Respublikai Niger

(Niger), Respublikai Niger (Ripubligue du Niger), davlatest dar Afrikai Garbi. Dar Shimol bo Aljazoir va Libiya, dar Shilol bo Respublpkai Chad, dar Janub va Janubu Garb bo Nigeriya, Dagomeya va Voltai Bolo, dar ­Garb bo Mali hamsarhad ast. Masohatash 1267 hazor km². Aholiash 5,64 mln nafar (1980). Poytakhtash —shahri Niamey (aholiash 250 hazor, 1980). Ba 7 departamenti mamuri taqsim shudaast.

Sokhti davlati. Niger— respublika. Bad az tabadduloti harbii 15 apreli 1974 konstitutsyai on bekor karda shud. Hokimiyati qonunguzor va ijroiya ba Soveti olii harbi (SOH) mansub ast. Sardori davlat va hukumat, inchunin raisi Soveti olii harbi prezident meboshad. Sistemai sudi: Sudi Oli, apellyatsioni, sudhoi instansiyai yakum va sudhoi oshtidihanda.

Tabiat. qismi ziyodi territoriyai Nigerro Sahroi Kabir tashkil medihad. Sat­hi territoriyai Niger asosan az pushtakuhhoi balandiashon to 500 m iborat. Qismi markazi — Air masohatash vaseero ishgol mekunad va az pushtakuhhoi alohidai balandiashon az 1000 to 1500 m (nuqtai balandtarini k. Bezegan —1900 m) iborat meboshad. Dar Janubu Garbi vodii daryoi Niger, dar Janubu Sharq yak qismi kuli Chad joygir ast. Tamomi territoriyai Niger dar hududi platformai Afrika voqe buda, rui onro tahshinhoi davrai paleozoy, mezo­zoy va kaynozoy faro giriftaand. Sarvathoi zerizamini: madani uran, qalagi, volfram, niobiy, ohan, mis, namaki osh. Iqlimash tro­piki, garm va khushk, dar subekvatori; boronhoi kutohmuddati mavsimi meborand (3—4 moh). Harorati mi­yonai yanvar dar Sharq az 15°, dar % to 25°, iyul 25° va 30° S. Borishoti so­lona dar Janub 250—300 mm dar Shimol va pushtakuhi Air 80—100 mm. Yago­na daryoi khushknashavanda — Niger.

Dashthoi khokashon surkhu bur va surkhchatob bisyorand. Rastanihoi biyoboni va nimbiyoboni beshtarand. Dar Janub savannahoi darakhtoni kamyobi aqoqiya, baobab, nakhli sirak meruyand. Dar Janub sher, fil, zarrofa, ohu, shagol, kaftor va khoyandagon hastand.

Aholi. Hayati etnikii aholii Niger murakkab ast. Dar Janub khausho (50%), dar Janubu Garb songaho va jermaho, barbarho, kauri, manta, dar Garb tuaregho zindagoni mekunand. Kuchmanchi va nimkuchmanchiyoni fulbe dar hamai nohiyahoi mamlakat hastand. Shumorai kami evropoiyon, asosan fransaviho niz maskunand. Zaboni asosi — Fransavi. 85%’aholi musulmon, boqimondagon payravi digar dinhoi ananavii mahallland. Aholi aso­san dar Janub zindagoni mekunad. Kalontarin shahrho: Niamey, Zinder, Maradi, Takhva.

Ocherki tarikhi. Dar territoriyai Niger odamon az qadimulayyom maskunand. Bozyofthoi arkheologii davrai neo­lit ba on guvohi medihand. Dar asrhoi miyona baze qismhoi Nigeri hozira ba hayati davlathoi hamsoya do­khil bud. Viloyathoi garbi va janubu garbi ba davlati Songai taalluq doshtand, nohiyahoi sharqi nazdiki asri 9 ba hayati davlati Kanemi—Bornu, nohiyahoi Janubi dar ibtidoi asri 19 ba hayati davlati Sokoto dokhil budand.

