RESPUBLIKAI SOVETII FEDERATIVII SOTSIALISTII ROSSIYa

RESPUBLIKAI  SOVETII FEDERATIVII SOTSIALISTII  ROSSIYa, R S F S R, 25 oktyabr (7 noyabr). 1917 tashkil shudaast. Dar Shimoli Garb bo Norvegiya va Finlyandiya, dar Garb bo Polsha, dar Janubi Sharq bo Khitoy, Respublikai Khalqii Muguliston  va Respublikai Khalqii Demokratii Koreya, inchunin bo respublikahoi ittifoqie, ki ba hayati Soyuz Sovetskikh Sosialisticheskikh Respublik SSSR dokhiland: dar Garb bo Respublikai Sovetii Sotsialistii Estoniya, Respublikai Sovetii Sotsialistii  Latviya, Respublikai Sovetii Sotsialistii Litva va Respublikai Sovetii Sotsialistii Belorussiya, dar Janubi  Garb bo Respublikai Sovetii Sotsialistii Ukraiia, dar Janub bo Respublikai Sovetii Sotsialistii  Gurjiston, Respublikai Sovetii Sotsialistii Ozarboyjon va Respublikai Sovetii Sotsialistii  Qazoqiston hamsarhad meboshad. Sarhadhoi bahrii on khele daroz buda, ba uqyonusi  Yakhbastai Shimoli (bahrhoi Barens, Safed, Kara, Laptevho, Sibiri Sharqi, Chukot) va uqyonusi Orom (bahrhoi Boring, Okhota, Yapon) rost meoyad. Ba gayr az in Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR-ro bahrhoi uqyonusi  Atlantik: Baltika, Siyoh va Azov, inchunin bahri Kaspiy iho- ta kardaand.

Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR az jihati masohat yake az kalontarin, az jihati aholi seraholitarin va az jihati iqtidori iqtisodi puriqtidortarin respublikahoi ittifoqii Soyuz Sovetskikh Sosialisticheskikh Respublik SSSR meboshad. Masohatash 17075,4 hazor kilometr². Aholiash 142,1 million  nafar (1984). Poytakhtash shahri Moskva. Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR 16 respublikai avtonomi (Boshqirdiston, Buryatiston, Dogiston. Kabardayu Balqar, Qalmoqiston, Kareliya, Komi, Mari, Mordva, Osetiyai Shimoli, Totoriston, Tuva, Udmurtiston, Chechenu Ingush, Chuvashiston, YOqutiston), 5 viloyati avtonomi, 6 kishvar, 49 viloyat, 10 okrugi avtonomiro dar bar megirad. Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR az jihati iqtisodi ba 10 rayoni kaloni iqtisodi judo shudaast: Shimolu  Garbi, Markazi, Volgayu Vyatka, Siyohkhoki Markazi, Povoljiya, Kavkazi Shimoli, Ural, Sibiri Garbi, Sibiri Sharqi va Sharqi Dur.

Sokhti davlati. Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR — davlati soqibistiqloli sovetii sotsialistii umumikhalqi, respublikai sovetii sotsialisti, ki ba hayati Ittifoqi Respublikai Sovetii Sotsialistii dokhil meboshad. Konstitutsiyai hozirai Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR az 12 apreli 1978 dar sessiyai 7-umi gayrinavbatii Soveti Olii Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR (davati 9-um) qabul shudaast. Organi olii qokimiyati davdati — Soveti Oli, dar bayni sessiyaho Prezidiumi Soveti Oli. Organi olii ijroiya va amrdihanda — Soveti Vaziron, ki onro Soveti Oli tasis mekunad. Respublikahoi avtonomie, ki ba hayati Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR dokhiland, organhoi olii hokimiyati khud — Sovethoi Vazironi Respublikai Avtonomii Sovetii SotsialistiRASS dorand.

Organhoi mahallii hokimiyati davlati dar kishvarho, viloyatho, viloyathoi avtonomi, okrughoi avtonomi, rayonho, shahrho, posyolkaho, qishloqho — Sovethoi deputathoi khalqi meboshand. Sistemai sudi: Sudi Olii Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR, Sudhoi Olii respublikahoi avtonomi, sudhoi kishvari, viloyati, sudhoi viloyathoi avtonomi va okrughoi avtonomi, sudhoi khalqi. Sudi Olii Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR-ro Soveti Olii Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR ba muhlati 5 sol intikhob menamoyad. Prokurori Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR, prokurorhoi respublikahoi avtonomi va viloyathoi avtonomi, prokurorhoi kishvar va viloyathoro Prokurori generalii Soyuz Sovetskikh Sosialisticheskikh Respublik SSSR ba muhlati 5 sol tain mekunad.

Tabiat. Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR qismi kaloni Evropai Sharqi va Osiyoi Shimoliro ishgol menamoyad. Tuli on dar samti meridiaii 2,5—4 hazor kilometr, dar arz 9 hazor kilometr. Nuqtai garbtarini on — dar sarhadi Polsha (19°38′ tuli sharqi), sharqtariiash—dar jazirai Ratmanovi guruhi jazirahoi Diomida dar gul. Bering (169°02′ tuli garbi). Nuqtai janubtarinash dar sarhadi Respublikai Sovetii Sotsialistii Ozarboyjon (41°10′ arzi shimoli), nuqtai shimoltarinash dar jazirahoi Zamini Frans-Iosif (81*51′ arzi shimoli, jazirai Rudolf) voqe ast.

Relef. Qarib 70% masohati Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR az hamvorihoi farokh iborat ast. Dar Garb hamvorii Evropai Sharqi voqest, ki on teppahoi nachandon balandi (to 250—400 metr) Valday, Miyonai Rus, Privoljiya va pasti- hoi Okayu Don, Naadikaspiy va gayraro dar bar megirad. Qatorkuhhoi Ural (balandiashon 800—1200 metr;  nuqtai balandtarin — kuhi Narodnaya, 1895 metr)’ sarhadi sharqii hamvori ba shumor meravand. Kame sharqtari Ural hamvorii Sibiri Garbi, dar bayni daryohoi Enisey va Lena pahnkuhi Sibiri miyona joy giriftaand; pahnkuhro vodihoi chuquri daryo burida guzashtaand. Dar Sibiri Garbi qatorkuh- hoi Oltoyu Sayan, dar Sibiri Shimoli Sharqi qatorkuhi Verkhoyansk va dar Sharqi Dur boz chandin qatorkuhho mavjudand. Nuqtahoi balandtarin: dar Oltoy kuhi Belukha (4506 metr), dar Kamchatka — Klyuchevskaya Sopka (4750 metr). Dar Kamchatka va jazirahoi Kuril vulqonhoi amalkunanda hastand. Dar janubi Qismi evropoi nishe- bii shimolii qatorkuhi Kavkazi Kalon (nuqtai az hama balandi Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR — kuhi Albrus (5642 m) tul kashidaast. Territoriyai Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR az jihati geologi qismi ziyodi platformai Evropai Sharqi, tamomi platformai Sibir, inchunin qismhoi chindori Ural, hamvorii Sibiri Garbi, Sibiri Janubi, viloyathoi Verkhoyansku Chukotka, sufakuhi Koryak, Kamchatka, jazirahoi Kuril, Primoriya va Sakhalinro dar bar megirad. Dar konhoi zerizaminii respublika  zakhirahoi asosii suzishvorii mineralii Soyuz Sovetskikh Sosialisticheskikh Respublik SSSR (ziyoda az 70% zakhirai kashfshudai umu- miittifoqii angisht, ziyoda az 80% zakhirai kashfgardidai gaz, 91% zakhirai umumii torf), zakhirahoi kaloni madani ohan, 100% zakhirai apatit, ziyoda az 60% zakhirahoi umumiittifoqii namakhoi kaliy va bisyor digar sarvathoi zerizamini hastand (1975).

Iqlim. Qismi ziyodi territoriyai respublika dar mintaqai mutadil voqest; jazirahoi uqyonusi Yakhbastai Shimoli va nohiyahoi durdasti shimolii materiki ba mintaqai arktiki va subarktiki, sohili bahri Siyohi Kavkaz ba mintaqai subtropiki mansuband. Iqlim qarib dar hama jo kontinenti. Iqlimi Sibiri Sharqi konti- nentii shadid: ampletudai harorati miyonai mohi iyul va yanvari 50—65°Selsiya. Harorati miyonai yanvar az 0—5°Selsiya dar nazdi Kavkaz to – 40, dar sharqi Respublikai Avtonomii Soveti Sotsialistii YOqutiston—50°Selsiya. Harorati miyonai iyul az 1°Selsiya (sohili shimolii Sibir) to 24—25°Selsiya (pastkhamii Nazdikaspiy). Borishoti solona dar kuhhop Kavkaz va Oltoy 1500—2000 millimetr, dar mintaqai beshazori hamvorii Evropai Sharqi 600—700 millimetr va dar janubi Sharqi Dur to 1000 millimetr. Dar tundra va dashtho borishot nisbatai kam ast (200—300 millimetr); dar nohiyahoi nimbiyoboni pastkhamii Nazdikaspiy az in kamtar (120—150 milimetr). Dar Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR qario 120 hazor daryo hast. Aksari daryoho (Dvinai Shimoli, Pechora, Ob bo Irtish, Enisey, Lena, Ivdigirka, Kolima va gayra) ba Onega, Taymir. Obanborhoi kalon niz sokhta shudaand: Ribinsk, Kuybishev, Volgograd, Bratsk va gayra. Khok  va olami nabototi respublika az  Shimol ba Janub tadrijan tagyir meyobad.  Dar zonai biyoboni arktiki nabotot khele kam buda, asosan ushna,  gulsang va gayra meruyad. Taqr. 65% territoriyai respublika dar mintaqahoi  besha voqe gardidaast. Dar taygahoi qismi shpmolii respublika darakhtoni koj, laden, sanavbar va gayra,  dar beshazori darakhtoni omekhta tus, koj, bulut, fark, inchunin darakhtoni pahnbarg meruyand. Dar territoriyai respublika chand kheli khok: siyohkhok, kho-  kistari, dorchinii tira, khoki beshadasht va gayra dida meshavad.

