RUDAKI Abuabdulloh Jafar ibni Muhammad

RUDAKI Abuabdulloh Jafar ibni Muhammad (858, Dehai Rudak, hozira Panjrudi payoni Panjakent —941, hamon jo), shoir, asosguzori adabiyoti klassikii fors-tojik. Bachagiash dar dehai khurdi nomashhuri kanori silsilai kuhhoi Zarafshon guzashtaast. Dar in jo u az khalq surudu musiqi meomukht, az manzarahoi rangini tabiat va ruzgori mardumi mehnatdusti kuhiston ilhom megirift. Ba surudu navo az kudaki shavqi behad dosht. Ovozi dilkash va hunari musiqidonii u ba yake az navozandagoni mohir, ki Baztiyor nom dosht, khele khush omad. Ba rivoyate pas az chandin sol Bakhtiyori muysafed changashro ba Rudaki bakhshidaast, to dar dehoti kuhiston gashta, dilu ruhi mardumro bo taronavu navoho shod namoid. Rudakii javon hamchun changi ovoza kard, ammo tashnai donish bud va ba dargohi ilmu marifat u ba madrasahoi Samarqand ru ovard. Pas az solhoi ziyode ovozai saroyandagivu pavozandagii. Rudaki va donishi farovoni u ba gushi sarvaroni mamlakat rasid va u ba poytakhti Somoniyon shahri Bukhoro davat shud. Rudaki dar andak muddat
shoiri buzurgi darbor gardid, ovozai u cap to sari mamlakat pahn shud, vale u zodgohash — dehai khurdakaki Rudakro, ki davroni bachagiash on jo guzashta, avvalin shodmonihoi shoiri khalq budanro on jo
his karda bud, faromush nakard, nomi onro baroi khud takhallus girift Rudaki dar dargohi Somoniyon shuhrat va sarvati farovone yoft, vale in hama khushbakhtii yaklahzaina va firebanda bud. Uro majbur kardand, ki dar sitoishi shukuhi darbor, saltanati shoh va durugu firebi darboriyon sher guyad, ki in baroi chunin yak shoiri sohibistedod fojiaibuzurge bud. Muvofiqi rivoyati solnomanavisoni darbor shoir dar okhiri umr az davlatdoron beiltifoti dida, dar holati pirivu notavoni az darbor ronda meshavad va ba rivoyate mil ba chashmonash kashida, kurash kardaand; ba rivoyati digar Rudaki guyo kuri modarazd budaast. Antropolog M. M. Gerasimov, ki az rui kosakhonai sari shoir surati zohirii uro barqaror namudaast, ba khulosa omad, ki Rudaki dar sinni kamolot kur karda shudaast. Va bo hamin khulosai tadqiqoti Sadriddin Ayniro dar borai az darbor ronda shudani Rudaki sobit kard. Sadriddin Ayni ba tadqiq
Abuabdullohi Rudaki joi qabri shoirro yofta, muammoi ruzhoi okhiri hayoti shoir va vafoti uro ravshan sokht va baroi behtar fahmidani ejodiyoti u zamina ba vujud ovard. Vale u ba kuri modarzod budani Rudaki mutaqid bud. Oid ba zindagii purfojiai Rudaki dar okhiri umrash dar baze porchahoi sherii kasbiholi (sher dar borai se pirohani Yusuf) va qasidai «Shikoyat az piri» ishoraho shudaand:
Shud on zamona, ki sherash hama jahon bishkuft,
Shud on zamona, ki u shoiri Khuroson bud.
Kunun zamona digar gashtu man digar gashtam,
Aso biyor, ki vaqti asovu anbon bud.
Sababi az darbor ronda shudani Rudaki malum nest. Ehtimol, yake az sababhoi in munosibati khayrkhohonai u ba yake az qiyomhoi khalqi zeri livoi qarmatiya boshad, ki dar Bukhoro ruy doda bud. Rudaki az zamonadoron beiltifoti dida boshad ham, hamdiyoronash izzatu ehtiromi uro ba jo meovardand va shoir nihoyat dar bayni onho az dunyo darguzasht.