Az solhoi 80 asri 19 Niger ba tajovuzi mustamlikadoron duchor shud. Niger soli 1904 bo mustamlikai Senegal—Nigeri Bolo, ki ba hayati Afrikai Fapbii Fransavi (AGF) dokhil bud, hamroh karda shud; soli 1922 mustamlikai Niger nohiyan mamurii alohidai AGF gardid. Istiloi Niger boisi tanazzuli khojagii qishloq, hunarmandi va savdo shud. Niger ba mamlakati yakkaziroat (arakhis) tabdil meyobad. Khalq ba muqobili fransavihoi istilogar muntazam muboriza meburd. Shurishhoi khalqhoi cherma (1905), tubu va tua­regho (1906—1914), tuaregho va digaron (1914—1917) az in bobat shahodat me­dihad. Dar bayni janghoi yakum va duyumi chahon niz khalqi Niger ba muqobili mustamlikadoron muboriza me­burd. Badi jangi duyumi jahon ba harakati millii ozodikhohi Parti­yai progressivii Niger (PPN, tasisash 1946) rohbari kard. Soli 1951 qanoti chapi PPN bo sardorii Jibo Bakari az in partiya baromada, par­tiyai nav — Ittifoqi demokratii Nigerro tashkil dod, ki on soli 1958 ba partiyai Savaba (ba zaboni khausi —Ozodi) tabdil yoft.

Niger soli 1958 dar Hayati Ittihodiyai Fransavi «avtonom ili demokrati» elon karda shud. PPN dar intikhoboti Majlisi milli galaba karda, hukumati yakpartiyavi tasis namud. In hukumat faoliyati partiyai Savabaro man kard (1959). Avji harakati millii ozodikhohi hukumati Fransiyaro majbur kard, ki ba shartnomai ba Niger dodani istiqloliyat imzo kunad. 3 avgusti 1960 Niger az Ittihodiya baromad, ammo Fransiya ba gardani on yak qator uhdadorihoro bor karda bar quvvahoi musallah munosibathoi diplomati, moliya va iqtisodiyoti mamlakat nazoratro purquvvat namud. Partiyai hukmroni Niger az mavqei millatchigii afrikoi baromad karda, dar borai jamiyati ba khud khosi afrikoi te­zis peshnihod namuda va konsepsiyai rohi mobaynii» bayni kapitalizm va sotsializmro pesh girift Niger bo mamlakathoi «Bozori umumi» va Kanada aloqa dorad. Chunin siyosat ba digargunsozihoi asosii iq­tisodi va halli masalahoi jiddii inkishofi mamlakat imnoniyat namedod. Hukumat dar sohai siyosati kho­riji az mavqei betarafi baromad karda, siyosati inkishof dodan i aloqahoi berunaro pesh girift.

Apreli 1974 tabadduloti harbi ba amal omad. Hikimiyat ba dasti Soveti olii harbi (SOH) bo sardorii pod­polkovnik S. Kunche guzasht. Kons­titutsiya bekor va faoliyati Parti­yai progressivii Niger man karda shud. SOH hazor namud, ki uhdadorihoi baynalkhalqii az in pesh qabulshudaro ijro khohad kard. Huku­mati Kunche dar cohai siyosati dokhili kushish karda istodaast, ki masalahoi bekori, muhojirati aholii dehot ba shahrho, bequrbshavii puli kogazi, baland shudani narkhu navo va hannotiro hal namoyad. Fevrali 1976 vaziyati iqtisodii mamlakat khele vanin bud. Hukumat ba digar mamlakatho va tashkilothoi baynalkhalqi murojiat namud, ki ba Niger yori rasonand. Niger majbur shud, ki aj hisobi yorii moddii Ittihodiyai iqti­sodii Evropa 10 hazor t tukhmi arakhis kharida girad. Marti 1976 baroi ta­badduloti navi davlati kushishe karda shud. Noyabri hamon sol khonandagoni litseyho isyon bardoshta, talab namudand, ki sharoiti tahsil behtar karda shavad. Ammo hukumat litseyhoro ba muhlati yak sol bast. Niger mohi fevrali bo Kampuchiya va mohi apreli bo Kuba aloqahoi diplomati barqaror namud. Munosibathoi dip­lomatii bayni Niger va SSSR soli 1972 ba roh monda shudand. Soli 1975 hardu davlat doir ba hamkorii iqtisodi va tekhniki shartnoma bast. Niger az soli 1960 azoi TDM meboshad.