Olami hayvonotash nihoyat boy ast: rubohi shimoli, gavazni shimoli, shohgavazn, khirsi malla, silovsin, samur, ruboh, sanjob, khargush va gayra parrandahoyash:— murgi dashti, titav, murgi chipori jangali va gayra. Dar Sharqi Dur palangi ussuri, khirsi siyoh, guroz, dar mintaqai beshadasht va dasht mushi dashti, yurmon, kurmush, az parrandaho dugdog, shohin, har guna murgobi, qoz, lonkhurak va gayra vomekhurand.

Daryo, kul va bahrhoi respublika az mohi (zagoramohi, luchmohi, minqormohi, shurtan, tosmohy, laqqamohi, ravganmohi, ozodmohi va gayra) va hayvonoti obi (nahang, morj, tyulen, sheri obi) nihoyat boy meboshad.

Aholi. Dar territoriyai RSFSR ziyoda az 100 khalq znndagp mekunad. Rusho, ki zabonashon ba guruhi zabonhoi sla- vyanhoi sharqi dokhil meshavad, dar sarosari respublika zindagy karda, 82,6% aholii onro tappshl mekunand. Du khalqi digar — ukrainho va be- lorusho, yut ba zabonhoi slavyanhoi janubi mansuband, niz dar tamomi terr. Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR maskunand. Namoyandagoni guruhi zabonhoi finu ugor (karelho, komi, mariho, udmurtho, mordvaho, khantiyu mansiho va digar) va guruhi zabonhoi turki (chuvashho, boshqirdho, totorho, qazoqho, karochoiho, yoqutho va digar) niz iqomat dorand. Zaboni rusi baroi hamai khalqhoi Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR zaboni guftuguii baynalmilali meboshad. Az nisf ziyodi shahrhoi kalontarini mamlakat (monandi Leningrad, Gorkiy, Novosibirsk, Kuybishev, Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk, Omsk) dar Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR voqe gashtaand. Shumorai shahr va posyolkai tipi shahrhoi 1940—74 dar respublika taqriban 2 marotiba afzud. Badi Jangi Buzurgi Vatani (1941—45) shahrhoi Angarsk, Naberejnie Chelni, Bratsk, Voljsk, Salavat, Nakhodka, Novokuybishevsk bunyod shudand.

Ocherki tarikhi. Odam dar territoriyai hozirai Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR takhminan 700 hazor sol qabl az in maskan karda bud. Az in khusus iqomatgohi sokinoni Kavkazi Shimoli va Nazdikuban, ki az Zakavkaziya omadaand, shahodat medihand. Davrai qadimtarini asri sang takhminan 100 hazor sol muqaddam ba okhir rasidaast. Dar davrai paleoliti miyona (madaniyati muste) 100 —35 hazor sol qabl az in neandertaliho usuli afrukhtani otashro yod giriftand. Mahz dar hamin davra dar Volgai Poyon, Urali Miyona boshishgohho ba vujud omadand. Dar davrai okhiri paleolit (az 35 to 10 hazor sol muqaddam) inson namudi hozirai odamiro girift. Odamon az Quto guzashtand, dar yak qismi Sibir sokin shudand.

Dar davrai mezolit tiru kamon paydo shud. Takhminan dar hazorahoi 6—5 to metr davrai neolit faro rasid. Tashakkuli qabilahoe ogoz yoft, ki oyaho ba prosessi bardavom va murakkabi taraqqiyoti guruhhoi etniki ibtido guzoshta, dar oyanda asosi khalqhoi qismhoi evropoi va osiyogit territoriyai hozirai respublikaro tashkil namudand.

Dar hazorai 3 to milod dar Kavkazi Shimoli asri birinji sar shud. To okhirhoi hazorai 2 to milod oloti birinji qarib dar tamomi territoriyai hozirai Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR pahn shud. Dar Ural, Sibiri Garbi, Povoljiyai Bolo markazhoi olotsozii metalli ba vujud omadand. Dar mintaqahoi dasht va beshadasht chorvodori, dar vodii daryoho ziroatchigi taraqqi kard. Dar hazorai 1 to milod dar Janub asri ohan sar shud, prosessi taraqqiyoti iqtisodi va ijtimoi surat girift. Qabilahoi Kavkazi Shimoli, skifho va sarmatho sohibi oloti ohani shudand.

 

Dar asri 3 milod ba hamvorii Evropai Sharqi qabilahoi bodiyanishin — gotho, dar asri 4 gunnho zada daromadand. Dar Kavkazi Shimoli asrhoi 4—8 alanho muttaqid shudand, dar miyonai asri 6 dar dashthoi Evropai Sharqi bo sardorii avarho ittifoqi qabilahoi bodiyanishin tashkil shud, ki onho dar asri 7 dar muboriza bo Vizantiya shikast khurdand. Dar shimol va sharqtari bahri Azov dar asri 5 bulgorho bodiyanishini mekardand. Yak qismi onho dar okhiri asri 5 dar du sohili Dunay maskan kardand, qismi ziyodi onho ba tasarrufi davlati tavonoi Khoqonii Turk daromadand, ki in davlat asri 6 tashkil shuda, markazash dar Osiyoi Mnyona bud. Dar muboriza bo istiloi arabho on ba Khoqoni Turki Sharqi va Khoqoni Turki Garbi judo shud. Slavyanhoi qadim dar territoriyai Evropai Sharqi tashakkul yoftand. Dar sharoiti ba nom muhojirati azimi khalqho dar asri 3 milod slavyanho ba slavyanhoi sharqi, garbi va janubi taqsim shudand. Az bayni slavyanhoi sharqi dar miyonai hazorai 1 milod qabilahoi Dnepri Miyona maqomi kalon paydo kardand. Dar territoriyai Evropai Sharqi, Sibir va Sharqi Dur gulomdori az davrahoi qadim malum boshad ham, vay asosi sokhti jamiyati sinfii nav nashud. Peshrafti dehqoni, chorvodori va khojagii shikoru hunarmandi dar bayni slavyanhoi sharqi ba progressi istehsolot dar doirai sokhti jamoavi musoidat kard. Prosessi murakkab va bardavomi inkishofi munosibathoi feodali ba on ovarda rasond, ki dar okhiri asri 8 — ibtidoi asri 9 dar in jo davlati avvalini Rusi Qadim (markazash dar Kiev) barpo gardid (Nigared niz Rusi Kiev). Solhoi 988—989 dini nasroni jori gardid, ki on ba mustahkam shudani hokimiyati davlati, munosibathoi feodali va maqomi baynalkhalqii Rusi Kiev musoidat namud. Rusi Kiev tokhtutozi pachanak va qipchoqhoi bodiyanishinro zada gardonda, dar Evropai Sharqi yake az davlatqoi muqtadir shud. Dar poydorshavii Rusi Kiev roli knyaz Vladimir Svyatoslavich (takhminan solhoi 980—1015 hukmroni kardaast) va Yaroslav Mudriy (1019— 54) kalon ast. Vusati munosibathoi feodali, ki on bo muborizai tezutundi sinfi aloqamand bud, boisi paydoishi markazhoi navi feodali va mustahkamshavii mavqei feodalhoi mahalli gardid. Vladimir Vsevolodovich Monomakh (1113— 25 hukmroni kardaast) davlati Rusi Kievro ba itoati khud darovard, ammo badi vafoti knyazi buzurgi Kiev Metislav Vladimirovich (1132) davlati Rusi Qadim parokanda shud. Knyazii Vladimiru Suzdal, knyaziya Galisiyayu Volin, respublikai feodalii Novgorod va digar az Rusi Kiev judo va mustaqil shudand. Soli 1223 knyazhoi janubi Rus dar muhoribai nazdi daryoi Kalka az mugulu totorho shikast khurdand va soli 1236 yurishi mugulu totorho ba Evropai Sharqi sar shud. Istilogaron avval Bul- goriyai Volgayu Kama, soli 1237 Ryazan va digar shahrhoro gorat va nestu nobud kardand. Barobari hamin ba davlati Rus az Garb niz hamla ovardand. Soli 1240 ba territoriyai on shvedho zada daromadand, ammo dar Muuoribai Neva (1240) drujinahoi rus bo sardorii Aleksandr Nevskiy avval shvedho va soli 1242 dar Muhoribai rui yakh (kuli Chud) istilogaroni nemisro torumor kardand. Dar natijai avjgirii parokandagii feodali va taqdidi mugulho zaminhoi janub va garbi Rus ba ikhtiyori knyazii buzurgi Litva, Zakarpatiya ba ikhtiyori Vengriya va Galisiya ba ikhtiyori Polsha guzasht. Dar nimai duyumi asrhoi 13—14 parokandagii feodalii davlati Rus davom dosht. Dar nimai duyumi asri 114 knyazii Moskva ba muboriza baroi zaminhoi rus ba muqobili zulmi mugulho rohbari namuda, bo mururi zamon markazi zaminhoi muttahidai rus gardid. Dar Muborizai Kulikovo (1380) qushunhoi muttahidai rus tahti rohbarii Dmitriy Donskoy lashkari mugulhoro shikast dodand, ki pas az on roli rohbarikunandai knyazii Moskva dar prosessi mutta- hidshavii davlathoi Rus boz ham afzud. Knyazii Buzurgi Moskva az ziddiyathoi dokhilii zaminhoi feodalii rus istifoda burda, ba quv- vai tabaqahoi gunoguni ijtimoii jamiyat takiya karda, okhiri asri 15—avvali asri 16 zaminhoi rusro asosan muttahid kard. Soli 1478 Novgorod, 1485 Tver, 1510 Pskov, 1514 Smolensk va 1521 Ryazan hamroh karda shudand. Prosessi muttahidshavi bo muboriza bar ziddi khavfu khatari beruna zich aloqamand bud. Soli 1480 ba zulmu istibdodi mugulho zarbai qati zada shud, ammo vazifai muhimi mudofia az hujumi vorisoni Urdai Tilloi khonihoi Qrim, Qazov, Ashtarkhon, inchunin knyazii Buzurgi Litva va ordenhoi risarhoi nemis dar Nazdibaltika ba miyon omad.

