REZERFORD Ernest

REZERFORD (Ni1eg!ogs1) Ernest (30. 8. 1871, Braytuoter, Zelandiyai Nav —19. 10. 1937, Kembrij), fiziki anglis. Azoi Jamiyati podshohii London (1903). Baroi khizmathoi shoyoni ilmi rutbai lord Nelsonro girift (1931).

Soli 1894 Universiteti Kraystcherch (Zelandiyai Nav)-ro khatm kard. Rezerford solhoi studenti rohhoi istifodai mavjhoi elektromagnitiro dar telegrafiya tadqiq kard va detektori magnitii lappishhoi elektromagiyati sokht. Badi khatmi universitet dar laboratoriyai Kavendish kor kard va on jo bo rohbarii J. J. Tomson prosessi ionizatsiyai gazhoro omukht, ba tadqiqi hodisai radioaktiviyat shuru namud. Dar kafedrahoi fizikai universitethoi Monreal (1897) va Manchester (1907) kor kard. Soli 1919— 87 professori Universiteti Kembrij va direktori laboratoriyai Kavendish.

Rezerford asosan yadroi atomro tadqiq kardaast. Rezerford afkanishoti moddai radioaktivro tadqiq karda, nishon dod, ki homili qismi asosii energiya zarrahoi dokhiliatomi meboshand. Rezerford  muqarrar namud, ki afkanishoti korpuskulyari az du hissa, yane ba istiloq a-shuo va r-shuo iboratand. Rezerford nishon dod, ki S-shuo seli elektronho va a-shuo atomhoi geliy meboshand. Soli1900 mahsuli kostani radiyro kashf namud, ki on minbad emanasiya noi girift.          Rezerford  soli 1903 yakjoya bo radiokhimiki anglis F. Soddi nazariyaero pesh nihod, ki muvofiqi on hodisai radioaktiviyat chun hodisai khud az khud vayronshavii atomi modda sharh yoft. Rezerford  soli 1908 baroi in kashfiyotash Mukofoti nobeli girift. Rezerford  parokanishi a-zarrahoro (hangomi az modda guzashtanashon) omukhta, khulosa barovard, ki dar markazi atomho yadroi garonvazni musbatzaryadnok joygir ast. Soli 1911 u modeli sayyoravii atomro pesh nihod: dar markaz — yadroi musbatzaryad joygir astu dar atrofi on az rui mador elektronhoi manfizaryad harakat mekunand.

Dar asosi in, soli 1913 N. Bor nazariyai atom va spektrhoro bunyod kard. Soli 1919 Rezerford  bori avval nishon dod, ki elementhoro ba tavri suni ham vayron kardan mumkin ast. Rezerford  atomhoi nitrogenro bo a-zarrahoi favqussurat bombaboron karda did, ki onho ba atomhoi oksigen tabdil yoftaand. Dar in vaqt yadrohoi favqussurati gidrogen, ki bo taklifi Rezerford  proton nomida shudand, parida raftand. Soli 1921 mavjudiyati zarrai khunso — neytronro ham peshgui kard.

Rezerford  tashkilotchii boistedode bud; yak guruh fizikhoi maruf (az jumla P. L. Kapisa va Yu. B. Khariton) shogirdoni uyand. Azoi bisyor akademiyahoi ilmi, az jumla azoi fakh-rii Akademiyai Fanhoi Soyuz Sovetskikh Sosialisticheskikh Respublik SSSR bud.