangkho manzarahoi mehnat, maishat bo ehsosoti baland kandakori shu­daand. In naqshho ba hazorahoi 8— 7 to milod mansuband. Sanati asarhoi memori az masnuoti fuluzi, haykalhoi khurd, zarfhoi safolinu shishagi iborat bud. Kharobahoi shahrhoi Qabola, Chirogqala (asri 6), kompleksi mabad dar shahri Mingechaur (asri 7) mahfuz mondaand.

Istiloi arab (asri 7) va pahnshavii islom sababi paydo shudavi inshooti nav (masjid, manor, Madrasa, maqbara) gardidand. Mahdud kardani ofarinishi rasmhoi makhluqoti zinda ba inkishofi sanati naqqoshi sabab shud. Dar asrhoi 9—10 maktabhoi rassomiyu memorii Nakhjuvon, Shervonu Obshoron va sovitar Tabrez tashakkul yo^pgand. Dar a. 15 dar Boku kompleksi qasrho (qasri Shervon) va dar Tabrez Masjndi ka- bud (1465), ki bo naqshunigori zeboi khud mashhur ast, sokhta shudand.

Dar mamlakatkhoi islomi dar naqqoshii minyoturi, kalligrafiya va naqshunigori dastnavisho maktabi Tabrez joi namoyonro ishgol mekulad. Badi ba Rossiya hamroh; shudani Ozarboyjon tasiri memorii rus mushohida meshavad. Dar solhoi 20 avvalin posyolkahoi obodi korgarnishin — «Az- neft», posyolkai on nomi Mamedeyorov va digar klubu qasrhoi madaniyat sokhta shudand. Doir ba aznavsozii Boku tadbirho andeshida mesha­vand. Dar hamon davra dar Ozarboyjon memoroni nomii soveti — barodaron Vesninho, A. Shusev va badtar S.A. Dadashev, E. A. Qosimzoda va digar kor mekardand. Dar solhoi 20—30 dar sanati tasviri, asosan grafika (A. A. Azimzoda, I. G. Okhundov va digar), dar solhoi 30—40 haykaltaroshi (P. V. Sabsay, F. G. Abdurahmonov va digar) va naqqoshi (A. S. Salomzoda, S. B. Bahlulzoda va digar) inkishof yofta bud. Okhiri solhoi 50 dar inkishofi sanati sovetii Ozarboyjon dav­rai nav ogoz yoft.

Taraqqiyoti kompleksii shahrhoi nav (Sumgait, Mingechaur va digar), bunyodi mikrorayonho (Salakhani va digar), dar sokhtmon istifoda namudani loihahoi yakkhelayu usulhoi industriyavi, tartib dodani loihai aznavsoziyu vaseshavii shahrho shoyoni diqqatand. Haykaltaroshon 0. G. Eldorov, T. G. Mamedov, grafikho M. Yu. Rahmonzoda va digar, naqqoshon M. G. Abdulloev, I. S. Qosimov va digar sazovori etirofi umum gardidand.

Musiqi.  Musiqii ozarboyjoni tuli asrho hamchun sanati folklori bud. Namunahoi ohanghoi klassi­ki ba vujud ovarda shudand. Surudhoi mehnat («Anvori mehnat» va gayra, tarikhi (Gurugli), liriki («Tu ba mahbubaam monandi» va gayra), marosimi, tuyona, hajvi («Biyo-biyo») va gayra ofarida shudand. Asbobhoi musiqii ozarboyjoni: tor, soz, kamoncha, sur­nay, naqora va gayra. Dar asrhoi miyona mugomho, silsilai pesahoi soziyu ovozi, ki matni onho odatan sherhoi shoironi klassiki meboshad, ba vuchud omadand.

U. Hojibekov dar asarash «Asoshoi musiqii khalqii ozarboyjoni» nazariyai pardahoi musiqii ozariro muqarrar kard. Dar ibtidoi asri 20 ejodi U. Hodibekov ba taraqqiyoti madaniyati musiqii zamonavii Ozarboyjon zamina faroham ovard. Operai nakhustini u «Layli va Majnun» az rui dostoni «Layli va Majnun»-i Fuzuli (1908 namoish doda shudaast), ki on ba musiqii khalqi asos yoftaast, ba operahoi maqomi ibtido guzosht. Dar barobari operaho U. Hojibekov 3 mazhakai musiqi ofaridaast, ki az onho «Orshin mololon» (1913 namoish doda shudaast) mamulu mashhur gardid.

Badi dar Ozarboyjon barpo shudani Hokimiyati Soveti konservatoriya (1921), tekhnikumu maktabhoi musiqi kushoda shudand. R. M. Glier operai «Shohsanam» (1927), A. Magomaev operai «Nargis» (1935), U. Hojibekov operai «Gurugli» (1937), A. Badalbeyli nakhustin baleti ozarboyjoniro (1940) ofaridand. Saroyandagon Sh. Mamedova va Bulbul asosguzori maktabi mahorati saroyandagii millii hozirai Ozarboyjon budand. Dar solhoi Jangi Buzurgi Vatani ope­rai «Vatan»-i Q. Qaroev va J. Hojiev (1945) va digar asarho ofarida shudand. Solhoi badi jang musiqii simfoni khele vusat yoft.

