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Respublikai Nikaragua

Nikaragua (Nicaragua), Respublikai Nikaragua (Republica do Nicaragua), davlat dar Amerikai Markazi. Dar Shimolu Sharqi bo Gonduras, dar Janub bo Kosta-Rika hamsarhad. Dar Janubu Garbi onro uqyonusi Orom, dar Shimoli bahri Karib ihota karda ast, ki yakchand jazirai havzai on ba Nikaragua dokhil meshavad. Masohatash — 148 hazor km2. Aholiash —2,6 mln nafar (1980). Poytakhtash Managua. Zaboni davlati — ispani. Dini hukmron — katoliki. Az jihati mamuri Nikaragua ba 16 depar­tament va 1 territoriya judo shudaast.

Sokhti davlati. Sardori davlat va hukumat — prezident, ki u ba muhlati 6 sol intikhob meshavad. Orga­ni qonunbaror — Kongressi milli, ki on az du palata — Senat va palatai deputatho iborat ast. Siste­mei sudi: Sudi oli, sudhoi apellyatsioni, sudhoi instansiyai yakum va sudhoi mahalli.

Tabiat. Dar mamlakat pastii allyuvialii sohili Moskit voqest, ki bari on 130 km buda, to khudi sohili bahri Karib tul mekashad; qismi shimoli va markazii on az pahnkuh iborat ast, onro daryohoi Koko, Rio- Grande, Rio Eskondido va digaron bu­rida meguzarand. Dar Garb va Janub pastkhamii tektoniki voqest, ki on chandin vulqoni amalkunanda (az on jumla Kosiguina, 846 m, El-Vekho, 1780 m, Momotombo, 1258 m) va kulhoi kaloni Managua va Nikaraguaro darbar megirad. Koni tillo, nuqra, mis hast. Iqlimash tropikii passati (dar Shimol), subekvatori (dar Garb). Harorati miyonai mohona 25—26°S, borishoti solona az 2000 mm to 6500 mm. 50% territoriyai mamlakatro besha faro giriftaast. Dar Nikaragua maymunho, tapir, pekar, murchakhur hast. Ba miqdori ziyod khoyandagon, mushhoi parron, murghoi gunogun, khazanda­gon zindagi mekunand.

Aholi. Qarib 85% aholi nikaraguagiho. Boqimonda sambo, duraga, hinduyoni muhojirand. Qismi ziyodi aholi katolik, boqimonda pro­testant. Shahrhoi kalon: Managua, Le­on, Matagalpa, Granada.

Ocherki tarikhi. Dar zamonhoi qa­dim dar territoriyai Nikaragua qabilahoi hindu mezistand. Nomi mamlakat az nomi yake az sardoroni qabilahoi atstek va toltek — Nikarao, ki az Meksika omada budand, girifta shudaast. Soli 1502 ba Nikaragua ispaniho omadand. Soli 1522 onho ba zabti Nikaragua cap karda, 1524 shahrhoi Granada va Leonro bunyod namudand; badi on ba hayati general- kapitanii Gvatemala dokhil karda shud. Aholii mahalli gulom va qismi ziyodash qir karda shud. Konkistadorhoi Ispaniya va avlodi onho — kreolho qismi ziyodi zaminro az khud kardand. Baroi dar plantatsiyaho kor kardan az Afrika gulom meovardand. Okhiri asri 19 dar Nikaragua partiyahoi liberali va konservativi tashkil shudand. Dar bayni in partiyaho baroi hokimiyat muboriza meraft. Dar natijai muboriza bahri ozodii mustamlikahoi dar Amerika budai Ispaniya 15 sentyabri 1821 Nikaragua istiqloliyat ba dast ovard.