Dar ahdi shoh Ivani.1U Vasilevich Grozniy (1533—84; az soli 1547 shoh) muborizai dokhilii siyosi khele tezutund shud. Ivan Grozniy dar avvali hukmronii khud doir ba mustahkam kardani tabaqai dvoryanho, purzur namudani davlati mutamarkaz chandin islohot guzarond. Dar in davra yake az vazifahoni muhimtarini siyosati khoriji hal gardid: khonihoi Qazon va Ashtarkhon barham doda shudand, baroi ishgol namudani zaminhoi Pasiural va Sibiri Garbi sharoit faroham omad.

Okhiri asri 15— avvali asri 16 tashakkuli khalqi rus ba okhir rasid va nomi «Rossiya» ba urfiyat daromad. Jang dar Garb baroi baromadan ba bahri Baltika (Jangi Livon 1558—83) muborizai bayni oppozitsiyai knyazhoyu boyarho va hokimiyati davlatiro az nav tezonid. Hokimiyati podshohi ba vositai sistemai terroristii oprichnina mavqei khudro mustahkam kardani shud. Ammo ommai khalq ba on zid baromad, ki in ba jangi dehqonon (ibtidoi asri 47) tabdil yoft. Shu- rishi I. I. Bolotnikov voqeai asosii on bud. Muborizai bayni boyar- ho va dvoryanho niz tezu tund shud. Feodalhoi Polsha va Shvetsiya az vaziyati murakkabi dokhili istifoda burda soli 1604 ba Rossiya zada daromadand. Qushunhoi Polsha Moskvaro ishgol kardand. Khalq tahti rohbarii K. 3. Minin va D. M. Pojarskiy ba muboriza barkhosta, soli 1612 Moskvaro az istilogaroni polyak ozod kard. Az soli 1613 dar Rossiya hukmronii sulolai Romanovho sar shud.

Az asri 17 davrai navi tarikhi Rossiya sar shud. Kosibi ba istehsoloti khurdi moli tabdil meyoft, korkhonahoi dvoryanho meafzudand. Manufakturahoi davlati ba vujud omadand, ki onho baroi mamlakat yaroq va metall istehsol mekardand, tijorat dar dokhili mamlakat ravnaq yoft. Aloqai bozorhoi khurdi mahalli mustahkamtar shuda, bozori umumirossiyagi ba vujud meomad. Poy- takhti davlat — Moskva ba kalontarin markazi aloqahoi tijorati tabdil yoft. Ammo prosessi paydoishi unsurhoi burjuazii asrhoi 17—18 dar sharoiti mustahkam gardidani tartiboti krepostnoychigi surat megirift. Istehsoloti manufakturi, ki ba mehnati krepostnoi asos meyoft, kamqudrat bud. Purquvvat shudani mavqei ayonu ashrof ba mustahkam gardidani molikiyati khususii feodalonu pomeshikon ba zamin va boz ham vase shudani munosibathoi krepostnoi ovarda rasond. Soli 1649 sistemai huquqi krepostnoi ba hukmi qonun darovarda shud.

Mustahkam shudani mavqei ayonu ashrof va sust gardidani mavqei boyarho, inkishof yoftani munosibathoi moliyu puli va purzur shudani iqtisodiyoti davlati feodali baroi guzarish ba mutlaqiyat sharoit faroham ovard. Okhiri asri 17 dar Rossiya baroi guzaronidani tagyirotho dar iqtisodiyot, sokhti davlat, madaniyat sharoit faroham rasid. In tagyirothoro hukumati shoh (1682—1725) Pyotri 1 Kabir (az soli 1721 imperator) ba amal barovard. Dar rafti Jangi Shimolii 1700—21 armiyai muntazam, floti harbi-bahri tashkil karda shud, dar nazdi Lesnaya (1708), Poltava (1709), Gangut (1714), Grengam (1720) armiyai rus galabahoi kalon ba dast ovard; ba sui bahri Baltika roh kushoda shud..*Soli 1721 mamlakat imperiyai Rossiya elon karda shud. Sanoati ba mehnati krepostnoy asosyofta khele taraqqi kard. Alalkhusus sanoati kuhkori dar Ural bosurat taraqqi mekard. Savdo inkishof yoft, balansi faoli savdoi beruna ba dast darovarda shud, tijorat mavqeashro mustahkamtar kard. Dar choryaki yakumi asri 13 apparati markazi va mahallii davlat az nav tashkil, dumai boyarho va prikazho barham doda shud. Senat va kolle- giyaho tashkil yoftand, mamlakat ba guberniyaho judo, tartibi adoi khizmati harbi va grajdani muayyan gardid. Islohoti guzaronidashuda asosan ba manfiati dvoryanho bud; onho dar tamomi sistemai idorakunii davlat mavqei mustahkam paydo kardand. Kaliso ba itoati davlat guzasht. Dar sohai madaniyat tagyirothoi kalon ba amal omadand: maktabhoi dunyavi tasis yoftand, robitai madani bo Evropai Garbi vasetar gardid, kitobchopkuni inkishof yoft. Akademiyai Fanho (1724, soli 1725 kushoda shud) tashkil karda shud. Rossiya ba taqvimi nav (az soli 1700) guzasht; ba rasmu rusumi dvoryanho digarguniho dokhil karda shud.

Az nimai duyumi asri 18 dar Rossiya inkishofi munosibathoi kapitalisti sar shud. Munosibathoi moliyu puli ravnaq yoftand. Dar ahdi Ekaterinai II (1762—96) zamindorii dvoryanho az nav avj kard. Bo maqsadi ziyod namudani fondi zamini davlat soli 1764 yak qismi zaminhoi kaliso az ikhtiyori on girifta shud. Norozigii dehqonon boisi kalontarin shurish dar Rossiya gardid.

Hukumati podshohi dar sohai siyosati beruna sayu kushishi dvoryanhoro, ki ba zaminhoi hosilkhezi J. tama doshtand va tojironro, ki dar justujui rohhoi qulai savdo ba vositai bahri Siyoh budand, ba nazar girifta, baroi bekhatarii sarhadhoi janubi muborizaro davom medod.

Dar natijai galabaho bar Turkiya khonigarii Qrim (1783) barham doda shuda, sohilt shimolii bahri Siyoh ba imperiyai Rossiya guzasht, sarhadi davlati az daryoi Dnestr muqarrar gardid. Solhoi 70—90 Ukrainai Sohili rost va tamomi Belorussiya ba Rossiya hamroh karda shudand.

Dar avvali asri 19 Aleksandri I (solhoi 1801—25— imperator) yak qator islohotho guzaronid; vazoratho, Soveti davlati va gayra tasis namud. Dar natijai jangho va faoliyati diplomati soli 1801 ba hayati imperiyai Rossiya Gurjistoni Sharqi, 1809 Finlyandiya (bo andake mukhtoriyat), 1812 yak qismi Gurjistoni Garbi va Bessarabiya hamroh karda shudand. Rossiya solhoi 1805 va 1806—07 dar janghoi koalitsionii ziddi Fransiyai napoleoni ishtirok kard. Soli 1812 qushunhoi Napoleon ba Rossiya zada daromadand (nigared maqolai Jangi Vatanii 1812), 26 avgust (7 sentyabr) 1812 qushunhoi Napoleon dar Muhoribai Borodino sakht shikast khurda, digar ba khud omada natavonistand va nihoyat maglub shudand. Muvofiqi qarori Kongressi Vena (1814—15) bo sardorii Rossiyai podshohi Ittifoqi muqaddas tashkil yoft. Shohii Polsha ba Imperiyai Rossiya guzasht.

Badi ba okhir rasidani jang khurujhoi ommai khalq bar ziddi tartiboti krepostnoy quvvat girift, dar armiya niz balvoho ruy medodand, ammo har yak khurujro hukumati podshohi  berahmona pakhsh mekard. Reaksiya ba hama sohahoi madaniyat hujum meovard. Ustavi sakhtgiri senzura jori gardid, goyahoi diniyu monarkhisti pahn meshudand. Dar chunin sharoit dar bayni harbiyoni javoni ayonu ashrofi peshqadam krujokho tashkil meshudand, ki maqsadi onho mamlakatro az zulmi mutlaqiyati krepostnoi najot dodan bud. Shurishi dekabriston 14 dekabri 1825 ba davrai dvoryanii harakati revolyutsionii ozodikhohi dar Rossiya ibtido guzosht.

Nimai yakumi asri 19 davrai krizisi sokhti feodali-krepostnoy dar tarikhi Rossiya bud. Dar choryaki duyumi asri 19 dar Rossiya tabadduloti sanoati sar shud. Dar territoriya guberniyahoi siyohkhoki Rossiyai Evropoi nohiyai markazii sanoatiyu iqtisodi ba vujud meomad. Soli 1837 az Peterburg to Sarskoe Selo avvalin rohi ohan, 1851 az Peterburg to Moskva daroztarin rohi ohan dar dunyo sokhta shud. Bo vujudi in Rossiyai krepostnoy nazar ba digar mamlakathoi Evropa az bisyor bobat qafo memond. Dar tayyor namudani zaminai goyaviyu siyosii bekor kardani huquqi krepostnoy madaniyati nimai yakumi asri 19 rus roli kalon bozid. Inchunin nobarorihoi kaloni sarizm dar siyosati beruna, ki ba on krizisi munosibathoi krepost- noi sabab shuda bud, baroi bekor shudani huquqi krepostnoi zamina tayyor kard. Makhsusan maglubiyati armiyai rus dar Jangi Qrim (1853— 56) dar nazdi hukumati Rossiya masalai bekor kardani huquqi krepostnoiro ba maddi avval guzosht.