Az merosi buzurgu garonbahoi badeii Rudaki imruz tanho abyoti parokanda boqi mondaast. Vale az hamin ashori parokanda ham buzurgii shoir ba khubi ehsos meshavad. Shoyad az parokandagi va notamomii abyot mustahkamii kompozitsiya, shavqatangezii syujet va durakhshi badeii sheri u barjasta namoyon naboshad. Ammo gohho yak misra ham buzurgii shoirro ba nazari mo jilvagar mesozad. Mo Rudakiro az ruhi insonparvaronai sheri u, az obrazhoi notakroru jovidoni va gardishhovu khulosahoi ajoibi faylasufonaash meshinosem. Hamai sheru qitaho va abyoti parokandai Rudakiro az rui mavzui asosiashon ba se guruh taqsim kardan mumkin ast: 1) porchahoi ashori oshiqona, ki mahsuli davrai javonii shoir, natijai muhabbati buzurgu fojiaanjomi u ba kanizake va yo hissiyoti suzonu ishqvarzihoi nihonii u budaand. Dar in qabil sherho tasviri manzarahoi tabiat, bazmu sharobu maygusori niz jo dorand; 2) porchahoi ashori panduakhloqi va masnavie ki aslan dar mavzui akhloq ejod shudaand. Nomi du masnavi va sanai talifi yake az onho malum ast: a) «Davroni Oftob» («Sindbodnoma»); b) «Kalila va Dimna» (tarjumai manzum az zaboni arabi (nazmash soli 932). Ba qavli Firdavsi («Shohloma») roviyon in dostonro, ki dar zaboni arabi budaast, nazdi Rudaki mekhondaand va u ba nazmi dari medarovardaast. «Kalila va Dimna»-ro Rudaki 12 000 bayt guftaast. Soliyoni daroz az in masnavi tanho yak bayt ma-lum bud:
Har ki n-omukht az guzashti ruzgor,
Niz n-omuzad zi hej omuzgor.
Solhoi okhir taqriban 120 bayti on ba dast omad; 3) sheru porchahoi manzumi shikoyati, yasu noumedi, bayoni hasbi hol, ki dar davrai pironsolii shoir ejod shudaand. Namunai behtarini in guruh sherho qasidai «Shikoyat az piri» (35 bayt) meboshad.
Jihati jolibi tavajjuhi nazmi Rudaki, pesh az hama on ast, ki dar sheri u, khoh satrhoi oshiqona boshand, khoh pand va khoh shikoyatu gilaguzori, ehsosi inson suruda shudaast; hama ashori shoir sarshor az andesha dar sari taqdiri inson ast. U yake az avvalin klassikoni sheri forsist, ki ba tasviri inson tavajjuh karda, shakhsiyati insonro ba adabiyot vorid kard. Agar dar adabiyoti qadimi fors-tojiq masalai tanosubi khudo va inson mavqei teosentri (avval khudo) doshta boshad, dar sheri Rudaki mo mavqei nav, mavqei antroposentriro (avval inson) mushohida mekunem. Dar sheri Rudaki khudo qarib ki nest. Rudaki insoni odilu khiradmandro surudaast. Dar sheri u, chunon ki dar in bayt mebinem, goho sitoishi buzurgii inson chun etiroze ba muqobili talqini dini islam sado dodaast:
Zamona aspu tu roiz, baroi kheshat toz!
Zamona guyu tu chavgon, baroi kheshat boz!
Zamon in jo ba manoi qismat ast va shoir talqin mekunad, ki ba amri qismat intizor nashuda, hisobi zindagiriftan lozim ast. Agar dar sheri qadimi eroni Adq tajassumi khiradi ilohiyu Ishq istisnoi on buda boshad, dar sheri R. Khiradu Ishqi inson mavqei asosi gpriftaast. Rudaki in maniro goho khele dalerona bayon kardaast:
Ezidi mo vasvasai oshiqi,
Az tu pazirad, napazirad namoz. Dar sheri Rudaki gayr az tasviri tabiat, talqini khirad, vasfi shohon, ashrofon va pahlavonon, pesh az hama, dar maddi nazar insoni oddi, fardi jamiyati qaror giriftaast. Rudaki dar madhiyahoyash ham sunnathoi mamuli tarifu tavsifi bardurugro vayron kard. U hangomi vasfi shodonu vaziron say kardaast, ki ba zamiri dilashon roh yobad va onhoro ba rohi odamgari hidoyat farmoyad. Gumanizmi Rudaki dar ashori akhloqiyu ijtimoii u boz ham ravshantar zohir gashtaast. Rudaki omuzgori buzurgi akhloq ast. Dar sheri u akhloqi pok, ohamiyat, insonnarvari, adlu khirad, ilmu donish va mardivu buzurgi talqin shudaast. Rudaki manii hayot va mohiyati ruzgori insonro dar on medonad, ki mardum umrashonro ba behudagi naguzaronand, az payi korevu hunare shavand, kasero nayozorand, neksirishtu nekkirdor boshand. Az nazari Rudaki in jahon daryoest va az on tanho bo kishtii nekiyu nekukori guzashtan mumkin ast. Buzurgtarin omuzgori inson baroi Rudaki tajribai zindagist. Har kas, ki az badu neki zindagi ibrat giriftaast, hama mushkiloti ruzgorro ba osoni bartaraf karda metavonad. Az bisyor sherhoi u bar ziddi zamon va nobarobarihoi ijtimoi sadoi etirozi sakhte shunida meshavad. Shoiri insonparvar dar mudobili sarvatu nemati davlatmandon tangdastiyu bechoragii kambagalonro dida, ba alam meguyad:
Baso kaso, ki javin non hamenayobad ser,
Baso kaso, ki barra astu farkhasha bar khon-sh.