Nikaragua soli 1822 dar hayati imperiyai Meksika, solhoi 1823—1838 dar hayati Federatsyai muzofothoi muttahidai Amerikoi Markazi dokhil bud. Az apreli 1838 respublikai mustaqil. Az soli 1850 ba iqtisodiyoti Nikaragua kapi­tali Amerika cap darovard. Soli 1855 ba Nikaragua otryadi amerikoiho bo sardorii U. Uorker zada daromad. U bo dastgirii hukumati Amerika solt 1856 khudro prezidenti Nikaragua elon kard. Mojarojui amerikoi kushish mekard, ki Amerikai Markaziro ba ShMA hamroh karda, onro ba manbai gu­lomdori tabdil dihad. Ammo armiyahoi muttahidai Gvatemala, Salva­dor va Gonduras Uorkerro az Nikaragua tang karda barovardand; bad az chande uro dar Gonduras dastgir karda parrondand. Solhoi 1857—1867 prezidenti N. T. Martines bud, ki u hamchun muborizi ziddi Uorker nom barovard. Martines poytakhtro ba shahri Managua kuchond. Solhoi 1867—1993 hukumat ba dasti konservatorho, 1893 bo sardorii X. S. Selaya ba dasti liberalho guzasht. X. S. Selaya islohoti juzi guzarond (kalisoro az davlat judo, hukumat umumii intikhobotiro jori kard), sokhtmoni rohi ohanro vusat dod. In siyosati hukuma­ti Selaya boisi norozigii ShMA gardid. Oqibat hukumat (1910) ba, dasti khunta guzasht.

Nikaragua purra tobei; «Yunayted Frut» na digar shirkathoi amerikoi gasht. Harakati khalqii Nikaragua bahri ozodii milli dar zeri tasiri Revolyutsiyai Oktyabr quvvat girift. Dar Nikaragua avvalin partiyai marksisti — Partiyai mehnat (1925) tasis yoft. Okhiri 1926 otryadi khurde bo rohbarii A. S. Sandino ba muborizai ziddi tajovuzkoroni Amerika va dastnishondahoi on barkhost. Dar safi muborizon namoyandagoni qarib hamai davlathoi Amerikai Lotini mejangidaid. Jangi muvaffaqiyatnoki partizani va dastgirii baynalkhalqi- ShMA-ro majbur kard, ki yanvari 1933 qushunhoyashonro az Nikaragua barovarand. Ammo fevrali 1934 hukumat boz ba dasti generali amrikoparast A. Samosa guzasht. Dar davrai Jangi duyumi jahoni dar Nikaragua harakati de­mokrat quvvat girift, Federatsiyai korgaron, partiyai kommunistii — Partiyai sotsialistii Nikaragua (PSN) tashkil shud. Dekabri 1944 bayni Nikaragua va SSSR munosibathoi diplomati muqarrar karda shudand, ammo namoyandagoni diplomati ba mamlakathoi yakdigar firistoda nashudand. Badi tamom shudani jang aho­lii Nikaragua ba fishori sakhti irtijoiyon duchor gardid. Dekabri 1945 PSN gayriqonuni elon karda shud (az hamon vaqt gayrilegali kor mebarad). Soli 1948 qushunhoi Nikaragua dar muboriza bar ziddi quvvahoi demokratii Kosta- Rika ishtirok kardand.

Soli 1954 Sa­mosa bo ShMA muohidai harbi basta dar tashkil namudani tabadduloti kontrrevolyutsioni dar Gvatemala ishtirok namud. Ba takibotu fishoru jazodihi nigoh nakarda muborizai khalqi Nikaragua bar ziddi diktatura davom kard. Sentyabri 1956 Samosa kushta shud, ammo ba joi u pisarash L. Samosa Debayle diktator shud. Muborizai khalqi Nikaragua bar ziddi diktaturai Samosa dar zeri tasiri galabai ziddi imperialisti (yanvari 1959) dar Kuba purzur shud. Soli 1959 dar Managua korpartoii umumi, 1960 shurishi yaroqnok cap zad. Soli 1967 bo dastgirin ShMA pisari du­yumi diktator — A. Samosa Debayle, prezident intikhob shud. PSN va digar tashkilothoi progressivi baroi barpo namudani fronti demokrati muborizaro vusat dodand. Badi zaminjunbi dar Managua (dekabri 1972) ba sababi dushvor shudani vaziyati mamlakat Soveti favquloddai milli tashkil karda shuda A. Samosa sardori in Sovet tain gardid. Qismi ziyodi aholii mamlakat bar ziddi tartiboti A. Samosa baromad mekunad.