Dar nimai duyumi asri 19 Rossiya ba Formasiyai kapitalisti dokhil shud. Dar natijai islohoti dehqonii (1861), ki onro hukumati Aleksandri II (1855—81) guzaronid, dar tamomi imperiyai Rossiya 22,5 million  dehqonon az zulmi pomeshikon ozod shudand. Bekor karda shudani huquqi krepostnoi va pslohothoi minbadai burjuazi qadame bud baroi guzashtan az mutlaqiyati feodali ba mutlaqiyati burjuazi. Baroi taraqqi kardani munosibathoi kapitalisti dar sanoat va khojagii qishloq sharoithoi musoid faroham omadand. Dar nimai duyumi asri 19 prosessi ba Rossiya hamrohshavii Qazoqiston anjom yoft va qismi ziyodi Osiyoi Miyona ba Rossiya hamroh shud. Ba “Rossiya hamroh shudani khalqhoi Osiyoi Miyona, Qazoqiston va Kavkaz ahamiyati kaloni progressivi dosht.

Az solhoi 60 dar harakati ozodikhohii Rossiya davrai burjuazi-demokrati sar shud. Ba in harakat N. G. Chernishevskiy va N. A. Dobrolyubov, ki quvvahoi revolyutsioniro dar atrofi jurnali «Sovremennik» muttahid namuda budand, rohbari mekardand. «Zamin va ozodi» kalontarin tashkiloti revolyutsionii solhoi 60 ba hisob meraft. Az solhoi 70 sar karda ba in harakat khalqchiyon hamroh shu- dand. Avvalin tashkilothoi korgarii «Ittifoqi Janubii korgaroni Rossiya» (soli 1875 dar Odessa) va «Ittifoqi Shimolii korgaroni rus» (soli 1878 dar Peterburg) tashkil shudand. Okhiri solhoi 80 va avvali solhoi 90 dar muborizai ozodikhohi sinfi korgar rohbariyatro ba dasti khud girift. Proletariati Peterburg va Moskva otryadi peshqadami on bud. Dar natijai avji harakati korgari kru- jok va guruhhoi marksisti tashkil shudand. Dar kori pahn kardani goyahoi marksizm dar Rossiya guruhi «Ozodii mehnat» (Jeneva, 1883), ki G. V. Plekhanov rohbarash bud, roli namoyon bozid.

Okhiri asri 19—avvali asri 20 Rossiya dar qatori digar davlathoi jahon ba darajai olii kapitalizm — imperializm dokhil shud. Az miyonahoi solhoi 90 asri 19 dar harakati ozodikhohii rus davra : proletari sar shud, ki on bo goyahoi sotsializmi ilmi mu- sallah bud. Soli 1895 Vladimir Ilich Lenin bo guruhi marksiston «Ittifoqi muboriza baroi ozodii sinfi korgar»-i Peterburgro tashkil kard. Sezdi 1-umi Rossiyskaya sosial-demokraticheskaya rabochaya partiya RSDRP soli 1898 tashkil yoftani partiyai sotsial-demokratii korgarii Rossiyaro rasman elon kard. Dar muboriza baroi partiyai proletarii tipi nav gazetai leninii «Iskra» roli halkunanda bozid. Sezdi 2-yumi partiya soli 1903 Programmai Rossiyskaya sosial-demokraticheskaya rabochaya partiya RSDRP-ro qabul karda, bo hamin ba partiyai bolsheviki, partiyai tipi nav ibtido guzosht. Tashkil shudani partiyai bolsheviki dar harakati korgarii Rossiya va baynalkhalqi gardishi kullie bud. Rossiya vatani leninizm, markazi jahonii tafakkuri revolyutsioni va amaliyoti revolyutsioni shud. Jangi Rusu Yapon (1904—05) faro rasidani krizisi revolyutsioniro tezonid. Maglubiyati sarizi dar jang vaz- iyatro boz ham tezu tund kard. Ba Revolyutsiyai burjuazi-demokratii 1905—07 dar Rossiya sinfi korgar bo sardorii partiyai marksisti dokhil shud. Revolyutsiyai 1905—07 dar Rossiya shikast khurda boshad ham, on tayyorii generalii Revolyutsiyai Sotsialistii Oktyabr (1917) bud. Rossiya dar asri 19 takyagohi reaksiyai Evropa bud, vale dar ibtidoi asri 20 avangardi harakati ozodikhohii jahoni gardid. Dar rafti Jangi yakumi jahoni (1914—18) Rossiyai burjuazi dar ittifoq bo burjuaziyai digar mamlakathoi Antanta maqsadi imperpalistonai khudro himoya mekard, ki on prosessi dar mamlakat faro rasidani revolyutsiyaro tezonid. Vaziyati revolyu-tsionii soli 1916 ba Revolyutsiyai burjuazi-demokratii fevrali 1917 ovarda rasond, ki dar natijai on mutlaqiyat sarnagun karda shud. Galabai Revolyutsiyai fevral digartunii qatie dar tarikhi mamlakat bud. Rossiya ba respublikai burjuazi- demokrati tabdil yoft.

Dar natijai galabai Revolyutsiyai Kabiri  Sotsialistii Oktyabr dar Rossiya hokimiyati kapitaliston va pomeshikon sarnagun shuda, diktaturai proletariat barqaror gardid, kapitalizm barham khurd, zulmi ijtimoi va milli khotima yoft. Proletariati Rossiya az sinfi mazlum va istismorshavanda ba sinfi hukmron, partiyai on — Partiyai kommuniston ba partiyai rohbarikunanda tabdil yoft. Sezdi 2-yumi umumirossiyagii Sovethoi deputathoi korgaron va soldatho 25 oktyabr (7 noyabr) dar borai ba dasti Sovetkho guzashtani tamomi hokimiyat qaror qabul karda, Komiteti Ijroiyai Markazii Umumirossiya intikhob namud va bori avval dar tarikhi davlati korgaru dehqoni Respublikai Sovetii Rossiya bo sardorii Vladimir Ilich Lenin Soveti Komissaroni Khalq (SKKh)-ro tashkil namud. Raisi Komiteti Ijroiyai Markazi Umumirossiya az noyabri 1917 to marti 1919 Ya. M. Sverdlov, az marti 1919 M. I. Kalinin bud. Ba joi apparati kuhnai davlati apparati navi davlati soveti tashkil yoft.

Sezdi 3-yumi umumirossiyagii Sovethoi deputathoi korgaron, soldatho va dehqonon, ki 10—18 (23— 31) yanvari 1918 shuda guzasht, baroi minbad mustahkam gardidani hokimiyati Soveti ahamiyati bagoyat kalon dosht. Sezd Rossiyaro Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya (RSFSR) elon kard. Tamomi hokimiyat dar markaz va dar mahalho ba dasti Sovetho guzasht.

Soveti Komissaroni Khalq SKKh-i Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR 3 marti 1918 bo Germaniya Sulhi Brest (1918)-ro basta az jangi imperialisti baromad. Hokimiyatn Soveti quvvai khudro ba barqaror kardani khojagii khalq ravona kard. Bad az galabai Revolyutsiyai Kabiri Sotsialistii Oktyabr millikunonii korkhonahoi monopolisti, naqliyot, bankhoi khususi va gayra sar shud. Muboriza bo kulakho, ki az furushi galla ba davlat sarkashi mekardand, nihoyat tezu tund shud. Soveti Komissaroni Khalq SKKh-i Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya  RSFSR majbur shud, ki dar mamlakat dik- taturai ozuqa jori namoyad: ba gallajallobon beamon jazo doda meshud. Mohi mai 1918 az korgaroni Petrograd, Moskva, Tula, Ivanovo-Voznesensk baroi hisobu kitob va az dasti kulakho kashida giriftani gallai ziyodati otryadho tashkil karda shudand. Az mohi iyun sar karda komitethoi kambagalon tasis yoftand, ki onho dar kori rivoju inkishof dodan va mustahkam namudani revolyutsiyai sotsialisti dar dehot roli kalon bozidand.

Tobistoni 1918 Jangi grajdani va intervensiyai harbii 1918—20 sar shud. Partiyai kommunisti proletariat va dehqononro ba muborizai ziddi istilogaroni ajnabi va safedgvardiyachiyon barkhezond. Armiyai Surkhi muntazam amalkunanda tashkil shud. 30 noyabri 1918 bo sardorii Lenin Soveti mudofiai korgaron va dehqonon barpo gardid. Komiteti Markazii RKP(b) va Soveti Komissaroni Khalq SKKh-i Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR bo maqsadi galaba bar dushman tadbirhoi favqulodai siyosi va iqtisodi andeshid, ki on «kommunizmi harbi» nom dosht. Soli 1919 Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR ba korgaron va dehqononi shurishkardai Ukraina, Belorussiya va Nazdibaltika baroi az sarzaminashon rondani istilogaroni Germaniya va safedgvardiya- chiyon va dar on jo barqaror namudani Hokimiyati Soveti yorii harbi, moddi va siyosi rasond. 1 yanvari 1919 Respublikai Sovetii Sotsialistii Belorusspya elon karda shud. Dar Nazdibaltika Hokimiyati Soveti barqaror gardid va Respublikai Sovetii Sotsialistii Litva, Respublikai Sovetii Sotsialistii  Latviya va Respublikai Sovetii Sotsialistii  Estoniya tashkil yoftand.

