ROMANTIZM

ROMANTIZM (az fransavi romantisme), metodi mamuli ejodi badei, ki asosi onro tasviri hasti «na chunon ki dast, balki chunon ki meboyad» (F. Shelling) tashkil medihad.
Payravoni Romantizm mutaqidand, ki has¬ti, chunon ki dast, baroi tasviri badei munosib nest, onro ba murodi khesh az nav boyad sokht. Ideali romantiki khilofi voqeiyat buda, zuhuri dilmondagiyu norozigb va nafratu etiroz batshast.

Roman¬tikho dar bunyodi olami boftai khud ba guzashtai adibu afsonavi, oyandai neku dilkhoh, ba muhiti begashu dilkashi mavjuda ru ovardaand. Onho, ki «az rui khodishi dil» (V. Jukovskiy) amal mekardand, mabdai Romantizm bar subektivizm qaror girifta, dar on khayoloti badei mavqei asosi dorad. Istilohi Romantizm hamchun ifodakunandai hodisai adabiyu badei az okhiri asri 18 dar Germaniya, az ibtidoi asri 19 dar Fransiya, Italiya, Polsha va Rossiya mamul gardid. Nakhustin nazariyadononi Romantizm adiboni nemis Fridrikh va Avgust Vilhelm Shlegelho budand. Romantizm dar adabiyot va sanati evropoii nimai yakumi asri 19 zuhuri tamom dosht. Vale tajribai boi adabiyotu sanati nafisai Sharq, az jumla adabiyoti fors- tojik shahodat medihad, ki dar asl Romantizm hamchun metodi ejodi badei nis¬bat ba zamone, ki mutakhassisoni madaniyati Garb muayyan namudaand, khele qadimist. Romantizm metodi asosii adabiyoti klassikii fors-tojik ast, ki poyai onro hanuz dar asri 10 Rudaki guzoshta bud. To imruz damchun meto¬di asosii adabiyotu sanati Sharq etirof nagardidani Romantizm sababho dorad. Az jumla in holat,. albatta, pesh az hama natijai hanuz ba tav¬ri boyadu shoyad tadqik nagardidani in masala ast. Sababi digarro az tasiri mayli evropaparasti boyad just. Ammo sababi asli dar «inersiyai tafakkuri tarikhii most, ki az evropoi budani guzashtai ilmi adabi muosir cap zadaast» (N. Kon¬rad). Durust ast, ki zamoni paydoish va tashakkuli Romantizm dar Sharq va Garb, zaminahoi ijtimoiyu adabi va jihathoi digari on az ham farq mekunand. Lenin bo on hama gunogunii rohhoi millii inkishof va farqi jiddii mavqei ijtimoii ejodkoron Romantizm vahdati estetikii muayyane dorad. Manshai ejodiyoti payravoni Romantizm nomaqbulii voqeiyati reali va kushishi ba on muqobil guzoshtani ideali romantnkist. Az in jo tavsifi tipologii Pomantizmi Sharq mohiyatan ba kharakteristikai tipologii Pomantizmi evropoi va rus monand ast. Yak sarchashmai Pomantizmi evropoi va rus budani adabiyot va sanati asrhoi miyonai Sharq niz in qaziyaro taqviyat medihad. Agar dar Evropai Garbi Romantizm bad az inqilobi burjuazi hamchun zuhuri noqanoatmandii tabaqahoi gunoguni ijtimoi ba vujud omada boshad, dar Rossiya on dar sharoiti digartare tashakkul yoftaast, garchande on ham to andozae aksi sadoi hodisahoest, ki dar mamlakathoi Evropai Garbi ba amal omadaand. Romantizm dar Rossiya capogozi shurishi musallahi nakhustin inqilobgaroni rus va dekabriston bar ziddi mutlaqiyat va krepostnoydori bud. Romantizm dar Sharq, az jumla, dar ada¬biyoti fors-tojik, dar zaminai noqanoatmandi az voqeiyati nomusoidi zamoni feodali va siyosati irtijoii zimogdoroni on paydo shudaast. Vahdati estetikii Romantizmro dar adabiyoti evropoi va adabiyoti fors-tojik mushtarak budani mavzu