Okhiri 1974 Ittifoqi demokratii ozodkuni tashkil karda shud, ba on partiyahoi oppozitsionii peshqadami burjuazi, Partiyai sotsialistii Ni­karagua va kalontarin tashkilothoi ittifoqi kasaba dokhil shudand, ki on az afzoishi muqobilat ba rejimi A. Samosa shahodat medod. Okhiri soli 1977 va ibtidoi 1978 in muboriza khele vusat yoft, partizanhoi Fronti ozodii millii ba nomi Sandino ba garnizonhoi gvardiyai millii Nika­ragua hujum kardand. Yanvari 1978 mehnatkashoni mamlakat korpartoii umumimilli elon kardand, ki dar natijai on 80—90%-i korkhonahoi savdo va sanoati az kor mond. Samo­sa taqibotro purzur namuda, az vaziyati dushvor rahoi yoft. Ammo muborizai khalqi Nikaragua ba muqobili rejimi mustabidai diktator Samosa toraft shiddat shrift. Ba in muboriza Fronti ozodni millii ba nomi Sandino (FOMS), ki soli 1961 barpo yofta bud, rohbari kard.

FOMS usulhoi jangi partizaniro istifoda burda, dar bayni korgaron, dehqonon va studenton korhoi atatatsioniro purquvvat namuda, dar muborizai ziddi diktaturai Samosa zimai quvvahoi vatandusti mamlakatro muttahid kard. Otryadhoi FOMS dekabri 1974 ba qarorgohi hukumat dar Ma­nagua hujum ovarda nisfi azoyoni kabineti vazironro asir giriftand. Dar okhiri avgusi 1978 tahti rohbarii FOMS shurishi khalqi ogoz yofta dar fevrali 1979 khele purzur gardid. Vatanduston 23 may 1979 ba hujumi qatii ziddi diktator barkhostand. FOMS 17 iyun dar borai barpo kar­da shudani hukumati muvaqqatii demokratii tajaddudi millii Nikaragua khabar dod. Samosa ba Mayami (ShMA) firar kard, hokimiyat ba dasti khalq guzasht. 18 iyuli 1979 Soveti davlati barpo narda shud, ki ba hayati on namoyandagoni FOMS, frontn millii vatanduston va digar tashkilothoi vatandusti dokhil shu­dand, Avvalin dekretho dar borai musodira kardani molu mulki khonadoni Samosa, parokanda kardani «gvardiyai milli» va barpo namudani «armiyai Sandino», millikunonii hamai bankhoi khususi qabul karda shudand. Dar galabai khalqi Nikaragua dastgiri va yorii khalqho va hukumathoi mamlakathoi Amerikai Lotini va mamlakatzoi lageri sotsialisti ro­li kalon bozid.

Partiyahoi siyosi va ittifoqhoi kasaba. Fronti ozodii millii ba nomi Saidino (FOMS), tasisash 1961. Korgaru dehqonon, studenton va intelligensiyai peshqadamro muttahid menayad. Partiyai sotsialistii Nikaragua (PSN), tasisash 1939. Partiyai mustaqili liberal i, tasisash 1941. P a r t i ya i  sotsia l-kh r i s t i a i i i khalsy (PSKhKh), tasisash 1976. Partiyai sotsia l-kh ristia n i, tasisash 1957. Harakati demokratii Nikaragua, tasisash 1978. Partiyai burjuazii kalon. Partiyai konservati vii Nikaragua, tasisash miyonai asri 19.

Organi koordinatsionii ittifoqhoi kasaba, tasi­sash 1980. Komitethoi mudofiai S a n d i n o.J a v o n o n i Sandi noi ba nomi 19 iyul, Assotsiatsiyai z a h oi Ni­karagua ba nomi Luiza Amanda Espinosa.