Solhoi 1919—21 khalqi rus ba khalqhoi Qazoqiston, Osiyoi Miyona va Zakavkaziya dar sarnagun kardani interventho va safedgvardiyachiyon, barqaror va mustahkam kardani Hokimiyati Soveti, tashkil namudani respublikahoi navi soveti yorii kalon rasond. Dar Osiyoi Miyona Res- publikai Khalqii Sovetii Khorazm va Respublikai Khalqii Sovetii Bukhoro, dar Zakavkaziya Respublikai Sovetii Sotsialistii Ozarboyjon, Respublikai Sovetii Sotsialistii  Armaniston, Respublikai Sovetii Sotsialistii Gurjiston tashkil yoftand. Solhoi 1919—22 chand Respublikai Avtonomii Sovetii Sotsialisti RASS va viloyathoi avtonomi barpo shudand. Partiyai kommunisti dar in davra siyosati millii leniniro ba amal tadbiq namuda, bar ziddi har guna maylon dar masalai milli — shovinizmi buzurgdavlati va millatchigii mahalli oshtinopazirona muboriza burd. Vaziyati dokhilii Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR badi jang nihoyat vaznin bud. Aksariyat korkhonaho az nabudani ashyoi khom va suzishvori bekor meistodand (ba istisnoi sanoati Sharqi Dur va Qazoqiston) soli 1921 nisbat ba soli 1913 4,6 marotiba kamtar mahsulot barovard.

Dar tayyor namudan va kor karda baromadani tadbirhoi guzashtan ba sokhtmoni osoishtai khojagi roli Sezdi 8-umi umumirossiyagii Sovetho (22—29 dekabri 1920) kalon ast. Sezd chorabinihoi hukumati respublikaro dar bobati barqaror kardani khojagii khalq maqul donista, plani leninii elektrikonii Rossiyaro ( Gosudarstvenniy plan elektrifikasii Rossii GOELRO) tasdiq namud. Sezdi 10-umi RKP(b) (marti 1921) dar borai ba siyosati navi iqisodi (NEP) guzashtan qaror qabul kard. Dar asosiplani leninii elektrikonii Rossiya (Gosudarstvenniy plan elektrifikasii Rossii GOELRO) Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSRba rayonhoi iqtisod taqsim shud. Bo maqsadi khotima dodan ba inf- lyatsiya va bardoshtani qurbi sum islohoti pul guzaronida shud. Solshoi 1922—23 sistemai yagonai sud tashkil shuda, chandin kodeksi qonunho murattab gardidand. Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR ba digar respublikahoi soveti dar kori az nav barqaror namudani iqtisodiyot yorii kalon rasond.

Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR to tashkil shudani Soyuz Sovetskikh Sosialisticheskikh Respublik SSSR dar amal vazifai hukumati umumiittifoqiro ijro mekard. 30 dekabri 1922 dar Moskva Sezdi 1-umi Sovethoi Ittifoqi Respublikhoi Sovetii Sotsialisti Soyuz Sovetskikh Sosialisticheskikh Respublik SSSR davat shud va dar on tashkil yoftani Ittifoqi Respublikhoi Sovetii Sotsialisti (Soyuz Sovetskikh Sosialisticheskikh Respublik SSSR) elon gardid. Sezdi 12-umi umumirossiyagii Sovetho 11 maya 1925 matni navi Konstitutsiyai Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR-ro, ki on dar asosi Konstitutsiyai Ittifoqi Respublikhoi Sovetii Sotsialisti Soyuz Sovetskikh Sosialisticheskikh Respublik SSSR (1924) tartib doda shuda bud, qabul kard. Masalahoi korhoi khoriji, naqliyoti rohi ohan va alo- qa, kori harbi, savdoi khoriji, sistemai pulu kredit az ikhtiyori or- ganhoi olii hukumati Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR girifta, ba zimmai Ittifoqi Respublikhoi Sovetii Sotsialisti  guzoshta shudand.

Partiyai kommunisti plani leninii sokhtmoni sotsializmro ba hayot tadbiq karda soli 1925 dar Sezdi 14- umi VKP(b) rohi industroni, 1927 dar Sezdi 15-um rohi kollektivonii khojagii qishloqro pesh girift, ki dar halli in masadaho Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR maqomi kalon dosht. Plani panjsolai 1-umi taraqqiyoti khojagii khalq va sokhtmoni ijtimoii Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR (1929 —32) dar Sezdi 14-umi umumirossiyagii Sovetho mai 1929 tasdiq gardid va on qismi muhimu tarkibii plani panjsolai umumiittifoq shud. Dar panjsolai 1-um dar respublika 1100 korkhonai kaloni sanoati sokhta shud, shumorai korgaron va khizmat- chiyon ba 16,5 million nafar rasid; solhoi 1929—30 dehqonon ba tavri ommavi ba kolkhoz dokhil shudand.

Dar davrai panjsolai 2-yum (1933 —37) dar Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR 2900 korkhonai navi sanoati ba kor daromad. Sokhti kolkhozi mustahkam shud: to 1 iyuli 1937 92,6% khojagihoi dehqoni dar kolkhozho muttahid gashtand. Sokhtmoni davlati-millii Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR davom dosht. Solhoi 1923—30 taqsimoti navi mamuri-territoriyavi jori gasht: ba joi guberniya, uezd va volostho viloyat, kishvar va rayonho tashkil karda shudand. Avvali soli 1931 dar Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR 14 kishvar va viloyat, 11 respublikai avtonomi, 14 viloyatt avtonomi, 2085 rayon bud. Viloyati Avtonomii Mordva (1930), Viloyati Avtonomii Khakas (1930) va dar Shimol 8 okrugi milli barpo gardid. 20 marti 1932 Viloyati Avtonomii Qaroqalpoqiston, 20 dekabri 1934 Viloyati Avtonomii Mordva va 28 dekabr 1934 Viloyati Avtonomii Udmurtiston ba respublikahoi avtonomi tabdil doda shudand. 7 mai 1934 Viloyati Avtonomii Yahudiyon, 5 dekabri 1936 Respublikai Avtonomii Sovetii Sotsialistii  Komi, Respublikai Avtonomii Sovetii Sotsialistii  Mari, Respublikai Avtonomii Sovetii Sotsialistii Osetiyai Shimoli, Respublikai Avtonomii Sovetii Sotsialistii  Kabardin Balqar va Respublikai Avtonomii Sovetii Sotsialistii Chechen Ingush tashkil shudand.

Sezdi 17-umi favqulodai umumirossiyagii Sovetho 21 yanvari 1937 Konstitutsiyai navi Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR-ro, ki on galabai sotsializmro dar mamlakat inikos menamud, tasdiq kard. Dar natijai ijroi suporishhoi panjsolahoi 1,2 va qisman 3-yum (az soli 1938) Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR soli 1940 dar taraqqiyoti khojagii khalq ba komyobihoi buzurg noil gasht. Istehsoli solonai mahsuloti sanoati ba hisobi miyona solhoi 1930—40 16,5% afzud.

Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR dar davrai Jangi Buzurgi Vatani (1941—45). 22 iyuni 1941 Jangi Buzurgi Vatanii Ittifoqi Soveti (1941—45) bo Germaniyai fa- shisti sar shud. Dushman to tiramohi 1941 Leningradro muhosira karda, ba Moskva va Rostovi Don nazdik shud. Dar sarzamini Smolen- shina, Podmoskoviya, dar nazdikii Leningrad, Sevastopol, Tula muho- ribahoi shadid ba vuqu omadand. Dar muhoribai nazdi Moskva (1941— 42) dushman bori avval dar rafti Jangi duyumi jahoni (1939—45) sakht shikast khurd. Dar territoriyai az tarafi dushman zabtshuda harakati azimi partizani sar shud. Tiramohi 1942 dushman pas az hujumi nav to sohili Volga rasida, yak qismi Kavkazi Shimoliro zabt kard. Dar territoriyai Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR kalontarin muqoribaho ba amal omadand. Torumori armiyahoi fashistidar muhoribai Stalingrad (1942—43), dar Kavkazi Shimoli, bad dar muhoribai Kursk (4943) dar rafti Jangi Buzurgi Vatani va tamomi Jangi duyumi jahoni digargunii halkunandae gardid. Armiyai Soveti ba hujum guzashta, dushmanro az khoki Ittifoqi Respublikahoi Sovetii Sotsialisti Ittifoqi Respublikahoi Sovetii Sotsialisti Soyuz Sovetskikh Sosialisticheskikh Respublik SSSR merond. 8 may 1945 Germaniyai fashisti beguftugu taslim shud.

Sinfi korgar, dehqonov va intelligensiyai Rossiya tahti rohbarii Partiyai Kommunistii Ittiofqi Soveti Kommunisticheskaya Partiya Sovetskogo Soyuza KPSS dar kori galaba bar fashizm sahmi bagoyat kalon guzoshtand. Solhoi 1941—42 korkhonahoi sanoati, millionho odamon az rayonhon nazdi front sari vaqt ba sharqi mamlakat kuchonda shudand. Ural, Sibiri Garbi, Povoljiya, Sharqi Dur va digar rayonhoi Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR ba qurkhonahoi qushunhoi soveti tabdil yoftand. To 40% tamomi mahsuloti sanoati harbiro Ural medod. Solhoi 1941—45 dar respublika 7800 korkhonai sanoati bunyod va barqaror karda shud; 80% tamomi mahsuloti sanoatii Ittifoqi Respublikahoi Sovetii Sotsialisti Ittifoqi Respublikahoi Sovetii Sotsialisti Soyuz Sovetskikh Sosialisticheskikh Respublik SSSR-ro Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR istehsol mekard. Dar Ural, Sibir, Povoljiya konhoi navi madani ohan, metallhoi ranga, neft, boksit va gayra kashf karda shudand. Usulhoi gudozishi bosurati metall, alalkhusus pulodi alosifat ikhtiro karda shud. Olimon, konstruktoron, injeneron samolyothoi jangi, tank, tup, yaroqi avtomati, minomyothoi reaktivie ikhtiro kardand, ki nisbat ba yaroqu aslihai dushman mukammaltar budand. 2373 hazor jangovar az Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR baroi qahramoni dar korzor bo ordenu medalho mukofotonida shudand. Kornamoii qahramonon A. M. Matrosov, 3. A. Kos- modemyanskaya, N. I. Kuznesov, N. F. Gastello, Yu. f. Smirnov, B. I. Chaykina, D. M. Karbishev va digar dar sahifahoi tarikh abadi sabt shudaand.