va goyahoi asosii onho — ishq, may, akhloq, tas¬viri tabiat, vasf, goyai shohi odil, nekivu nakukori va gayra, mamul bu¬dani nazm, makhsusan lirika, az chumla gazal va dostonhoi ishqiyu romantikona dar onho, tavajjuh ba asotir, tarikh va hayoti shakhsoni tarikhi, rivoji beandozai didaktizm, mayli favqulodda ba balogatu fasodati bayon, ba khushohangi (saj), jihati nafsonii kalom, ba bayoni ramzi va muboligaomez, obra¬zu kharakterhoi muhtasham va gayra ham tasdiq mekunad. Yak khususiyati 9 -i adabiyoti fors-tojik purquvvat budani tamoyuli realistist, ki in baze muhaqqiqonro ba ishtibod andokhtaast. Onho dar adabiyoti fors- tojik barobar vujud doshtani du metod — Romantizm va realizmro takhmin kardaand, ki az onho bo nomhoi «mayli romantiki» va «tamoyuloti realisti» yo khud «ananahoi roman¬tiki va realisti» va gayra yod ovarda, hatto davrahoi tashakkuli dar yake az onhoro niz ba tavri khud muay¬yan namudaand. Guyo, adabiyoti asri 10 yak nav tasviri realisti buda, adabiyoti asrhoi 11—12 va bad roman¬tikist. Ishtiboh az on cap zadaast, ki onho «haqiqati zindagii» ada¬biyoti realistiro bargalat bo anana va unsurhoi realisti, goho bo khudi realizm yak donistaand. Ilova ba in onho mutaqidand, ki guyo qimati in yo on adabiyoti milli pesh az hama ba mavqei (realizm, az jum¬la unsurhoi realistii on vobasta boshad. Az in ru, jahd namudaand, ki dar chi beshtar unsurhoi realistiro dar Romantizm oshkor sozand. Bo hayot aloqa doshtan tanho makhsusi meto¬di realisti nabuda, balki ba metodhoi ejodii digar, az jumla, ba Romantizm, ki tabiatan makhlut bo h
astist, niz dakhl dorad. Albatta, in tanosub dar davrahoi gunoguni inkishofi Romantizm dar ejodiyoti payravoni on va dar jinsu namud va janrhoi mukhtalifi adabi va badei yakson nabudaast. Chunonchi, khuruji daqiqati zindagi ba adabiyot bunyodi realii Romantizmro dar ejodiyoti aksari adiboni asri 10 fors-tojik va Sadii Sherozi mustahkam gardonidaast. In holat ba tabiati janrhoi nasru hajvu qita ham muvofiq meboshad. Vale masnaviyu qasida va gazalu ruboi barin navhoi sheri klas¬siki beshtar bardorhoi romantikonaro taqozo mekunand. Realizm az Romantizm bo on farq namekunad, ki bayoni haqro dar tasviri zindagi va inson talab menamoyad. Haqiqati zindagi diqqati payravoni Romantizmro niz ba tavri khud jalb kardaast. Haqiqati zindagi dar Romantizm bar khilofi realizm kharakteri umumi doshta, az juziyoti konkreti mahrum ast. Vale Romantizm hej vaqt ba jambasti amiqi voqeiyat, darki durusti jarayoni zindagi va quvvai boetimodi tasviri bade mone nashudaast. Vobasta ba sharoiti konkreti tarikhi khelhoi gunoguni Romantizm inkishof yoftaast. Mamulan Romantizmro ba navhoi Romantizmi irtijoi, Pomantizmi peshqadam va Romantizmi inqilobi judo mekunand. Meyori tabaqabandii namudhoi Romantizm on ast, ki payravonash kadom jihati zindagiro himoya menamoyand. Agar on kuhnavu irtijoist, Romantizmi irtijoi, agar navu mutaraqqist, Pomantizmi peshqadam va agar namoyongari hayoti tozavu muqaddami ijtimoist, Pomantizmi inqilobist. Masalai muqaddaroti Romantizm dar adabiyot va sanati muosir niz bisyor muhim ast. Ba hukmi qonuni malumi inkishofi adabiyotu sanat metodi ejodii nav komyobihoi metodi