Ittifoqhoi kasaba. I t t i h o d i  millii mehnatkashoni Ni­ger (tasisash 1959). Az soli 1962 on ba Federatsiyai ittifokhoi kasabai Afrika dokhil ast.

Khojagi. Niger mamlakati agrarii qafomonda va sust taraqqikardaest. Dar on asosan ziroat va chorvodori nisbatan pesh raftaast. Sohakhoi asosii khojagi ba kapitali khoriji, alalkhusus ba kapitali Fransiya, tobeand. 97% aholii qobili mehnati mamlakat dar khojagii qishloq kor mekunad. Zamindorii obshinagi, khojagihoi khurdi naturali va nimnaturali bartari dorand. Dar mamlakat arzan, choychuvori, maniok, nayshakar, sholi, batat, pakhta, tamoku, khurmo, sabzavot parvarish mekunand. Ziroati asosii eksportshavanda arakhis (95,5 hazor t, 1976) meboshad. Gummiarabik, kapok, magzi karite niz jamovari karda meshavad. Dar markaz va shimol Niger chorvodori inkishof yoftaast. Sarshumori chorvo (1978, ba hisobi mln cap): gov — 2,99, gusfandu buz —9,46, ushtur — 0.35. Bo mohigiri niz mashguland. Sarvathoi zerizamini: uran, madani qalagi, gaj, namaki osh, soda. Az ⁴/z hissai mahsuloti sanoatiro korkhonahoi sanoati khurokvori medihand. Korkhonahoi asosii on: zavodhoi muqashsharkunii ara­khis va istehsoli ravgani arakhis, zavodhoi birinj, shir, zavodi pakhta, fabrikai bofandagi, zavodhoi dabbogi va charm, zavodi sement va gayra. Hunarmandi khele tarakki kardaast. Naqliyoti avtomobili namudi asosii naqliyot meboshad. Tuli rohhoi avtomobil- gard 18 hazor km (1978). Niger rohi ohan nado­rad. Daryoi Niger kishtigard ast. Dar Niameya aeroport hast. Niger ba khorija arakhis, chorvo, konsentrati uran barovarda, az khorija gazvori pakhtagin, mahsuloti sanoati moshinsozi, mahsuloti neft, shakar megirad. Sharikoni asosii savdoyash: Fransiya, Nigeriya, RFG.

V o h i d i pul — franki afrikoi.

Tandurusti. Solhoi 1965—1970 tavallud ba har 1 hazor aholi 52,2, favti umumi 23,3 bud; favti kudakoni navzod beshtar ast: ba 1 hazor kudaki navzod 200 favt rost meoyad. Kasalihoi siroyati va parazitari bisyorand. Solhoi 1970—1971 kasalii sil, sulfakabutak, makhmalai, varaqa, khe­le pahn gardida bud. Solhoi 1969—1970 dar mamlakat 67 muassisai tabobati (doroi 2 hazor kat, 0,5 kat ba 1 hazor aholi) kor mekard. Soli 1973 dar Niger 81 dukhtur (1 dukhtur ba 52 hazor aholi) bud.

Maorif. Soli 1970 qarib 90% aholi besavod bud. Kudakon rasman az sin­ni 7—15-solagi boyad hatman tahsil namoyand. Muhlati tahsil dar mak­tabi ibtidoi 6 sol, dar maktabi miyonai purra (litsey) 7 sol, dar mak­tabi miyonai nopurra (kollej) 4 sol. Talim ba zaboni fransavi. So­li tahsili 1970/71 dar maktabhoi ibtidoi 88,6 hazor dar maktabhoi miyona 6,5 hazor talaba mekhond. Dar ba­zai kollej muallim tayyor karda meshavad. Dar Niamey universitet (tasi­sash 1973), Maktabi mamurii mil­li, Muzei milli, kitobkhonai nazdi Maktabi mamurii milli hast.

Matbuot, radio, televizion. Soli 1974 dar mamlakat gazethoi harruzai «Sahel» («te Sahel»), «Sahal hebdo» («Sahel Hebdo») va «Jurnal ofisel de la Republik dyu Nijer» («Officiel de Republigne du Niger «Journal») nashr meshudand Hamai nashriyaho tahti nazorati hukumatand. Soli 1967 idorai hukumati — Upravleniyai radioshunavoni va televizion ba kor cap kard.