Khojagi. Nikaragua— mamlakati agrarist. Dar istehsoli mahsuloti umumii milli sahmi khojagii qishloq, (soli 1974 ba hisobi %) 27,3, sanoati istehsoli madani kuhi 0,6, korkardi mahsuloti sa­noati 20,3, savdo va khizmatrasoni 21,6 bud. Iqtisodiyotash asosan ba kapitali ShMA tobe meboshad. Sohai asosii khojagii qishloq— ziroatkori. Qismi ziyodi zamin dar dasti zamindoron va shirkathoi khoriji. Dar mam­lakat pakhta, qahva, juvornmakka, lubiyo, sholi, nayshakar, tamoku, banan parvarish mekunand. Sohai chorvodori taraqqi kardaast; asosan govu khuk parvarish karda meshavad. Darakhtoni qimatbaho dorad. Ba miqdori ziyod kharchangi bahri va mohi megirand. Sanoatash sust taraqqi kardaast. Ba miqdori kam tillo, nuqra, mis istehsol meshavad. Soli 1977 1180 mln kVt energiyai elektr istehsol karda shud. Taqriban 50%^i arzishi mahsuloti sanoati ba sahmi sanoati khurakvori rost meoyad. Dar mamlakat korkhonahoi khurdi sanoati bofandagi, poyafzol, khimiya, korkar­di metall, sement, kogaz va digar so- hahoi sanoat, zavvdidi istehsoli mahsuloti neft, kombinati gusht, chubgari hast.

Naqliyot. Tuli rohi ohan 403 km (1981) darozii rohi avtomobilgard 14,4 hazor, km. Dar Las-Mersedes aeroporti baynalkhalqi hast. Bandarhoi asosii bahri: Korinto, Puerto-Kabesas, Blufilds, San-Khuandel-Sur. Nikaragua ba khorija pakhta, shakar, qahva, gusht, kharchangi bahri, meva, chigit, tillo barovarda, ae khorija asosan masnuoti sanoati, neft, mahsuloti neft, khurokvori, moshin megirad. Sharikonn asosii savdoyash: ShMA, Yapo­niya, RFG va davlathoi Amerikai Markazi. Vohidi pul — kor­doba.

Nigahdorii tandurusti. Muvofiqi malumoti Tashkiloti umumijahkhonii nigahdorii tandurusti soli tavallud ba 1000 nafar aholi 46, favt 16,5; favti kudakon ba 1000 kudaki navzod (1969) 45,3 rost meomad. Darozii umr ba hisobi miyona 52,5 sol. Beshtar bemorihoi siroyati va paraziti, bemorihoi varaja, bemorihoi sil, quzoz, araqii shikam va paratifhoi jimoi, bemorii siroyatii bachagona pahn shudaast. Be­morii makhav niz qayd karda shudaast. Dar zarfi har 1—2 sol polio­mielit avj megirad, bemorii dilu pag, shush va gayra pahn shudaast. Avvali slhoi 70 dar mamlakat 52 bemorkhonan doroi 4,4 hazor kat (2,3 kat ba 1000 aholi) bud, ki dar onho 1,1 hazor dukhtur (1 dukhtur ba 1,9 hazor nafar aholi, 1971), 290 dukhturi dandon, qarib 2,5 hazor korkuni miyonai tib kor mekard. Fakulteti tibbii Universiteti avtonomii mil­lii Nikaragua (dar Leon) dukhtur tayyor mekunad.

Maorif. S. 1977 — 65, 70% aholii mamlakat besavod bud. Talim baroi kudakoni az 7 to 13-sola bepul va hatmist. Soli tahsili 1974/75 dar Nikaragua 2.068 maktabi ibtidoi 328.900 talaba, 7.645 muallim bud. Dar bazai maktabhoi ibtidoi maktabhoi miyonai malumoti umumii 6-sola va maktabhoi kasbomuzii 5—6-sola mavjudand. Nikaragua 2 universitet dorad: Universiteti avtonomii millii Nikaragua (ta­sisash 1812, soli tahsili 1976—1977 9500 student dosht) va Universiteti Amerikai Markazi dar Managua (tasi­sash 1961; soli tahsili 1976/77 2477 student dosht). Gayr aZ in instituti po­litekhniki, Instituti tibbi, Instituti Amerikai Markazii idorakunii korkhonaho, 3 akademiya, 4 instituti tadqiqoti ilmi, 13 kitobkhona, Kitobkhonai mil­li (tasisash 1882, dar Managua), 2 muzey: Muzei milli (dar Managua) va muzei «Tenderi» (dar Masayya) dorad,