sobiqro dar za-minai navi goyaviyu estetiki boy megardonad. Ba ham mutobiqat namudani metodu maylonhoi gunoguni adabi, makhsusan dar zamoni gardishhoi buzurgi ijtimoi (az qabila galabai sokhti sotsialisti dar Ittifoqi Soveti) ba nazar merasad. Inkishofi bosurati adabiyotu san¬at, ki dar in guna marhilahoi ta¬rikhi noguzir ast, alalkhusus dar ibtidoi tashakkuli khud muvaqqatan nufuz doshtani ananavu unsurhoi jarayonhoi mukhtalifi adabi va tajdidi onhoro inkor namekunad. Adabiyotshinoson to solhoi 30 dar ada¬biyoti rus barobari realizm tavajjuhoti romantiki va tamoyuli tanqidiro ham ba mushohida giriftaand. Dar adabiyoti tojik (solhoi 20— 30) jo doshtani unsurhoi jarayonhoi gunoguni adabi, az qabili realizmi maorifparvari va Realizmi yak hodisai tabiist. Lekin fikri onhoe, ki dar in solho mavjud budani du va yo se metodi ejodii mustaqilro takhmin kardaand, durust nest. Zero dar sharoiti voqeiyati sotsialisti baroi dar yak vaqt, muvaqqati boshad ham, jo doshtani du va yo se metodi ejodi, prinsiphoi goyaviyu estetikii ba ham zid zaminae nest. Barobari ba metodi asosii adabiyoti soveti tabdil yoftani
re¬alizmi sotsialisti dar ibtidoi solhoi 30 ananai jarayonhoi adabii Realizm va realizmi tanqidi joi khudro ba ro¬mantika, uslubhoi romantiki va tanqidi doda, hamchun qismi tarkibii realizmi sotsialisti zuhur namudaand. Romantika, alalkhusus romantikai inqilobi, az avval khosiyati muhimi adabiyot va sanati sovetist. Chunki on dar zamoni ruhbalandii umum va muhiti romantikii galabai vahoni nav bar dunyoi
kuhna ba vujud omada bud. Khudi voqeiyat bardori romantikiro taqozo mekard. Romantika ba ruhi zamon muvofiq aftod. Az in ru, tasodufy nest, ki realizmi adabiyotu sanati soveti ruhai romantikona ast. Hatto asarhoi sirf realisti niz az on benasab nestand. Masalan, «Chapaev»-i D. Furmanov, «Sement»-i F. Glad-kov, «Torumor»-i A. Fadeev, «Zamini koramshuda»-i M. Sholokhov, «Beshai rus»-i L. Leonov, «Margi sudkhur» va «YOddoshtho»-i S. Ayni, «Subhi javonii mo»-i S. Ulugzoda, «Man gunahkoram»-i J. Ikromi, «Surushi Stalingrad»-i M. Qanoat va gayra. Ro¬mantika iqtidori realistiro afzudaast. Uslubi romantiki ham, ki namoyongari mabdai romantikii rea¬lizmi sotsialistist, nisbatan ba sari khud mustaqil meboshad. Vujudi onro hanuz dar Sezdi 2-yumi navi¬sandagoni soveti (1954) S. Vurgun isbot karda bud. Uslubi romanti- ki alomati didi makhsusi ejodkor ba voqeiyat ast. Dar adabiyoti sove¬tii tojik jarayoni romantikii uslub nufuzi ziyod dorad. Ejodiyoti S. Ayni, J. Ikromi va R. Jalil namunai barjastai on meboshad.
Ad.: Sayfulloev A., Oid ba tafakkuri realisti dar adabiyoti guzashta, «Sadoi Sharq», 1973, M 8; Sh u k u r o v M., Pahluhoi tadqiqi badey, D., 1976; Problemi stanovleniya realizma v li¬teraturakh Vostoka, M., 1964; Asadull a e v S. G., Istorizm, teoriya i tipologiya sotsialisticheskogo realizma, Baku, 1969; Zalesskaya L. I., O romanticheskom techenii v sovetskoy li¬terature, M., 1973; Maymin E. A.,
O russkom romantizme, M., 1975; Istoki, formirovanie i razvitie sosialistiche¬skogo realizma v literaturakh sovetskogo Vostoka, Tashkent, 1976; Dubrovina I.-M., Romantika v khudojestvennom pro¬izvedenii, M., 1976.
A. Sattorov.