Soli 1944 muvofiqi shartnomai sulh bo  Finlyandiya viloyati Pechenga, 1945 muvofiqi qarori konferensiyai Krim Sakhalini Janubi va jazirahoi Kuril va 1945 muvofiqi konferensiyai Potsdam qismi shimolii Prussiyai Sharqi (holo viloyati Kaliningrad) ba Ittifoqi Respublikahoi Sovetii Sotsialisti Ittifoqi Respublikahoi Sovetii Sotsialisti Soyuz Sovetskikh Sosialisticheskikh Respublik SSSR guzashtand va ba hayati Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR dokhil gardidand.

Fashiston dar davrai istiloi yak qator viloyatho 12150 korkhonai sanoati, 13 hazor kilometr rohi ohanro qisman va yo tamoman vayron va nestu nobud, ziyoda az 52800 kolkhoz, 860 sovkhoz, 1330 MTS-ro gorat va vayron karda, 46 hazor traktor, 18 hazor kombayn, ziyoda az 16 million sar chorvoro ba Germaniya burdand; 2977 hazor bino, 17300 maktab, 6700 muassisai tabobati, 208 teatr va muzeyro ba khok yakson namudand. Jang ba khojagii khalq va grajdanhoi Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR ba mablagi 249 milliard sum (bo narkhi hamon davra) zarar rasond.

To okhiri solhoi 50 sanoati dar jang kharobgashtai Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR az nav barqaror karda shud, hajmi mahsuloti sanoati on nisbat ba davrai pesh az jang (soli 1940) 75% afzud. 29 mai 1954 ba munosibati 300-solagii ba Rossiya hamrohshavii Ukraina va baroi muvaffaqiyathoi buzurgi khalqhoi Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR dar sokhtmoni davlati, khojagi va madani respublika bo or- deni Lenin mukofotonida shud. 5 noyabri 1958 respublika baroi muvaffaqiyathoe, ki mehnatkashon dar kori barziyod istehsol namudani galla, lablabui qand va digar mahsuloti khojagii qishloq ba dast ovardand, bori duyum bo ordeni Lenin mukofotonida shud. 19 dekabri 1967 respublika ba munosibati 50-solagii Hokimiyati So- veti bo ordeni Revolyutsiyai Oktyabr, 29 dekabr 1972 ba munosibati 50-solagii tashkilyobii Ittifoqi Respublikahoi Sovetii Sotsialisti Soyuz Sovetskikh Sosialisticheskikh Respublik SSSR bo ordeni Dustii Khalqho mukofotonida shud.

Dar nimai duyumi solhoi 60-nimai yakumi solhoi 70 khojagii khalqi respublika bosurat taraqqi kard.Kalontarin Gidro elektrostansiya GES-hoi jahon na tanho dar Volga, inchunin dar Kama, Ob, Enisey, Angara, Irtish sokhta shudand. Dar viloyati Tyumen istehsoli sanoatii neft sar shud. Dar nazdi Volga zavodi kaloni avtomobilsozi (dar shahri Tolyatti) ba vujud omad, dar nazdi Kama (shahri Naberejnie Chelni) kombinati kaloni avtomobilsozi, kalontarin rohi ohani Baykalu Amur va gayra sokhta shudand. Boigarii tabiii Sibir va Sharqi Dur az khud karda meshavad.

Xojagii qishloqi Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR ba istehsoloti kaloni sotsialistii bo tekhnikai hozirazamon jihozonidashuda tabdil yoft.

Dar taraqqiyoti minbadai khojagii qishloq qarorhoi Sezdi 23-yumi Partiyai Kommunistii Ittifoqi Soveti Kommunisticheskaya Partiya Sovetskogo Soyuza KPSS (1966), plenumhoi marti (1965), mai (1966), oktyabrii (1968) Komiteti Markazii Partiyai Kommunistii Ittifoqi Soveti Kommunisticheskaya Partiya Sovetskogo Soyuza KPSS, Sezdi 24-umi Partiyai Kommunistii Ittifoqi Soveti Kommunisticheskaya Partiya Sovetskogo Soyuza KPSS (1971), Sezdi 25-umi Partiyai Kommunistii Ittifoqi Soveti Kommunisticheskaya Partiya Sovetskogo Soyuza KPSS (1976) roli muhim bozidand. Baroi bo surati baland taraqqi kardani khojagii qishloqi respublika, halli masalahoi sotsialii dehot qarori Komiteti Markazii Partiyai Kommunistii Ittifoqi Soveti Kommunisticheskaya Partiya Sovetskogo Soyuza KPSS va Soveti Vazironi Ittifoqi Respublikahoi Sovetii Sotsialisti Soyuz Sovetskikh Sosialisticheskikh Respublik SSSR «Dar borai chorabinihoi taraqqiyoti minbadai khojagii qishloqi mintaqai Gayrisiyohkhok» (1974) ahamiyati kalon dosht. Dar davrai jamiyati mutaraqqii sotsialisti mehnatkashoni Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR bo mehnati qahramononai khud dar sanoat, khojagii qishloq, ilm, madaniyat ba kori umumiittifoqii sokhtmoni kommunisti sahmi arzanda meguzorand (nigared niz Partiyai Kommunistii Ittifoqi Soveti, Ittifoqhoi kasabai Ittifoqi Respublikahoi Sovetii Sotsialisti Soyuz Sovetskikh Sosialisticheskikh Respublik SSSR).

Khojagii khalq. Sharoiti tabiii mintaqahoi Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR gunogun buda, zakhirahoi nihoyat kaloni ashyoi khom, suzishvoriyu energetiki dorad. Az 3/4 zakhirai energiyai ob va ziyoda az 9/10 zakhirai chubi Ittifoqi Soveti dar hududi respublika voqeand. Konhoi angishtsang, angishti bur, neft, gaz, namakhoi kaliy, nikel, qalagi, madani alyuminiy, volfram, tillo, platina, asbest, grafit, varaqsang va digar sarvathoi zerizamini, inchunin zaminhoi kaloni khojagii qishloq mahz dar in sarzamin voqe gardidaand. Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR dar taraqqi dodani khojagii khalqi digar respublikaho chun bazai progressi ilmiyu-tekhniki, tayyorkunandai kadrhoi balandikhtisos, masnuoti sanoati, manbai ashyoi khom va gayra roli kalon mebozad. Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR bo hamai respublikahoi ittifoqi aloqai mustahkami iqtisodi doshta, ba onho dar taraqqi dodani sanoat va khojagii qishloq madadi kalon rasonda, az onho ashyoi khomi darkori (pakhta, abreshim va gayra) megirad.

Dar davrai sokhtmoni sotsialisti Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR az respublikai agrari ba respublikai tavonoi industrialii khojagii qishloqash mutaraqqi tabdil yoft. Tanho dar solhoi 1941—74 daromadi milli ziyoda az 10 marotiba, hajmi mahsuloti sanoati 12,2 marotiba, mahsuloti khojagii qishloq 2,4 marotiba, oboroti bori naqliyot 7,5 marotiba afzud.

Dar strukturai khojagii khalq sanoat, alalkhusus industriyai vaznin, bartari dorad.