Matbuot, radio, televizion. Soli 1973 dar Nikaragua 8 gazetai harruza mebaromad. Gazetahoi asosii Managua: «Gaseta» («La Gaceta», tasisash 1912, hukumati); «Novedades» («Novedades», tasisash 1937, organi Partiyai liberalii millatchi); «Prensa» («La Prensa», tasisash 1926, mustaqil). Dar Leon gazetahoi: «Sentroamerikano» («E1 Centroamerikano») va «Univer­sali» («E1 Universal») mobaroyad. Up­ravleniyai radio va televizioni milli hukumatist. Televizion soli 1956 tasis yoftaast, ki doroi 4 stan­siya meboshad, 2-toi on hukumati.

Adabiyot. Adabiyoti Nikaragua dar davrai muboriza bahri istiqloliyat (1810— 1826) ba zaboni ispani ru ba inkishof nihod. Shoir F. Kinones Sunsiya bo majm. khud «Sherho» (1826) dar adabiyot ba romantizm asos guzosht. Dar okhiri asri 19 dar nasr kostumbrizm (G. Gusman va digaron) mavqei asosi ishgol kard. Dar nazm R. Dario (1867—1916) ba modernizm asos guzosht. «Lojvard» (1888), «Surudhoi hayot va umed» (1905) va digar asarhoi Dario dar ruhi ziddiimperialisti talif shudaand. Ravi­yai dekadenti dar asarhoi E. Belya, S. Kalderon Ramires (1868—1940) inikos shudaand. Dar sherhoi Santyago Arguelo mavzui grajdani, ziddi imperialisti mavqei namoyon dorad. Dar romanhoi E. Robleto (tavalludash 1892) «Khun dar tropikho» (1930), sherhoi «Soldati gumnom»-i (1922) S. de la Selva (1893—1959) etirozi ommai khalq bar ziddi siyosati imperialistonai ShMA bayon shudaast.

Badi muqarrar gardidani dikta­turai khonadoni Samosa dar solhoi 30 bisyor navisandagon ba habs girif­ta (shoiron R. Loles Peres, E. Kast­ro, A. Kortes va digar) va az mamlakat ronda shudand (S. de la Selva, A. Palyays, 1886—1954 va digaron).Adiboni peshqadam — G- Aleman Bolanos (tavalludash 1895), X. Pasos, P. A. Kuadra (tavalludash 1912), X. Pasos, X. Koronel Unrecho (tavalludash 1906) va digaron muborizaro baroi ozodihoi demokrati davom medihand. Ashori bisyor navisandagonu shoiroi ba tavri mahfi va be nomi muallif nashr mesha- vad.

Memori va sanati tasviri. Ba madaniyati qadimai Nikaragua (markazash dar nohiyai kulhoi Nikaragua va Managua) tamadduni Meksika, Kolumbiya va Panama tasir rasondaast. Shahrhoi dar davrai mustamlika budani Nikaragua binohoi yakqabatai (bo rui havli) devorhoyash gafs, kuchahoi kambar kharakternok budand. Binoi kalisohoi asrhop 17—19 asosi rostkujad doshta, bo manorahoi past oro yoftaast, digar qismhoyash bo uslubi barokko (kalisoi Leon, 1747—1825) va dertar klassitsizm (namoi imorati kalisoi San-Fransisko dar Granada, 1862) ofarida shudaast. Asri 20 dar Managua binohoi zamonavi bunyod shudand. Dar in davra sanati tasviri ravnaq yoft. Az kasbu hunarhoi ananavii khalqi kandakori dar rui chub, kulolb, kashidaduzi va gayra mamul meboshad.

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Dehai SAFEDORON

SAFEDORON, dehaest dar Soveti qishloq Hakimii rayoni Komsomolobodi Respublikai Sovetii Sotsialistii Tojikiston. Territoriyai sovkhozi «Chorsada». …