Dar solhoi okhir dar barobari ustodoni nasli kalon ba monandi Q. Qaroev (baleti «Bo rohi radi gurron», 1958), F. Amirov va digar musiqichiyoni bomahorati javon A. Rizoev, M. Mirzoev, O. Zulfiqorov va digar ba arsai sanat omadand. Dar Boku Konservatoriyai ba nomi U. Hojibekov, Teatri opera va baleti ba komi M. F. Okhundov, Teatri mazhakayu musiqii ba nomi Sh. Qurbonov va Teatri surud hastand.

            Teatr. Ibtidoi sanati teatrii khalqi Ozarboyjon az raqshoi khalqii qadima, az teatri lukhtakii «Kilim-arasi» («Az pasi qolin») ogoz meyobad. Dar asrhoi miyona teatri dini-misteriyavi paydo shuda bud. Tasiri madaniyati peshqadam va madaniyati khalqi rus, ki dar ibtidoi asri 19 baro­bari ba Rossiya payvastani Ozarboyjoni Shimoli purzur shuda bud, baroi tashakkuli teatri kasbii Ozarboyjon musoidat kard. Asarhoi dramavii sardaftari adabiyoti realistii Ozarboyjon M. F. Okhundov  boisi inkishofi teatri milli gashtand. Soli 1873 dar Boku mazqakahoi Okhundov «Hoji Qaro» («Sarguzashti laim») va «Vaziri khonii Lenkoran» namoish doda shudand, ki dar onho khodimi namoyoni jamiyati G. Zardobi va shogirdoni u drama­turgoni oyanda N. F. Vazirov, A. Adigezalov va digar ishtirok doshtand.

Soli 1920 Teatri davlatii muttahida tashkil shud, ki hozir Teatri ba nomi M. Azizbekov meboshad. Teatr doimo ba ananahoi behtariii milli takya va ba asarhoi klassikii chahoni murojiat menamoyad. Dar solhoi 20 spektaklhoi «Arusi otash», «Sevil», «Dar soli 1905»-i J. Jabborli ba sahna guzoshta shu­dand. Dar solhoi 30—40 spektaklhoi «Malik» va «Siyovush»-i Huseyn Jovid, «Hayot»-i M. Ibrohimov, pesahoi «Voqif», «Farhod va Shirin» va «Khonlar»-i S. Vurgun va digar namo­ish doda shudand. Dar solhoi Jangi Buzurgi Vatani pesahoi «Vafo»-i Rasul Rizo, «Intiqom»-i 3. Khalil va digar, solhoi 50—-60 spektaklhoi «Khaliji Ilich»-i J. Majnunbekov, «Dar sohilhoi durdast»-i G. Seydbeyli va I. Qosimov, «Alanga»-i M. Khuseyn va digar ba sahna guzoshta shudand. Artiston M. Aliev, S. Ruhullo, R. Tahmosib, B. G. Shekinskaya, A. M. Sharifzoda, U. Rajab va digar dar inkishofi sanati teatrii milli sahmi arzandae guzoshtand.

            Kino. Avvalin filmi badeii kinoi ozarboyjoni «Dar olami neft va millionho» meboshad, ki soli 1916 az rui asari I. Musobekov va bo ishtiroki artisti barjasta G. Arablinskiy (rejissyor B. N. Svetlov) ba navor girifta shuda bud. Nakhustin filmi badeii sovetii ozarboyjoni — «Qissai Qizqala» (1924, re­jissyor V. V. Ballyuzek).

Solhoi 20—30 avvalin kollektivi kormandoni ejodii kinoi ozarboy- joni tashakkul yoft: J. Jabborli, A. M. Sharifzoda, A. Quliev, M. Yu. Mikhaylov, S. Mardonov. Onho chandin filmho ofaridand: «Bo nomi khudo» (1925), «Hoji Qaro» (1929), «Latif» (1930) va gayra.

Soli 1945 az rui pesai hajvii musiqii U. Hojibekov «Orshin molo­lon» (rejissyor R. Tahmosib va N. M. Leshenko) film girifta shud. Filmhoi «Vokhuri” (1956, rejissyor T. M. Tagozoda), «Dili kushodi u» (1959, rejissyor A. M. Ibrohimov), «Odam langar mepartoyad» (1968, re­jissyor A. Boboev), «Vartai zarrin» (1980, rejissyor K. Rustambekov), «Nek va bad» (1980, rejissyor N. Mamedov) va gayra ba jihathoi gunoguni hayoti hozira bakhshida shudaand.

Kharita dar sahifai 288—289.

Adabiyot:       «Sovetskiy Azerbaydjan», Moskva,

1981; Arif Moskva, Literatura azerbayd­janskogo naroda, Baku, 1958; Fizicheskaya geografiya Azerbaydjanskoy SSR, Moskva, 1959; Istoriya Azerbaydjana, tom 1—3

Baku, 1958—83; Ocherki istorii Kommu­nisticheskoy partii Azerbaydjana, Ba­ku, 1964; Razvitie nauki v Sovetskom Azerbaydjane, Sbornik statey, Baku, 1987- Is­kusstvo Azerbaydjana, tom 1—12. Baku, 1949—68.