Sanoat. Soli 1974 dar Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR  28 hazor korkhonai gunoguni sanoati kor mekard. Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR dar bayni respublikahoi ittifoqi az jihati istehsoli mahsuloti qarib hamai sohaho dar joi 1-um meistad. Az jihati is- tehsoli namudhoi gunogun va muhimi mahsuloti sanoati Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR az aksariyati davlathoi kapitalisti peshtar ast. Vay nisbat ba digar davlatho (gayr az Shtathoi Muttahidai Amerika) beshtar quvvai elektr, angisht, gaz, nurihoi minerali, mato istehsol mekunad; sanoati elektroenergetika, khimiya va moshinsozi, ki onho progressi ilmi-tekhnikiro tamin mekunand, mavqei kalon dorand. Solhoi 1941—74 hajmi mahsuloti sanoati moshinsozi va korkardi metall 40,6 maroti- ba, sanoati khimiya, khimiyai neft 35,5 marotiba, elektroenergetika 23 marotiba afzud. Dar nohiyahoi sharqii Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR sanoati suzishvori, elektroenergetika, metallurgiyai siyoh, khimiya va jangal taraqqi kardaast. Soli 1974 sanoati suzishvori 717 korkhona dosht, ki dar onho 728 hazor korgari sanoati kor mekard. Dar solhoi 1941—74 dar respublika istehsoli neft 54 marotiba, gaz 477 marotiba, angisht 5 marotiba, varaqsang qarib 8 marotiba afzud. Neft asosan dar viloyati neftu gazdori Volgayu Ural, Sibiri Garbi, Kavkazi Shimo- li, Ruspublikai Avtonomii Sovetii Sotsialistii Komi, jazirai Sakhalin istikhroj meshavad. Gazi tabiiro asosan dar Kavkazi Shimoli, Povoljiya va dar nohiyahoi Shimoli Garbii respublika istehsol mekunand; in nohiyaho 59% gazi tabii dar Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR istehsolshavandaro medihand (1975). Zakhirai gazi hamvorii Sibiri Garbi ba 14 trillion metr³ merasid. (Ba gayr az konhoi gazi Urengoy, Yamburg, Zapolyariya, Medveje, ki dar jahon kalontarin meboshand, az 1 to 4 trillyaon metr³ zakhira dorand, 1975). Kalontarin havzai angishti respublika — havzai Kuznesk va Pechora. Az hajmi umumii angishti istikhrojshuda (231,6 million tonna dar soli 1974) 60% angishtsang, yane az 1/3 on angishti koksshavanda (74,3 million tonna dar soli 1974) meboshad. Torf asosan dar nohiyahoi Markazi, Volgayu Vyatka va dar Ural, varaqsang dar Shimolu  Garb va dar Povoljiya istikhroj meshavad. Soli 1974 dar sohai sanoati elektroenergetika 915 korkhona bud va dar onho 402 hazor korgari sanoati kor mekard. Iqtidori hamai stansiyahoi elektrii Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR 125,6 million kiloVatt (1974) bud. Ziyoda az 4/5 on ba Teplo Elektro Stansiyaho rost meoyad. Kalontarin GidroElektro StansiyaGES-hoi mamlakat dar territoriyai Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR sokhta shudaand: GidroElektro Stansiya GES-i ba nomi Vladimir Ilich Lenin (2,3 million kiloVatt), ba nomi Sezdi 22-yumi Pratiyai Kommunistii Ittifoqi Soveti Kommunisticheskaya Partiya Sovetskogo Soyuza KPSS (2,5 milion kiloVatt, har du dar daryoi Volga), GidroElektro Stansiya GES-i Bratsk (4,1 million kiloVatt) va GidroElektro Stansiya GES-i Krasnoyarsk (6 million qiloVatt). Solhoi okhir GidroElektro Stansiya GES-hoi pur- iqtidori Ust-Ilim (3,6 million kiloVatt), Sayano-Shushensk (5,3 million kiloVatt) va digar sokhta shudand. Hamai GidroElektro Stansiya GES va GRES-hoi kalontarin bad az jang bunyod shudaand. Stansiyahoi elektrii atomii Leningrad, Kola, Bilibin ba kor daromadand.

Sanoati kh im i ya va kh i m i ya i neft soli 1974 602 korkhona dosht va dar onho 1123 hazor korgari sanoati kor mekard. Qarib hamai sohahoi in sanoat dar davrai Hokimiyati Soveti ba vujud omadaand. Solhoi 1941— 74 istehsoli nakhhoi khimiyavi 77 marotiba, nurihoi minerali 17 marotiba, sodai kalsiydor ziyoda az 57 marotiba, kislotai sulfat qarib  7 marotiba afzud. Dar Povoljiya, mintaqai Markazi, Sibiri Garbi, mintaqai Markazii siyohzamin, dar Ural, Sibiri Sharqi korkhonahoi puriqtidori kauchuki sintetiki va mas- sahoi sintetikii plastiki voqe gardidaand.

Sanoati metallurgiyai s i yo h soli 1974 166 korkhona dosht va dar onho 772 hazor korgari sanoati kor mekard. Dar davrai Hokimiyati Soveti zavodho az nav sokhta shudand. Solhoi 1941—74 istehsoli madani ohan ziyoda az 8 marotiba, koks qarib 9 marotiba, chuyan 9,7 marotiba, pulod 8,1 marotiba, prokati tayyor 8,9 marotiba afzud. Korkhonahoi puriqtidortarini metallurgiyai siyoh dar Ural (Magnitogorsk, Chelyabinsk, Nijniy Tagil), dar mintaqai Markazi (Lisesk, Tula) va dar Sibiri Garbi (Novokuznesk) voqe gardidaand. Korkhonahoi Ural ziyoda az nisfi chuyan (27,1 million tonna soli  1974), pulod (41,9 million tonna) va prokati tayyori (26,4 million tonna) respublikaro istehsol mekunand.

Metallurgiyai rangai Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR dar Ittifoqi Respublikahoi Sovetii Sotsialisti Soyuz Sovetskikh Sosialisticheskikh Respublik SSSR az jihati istehsoli mahsuloti gunogun (nikel, qalagi, mis va gayra) mavqei bagoyat kalon dorad. Korkhonahoi in soha dar Shimolu Garb, Ural, Sibiri Sharqi, Kavkazi Shimoli va Sharqi Dur joy giriftaand. Sanoati metallurgiyai rangai respublika ba miqdori ziyod mis, surb, ruh, alyuminiy, volfram, molibden istehsol meku- nad.

Sanoati moshinsozi va korkardi metall soli 1974-um 4984 korkhona dosht, ki dar onho 9093 hazor korgari sanoati kor mekard. Sa- noati moshinsozii vaznin dar nohiyahoi industriyai vaznin (mintaqahoi Markazi, Ural va gayra) voqe gardidaast. Markazhoi muhimi moshinsozii energetiki (istehsoli turbina, dastgohhoi elektri) dar Shimolu Garb (Leningrad), dar nohiyai Markazi (Moskva), Ural (Sverdlovsk) va dar Sibiri Garbi (Novosibirsk) joy giriftaand. Korkhonahoi sanoati moshinsozii naqliyoti (istehsoli elektrovoz, vagon, teplovoz, kishtihoi bahri va daryoi, avtomobil, avtomobili borkash, avtopoezd, traktor, kombaynhoi galladarav va gayra) asosan dar mintaqahoi nohiyahoi Markazi, Kavkazi Shimoli, Shimolu Garb, Sibiri Garbi, Povoljiya, Ural, Sibiri Sharqi sokhta shudaand.

Sanoati masolehi binokori soli 1974 2095 korkhona dosht va dar onho 1171 hazor korgari sanoati kor mekard. Solhoi 1941—74 is- tehsoli sement ziyoda az 19, khishti binokori va shisha 5,5—6 marotiba afzud. Markazhoi kaloni sanoati masolehi binokori dar Ural (Su- khoy Log, Gornozavodsk), Povoljiya (Volsk, Sterlitamak), Kavkazi Shi- moli (Novorossiysk) va dar nohiyai Markazi (Bryansk, Voskresensk, Podolsk va digar) joy giriftaand. 3avodhoi navi sement, asbest, shishai tireza, khisht va gayra (beshtar dar nohiyahoi sharqii respublika) sokhta meshavand.

Sanoati jangal, chubgari va sellyulozayu kogaz soli 1974 4375 korkhona dosht va dar onho 2118 hazor korgari sanoati kor mekard. Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR dar in soha roli kalon mebozad, chunki ziyoda az 90% zakhirai chub dar territoriyai on voqe ast. Markazhoi kaloni in sanoat dar Shimolu Garb, Ural, Sibiri Sharqi, Sharqi Dur sokhta shudaand.

Sanoati sabuk soli 1974 4815 korkhona dosht va dar onho 2874 hazor korgari sanoati kor mekard. Solhoi 1941—74 istehsoli gazvorhoi pakhtagi 1,7, pashmin 3,8, katoni 2,3, shohi takhminan 46 marotiba, istehsoli poyafzoli charmin ziyoda az 2 marotiba afzud. Dar sanoati sabuk sohai bofandagi az jihati istehsoli mahsulot joi avvalro ishgol mekunad. Dar istehsoli mato nohiyai Markazi, ki dar in jo az davrahoi pesh yake az kalontarin dar dunyo markazhoi sanoati bofandagi joy girifta bud, roli asosi mebozad. Ziyoda az 84% hamai navhoi maton pakhtagi (Ivanovo, Moskva, Yaroslavl, Orekhovo- Zuevo, Kalinin va digar) ziyoda az 4/5 matoi katoni (Kostroma, Vyazniki va digar), az 3/4 shohivori (Moskva, Kalinin, Naro-Fominsk va digar), ziyoda az 2/3 matoi pashmin (Moskva va digar) dar in markazi sanoati bofandagi istehsol meshavad.

Dar rayonhoi sharqii respublika bisyor fabrikavu kombinathoi sanoati sabuk sokhta shudand va sokhta meshavand.

Sanoati khurokvori soli 1974 6260 korkhona dosht va dar onho 1635 hazor korgari sanoati kor mekard. Solhoi 1941—74 dar respublika istehsoli qand 7,5, gusht 5,6, saydi mohi 6,3, ravgani chorvo 4,6 maro- tiba, mahsuloti shiri beshtar az 12 marotiba afzud. Sanoati khurokvori dar hamai nohiyahoi iqtisodi taraqqi kardaast. Sohahoi on vobasta ba ehtiyojoti aholi makhsus gardonida shudaand. Qand, gusht, ravgan beshtar dar mintaqahoi Markazi siyohkhok, Kavkazi Shimoli va nohiyahoi Markazi istehsol meshavand.