Rudaki saroyandai ruzgoru mehnati purfayzi dehqonon budaast, az dar misra va baytash bui zamin va mehnati dehqon ehsos meshavad. Rudaki az khurdi ba rangu bui kuhiston, naravu tugyoni daryo, jilovu rangbozihoi tabiat va chah-chahi bulbulonu navoi murgoni khushkhon odat karda bud. Hamai in badtar dar sheri u aksandoz gardid. Ammo ravshantar az hama dar sheri Rudaki ruzgori dehqononi neksirishtu purgayrat, tashvishu taraddudi onho aks yoftaast. Dar bisyor sherhoi Rudaki ravishi kori dehqon tasvir gardidaast: az payi kishti bahori mavsimi daravu khirman meoyad, kori khirman bo khushnudi anjom meyobad, idi Mehrgon faro merasad, mardum ba muborakbodii hosili nav raqsu boziho mekunand, boz davrai tiramohu shudgor meshavad va gayra. Rudaki dar kuhiston qadri kor, lazzati non va talkhiyu dushvorihoi ruzgorro dida bud, faro rasidani bahori shukufon va tiramohi purfayaro dust medosht, daleri, mardonagi va dilkushodii barzgaron, chuponon va hunarmandoni diyori azizashro pos medosht. Barobari in dar sheri Rudaki muhiti shahr, zindagi va omoli ahli on — tabibon, kosibon, olimu shoiron, kotibon va digaron inikos yoftaast. Rudaki shoiri daler, ozodikhoh, zindagishinos va navovar bud. U bo yak jahon ehsosu dili purandesha ba ostoni purtaqallufi darbor rasid, ammo khudashro gum nakard. Muhiti darbor baroi Rudaki tangi mekard va u bo hunari balandash hisori in muhitro rahna kard. Rudaki zeri tasiri qonunhoi nazmi madehavi namond, balki onhoro muvofiqi salohdidu tabi shoirii khesh ba shakli nav murattab sokht. Navpardozihoi Rudaki dar mazmunu mundarija va takomuli janri qasida zohir gardidand. Vay in navi sheriro, ki aslan mazmuni madhi dosht, zebu oroi nave bakhshid va az dar jihat onro gani sokht. Namunai komili qasidai hasbiholi «Shikoyat az piri» meboshad. Az in qasida ruzgori Rudaki, yodi davrai javoni, shanu etibore, ki u dar dargohi Somonoyon dosht, inchunin khoriyu zori va aftodagihoi ayyomi pirii shoir peshi nazar meoyad. Qasida mazmuni balandi falsafi dorad. Shoiri purdida zimni tasviri vazi zindagii khud az gardishi falak, digargun shudani jahon andesha mekunad. Ruhi optimistii qasida ham khele qavist. Agar az avvalu okhiri on chand bayt ikhtisor shavad, on goh mo ba joi nolai piri taronai javoni va khurramiyu shodmonihoi zindagiro meshunavem.
Os.: Osori Rudaki, Stalinobod, 1958; Sherho, D., 1974; 1000 misrai Rudaki. 1000 strok Rudaki, D., 1984.
Ad.: A y n i S., Ustod Rudaki, Stahinobod, 1940 (bo hurufoti lotini); hamon mu a l l., Ustod Rudaki. Epokha. Jizn, tvorchestvo, M., 1959; Mirzoev A., Abuabdullo Rudaki, Stalanobod. 1958; Rudaki va zamoni u (majmuai maqolaho), Stalanobod, 1958;
I. Braginskiy.