Khojagii qishloq. Soli 1974 dar ikhtiyori korkhona va khojagihoi khojagii qishloqi  respublika 658,7 million  gektar zamin bud, ki on 40% tamomi territoriyai Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR meboshad. 70% tamomi zaminhoro sovkhozho va digar khojagihoi davlati, boqimondaashro kolkhozho istifoda mebarand. Respublika 222,2 million gektar kishtzor, az on jumla 113,8 million gektar margzor, 26,8 million gektar alafzor, 59,6 million gektar charogoh dorad. Xojagii qishloqi respublika bazai puriqtidori moddi-tekhniki dorad: dar ikhtiyori 13 hazor kolkhoz va 10,5 hazor sovkhozi on (1974) ziyoda az 1 million traktor, qarib 400 hazor kombayn va ziyoda az 480 hazor avtrmobili borkash bud. Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR ziyoda az nisfi hosili ziroati galladonai Ittifoqi Sovetiro medihad. Nohiyahoi asosii istehsoli galla — Povoljiya, Kavkazi Shimoli, Ural, Sibiri Garbi, Markazi va mintaqai Markazii siyohkhok meboshand, ki onho taqriban 90% hosili umumii galladonaro medihand. Dar mintaqai besha kishti javdor va zagir, dar Kavkazi Shimoli va mintaqai Markazii siyohkhok oftobparast, lablabui qand, dar nohiyai markazi kartoshka, dar Kavkazi Shimoli va nohiyai Markazi bekhmeva, dar Sharqi Dur lubiyogiho kisht meshavand, dar nohiyai Markazi va Ural sabzavotkori taraqqi kardaast. Dar nohiyahoi gunoguni gallakori respublika ba miqdori ziyod javdor, ju-vorimakka, arzan, marjumak, sholi, lubiyoi chini, oftobparast, zagir, kartoshka, ziroati polizi va gayra mekorand. Tokzoru maydonhoi buttameva sol az sol ziyod meshavad.

Jadvali 3

 

Furushi mahsuloti khojagii qishloq ba davlat (az hisobi million tonna)

1975    1976    1977    1978

Ziroati galladona  26.2     52.6     36,4     56,2

Lablabui q&nd         17,8     24,6     25,8     23,3

Oftobparast 1.7       2,1       2,1       1.9

Kartoshka …   9,1       6.9       10,6     8.0

Saozavot ….    5.8       6,0       6,5       7,3

Chorvo va parranda (hamaash ba qisobi 8.5

vazni ainda) . .                      7,6       8,1       8.5

Shir va mahsuloti   30.7

shiri                           30.2     32.5     32,4

Tukhm, mlrd dona       20,4     20,1     22,4     24,2

Pashm, haa. t •. .        251      234      260      267

 

Chorvodori. Charogoh, margzor va alafzorhoi domanfarokh baroi taraqqi kardani chorvodori imkoniyati kalon medihand. Ziyoda az 1/2 gov, 1/2 khuk, 45% gusfandu buz, tamomi sarshumori gavazni shimoli, 55% parrandai mamlakat dar Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR par-varish meyobad. Dar respublika s. 1979 (ba hisobya mln sar) 58,5 gov, ae jumla 22,2 modagov, Zu,8 khuk, 64,8 gusfandu bue bud. Povoljiya, nohiyai Markazy va Sibiri Garbi baroi par-varishi gov, Kavkazi Shimoli, Po-voljiya, mintaqai Markazii siyoh-khok baroi khukparvari. Povoljiya, Kavkazi Shimoly va Sibiri Sharqi baroi gusfavdu buzparvary, Sha rqi Dur baroi parvarishi gavazni shi-moli, nohiyai Markazy, Kavkazi Shi-moli va Povoljiya baroi parranda-parvary makhsus gardonida shudaand.

 

Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR s. 1982 7,5 mln t gusht (vaani ku-shta), 46,9 mln t shir, 28,5 mlrd dona tukhm va 263 haz. t pashm istehsol kard.

 

1. q.-i Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR dar qatori kh. q.-n hamai respublikahoi ittifoqy bo rohi intensifikasiyai istehsolot dar asosi khimikony, mekhanikonii kompleksii ziroatkori va chorvodo-ri, obyorii zamii taraqqi mekunad.

 

Naqliyot. Dar Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR hamai na-mudhoi naqliyoti aamonavy taraqqi kardaast, ki oya 69% oboroti borka-shoivi mamlakatro ba ijro meraso-iad. Naqliyoti r. o.-i respublika taqr. az 2/3 bor va ae 3/5 qismi oassajironrr mokashonad. S. 1974 tuli r. om ki bo on elektrovoau tep-lovoeho bor mekashonand. 72,7 haa. km (92% tamomi seti r. o.) bud. Roh-hoi asosii bor va p&ssajirkashoiy elektroiida shudaand.

Naqlpyotn oby. Rohhoi aa hama ka-lon va muhimi obii Ittifoqi So-veti dar Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR voqe gardidaand. Oboroti bori naqliyoti obii Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR 199 mlrd t/km (1974) bud, ki ip 94% oboroti bori iakliyoti obii SSSR-ro tashkil mokard. Daroetarin rohhoi obii SSSR (Volga — Kama, Ob — Irtish, Enissy — Lepa, Amur va g.) nie dar Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR voqe gardi-daaid.

 

Naqliyoti bahrii respubli-ka asosap bo borkashonii savdoi kho-riji mashgul meboshad. Bandarhon muhimi bahri: Novorossiysk (az ji-hati oboroti bor kalontarin dar mamlakat), Lepingrad, Kalipingrad, Murmansk, Arkhangelsk, Vladivostok.

 

Naqliyoti avtomobili asosan baroi borkashopii nohiyahoi dokhili respublika khiemat mekunad; s. 1974 bo naqliyoti avtomobily 10,8 mlrd t bor kashonda shud. Rohhoi asosni avtomobilgard: Moskva — Le-pingrad, Moskva — Minsk, Moskva — Kiev, Moskva — Simferopol, Mosk-va — Gorkiy — Qazon va g; sokhtmo-ii dig. rohhoi kalon ba okhir mera-sad.

 

Naqliyoti havoii Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR khele khub taraqqi karda, baroi pay-vastani shahru dehoti mamlakat, ba rayonhoi durdast kashonidani boru passajir va tekhnika khizmat mekunad. Rohi havoii Moskva — Kha-barovsk — Vladivostok nohiyahoi Ural, Sibiri Garbi va Sharqi, Shi-moli Aqso, Respublikai Avtonomii Sovetii Sotsialistii YOqut., Sharqi Durro (jazirahoi Kuril, jazirahoi Sakhalin va Kamchatka niz ba hamin hisob medaroyand) bo ham mepayvandad. Naqliyoti havoii Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR soli 1974 ziyoda az 58 million passajir kashond.

Sokhtmoni truboprovod sol az sol taraqqi mekunad. Soli 1975 darozii nefteprovod va truboprovodi mahsuloti neft 42 hazor kilometr bud. Nefteprovodi «Dusti» (daroziash 7 hazor kilometr) yake az kalontarin nefteprovodhoi respublika meboshad. Gazoprovod-hoi kalontarin: Osiyoi Miyona—Markaz, «Fajri Shimoli».

Nekuahvolii moddi. Darajai zindagonii aholii Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR muntazam baland meshavad. Daromadi milli dar solhoi 1966—73 1,8 marotiba afzud. Daromadi reali ba har sar aholi soli 1973 nisbat ba 1965 1,5 barobar ziyod shud. Mohonai miyonai korgaron va khizmatchiyon soi 1974 nazar ba soli 1940 4 marotiba ziyod shud. Solhoi 1966—74 tashkilothoi davlati, kooperativi, kolkhozho ba aholi 11828 hazor kvartira (maydoni umumiash 526,4 million  metr2) sokhtand. Soli 1975 dar Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR 274,9 hazor magazin va 140,7 hazor muassisai khuroki umumi bud.

Nigahdorii tandurusti. Dar Rossiyai torevolyutsioni sistemai nigahdorii tandurusti nisbat ba davlathoi az jihati iqtisodi taraqqikardai Evropa khele sust ba roh monda shuda bud. Avji kasalihoi siroyati — vabo, varaja, chechak, araqi hasba hodisai tabii ba shumor rafta, kasalii sil, trakhoma, qutur va digar sarosar pahn shuda bud. Darajai favti umumi nihoyat baland bud; soli 1913 ba 1 hazor aholi 29,1 favt rost omad. Takhminaya 27% kudakon dar soli yakumi hayotashon nobud meshudand.

Badi galabai Revolyutsiyai Kabiri Sotsialistii Oktyabr sistemai nigahdorii tandurusti ba kulli tagyir yoft. Darozii umr ba hisobi miyona dar solhoi 70 nazar ba davrai peshazrevolyutsioni 2,5 barobar afzud.

Bad az Revolyutsiyai Oktyabr Hukumati Soveti oid ba muhofizati salomatii khalq ruzi kori 8-soata, muhofizati mehnat, sugurtai sotsiali, dar borai muhofizati modar va kudak, millikunonii dorukhonaho va digar vositahoi tibbi va gayra yak qator qonunho barovard. YOrii tibbi bepul va umumikhalqi shud. Soli 1975 dar muassisahoi tabobatii respublika (ba hisobi hazor kat) dar terapiya 341,5, jarrohi 226,8, onkologiya 27,8, otorinolaringologiya 22, oftalmologiya 21,3, nevrologiya 48,1, ginekologiya 102,2, baroi zanhoi homila va tavalludkarda 106,6, bemorihoi siroyatii kudakon 192,7 mavjud bud. Inchunin 1553 dispanser ba aholi khizmat merasond.

Soli 1974 2,7 hazor stansiya va shubai sanitari-epidemiologi, 65,2 hazor dorukhona ba aholi khizmat rasond. 45 instituti tibbi va 5 fakulteti universitethoi tibbi (soli tahsili 1974/75) farmasevtho tayyor mekunand. Dar instituthoi tibbi 175,7 hazor student va dar 379 maktabi miyonai makhsusi tibbi 240.7 hazor talaba tahsil mekard. Soli 1975 186 muassisai ilmii tibbi, az jumla 132 instituti tadqiqoti ilmi doir ba tadqiqi masalahoi tib kor burd. Soli 1973 dar sanatoriyahoi respublika 251,1 hazor, dar khonahoi istirohati va pansionatho 185,5 hazor kat bud. 1978 shumorai dukhturon dar yak sol ba 13,2 hazor ziyod shuda, ba 518.7 hazor nafar rasid.

Soli 1974 baroi sistemai nigahdorii tandurusti va fizkulturayu sporti respublika 5902 million sum judo karda shud. Gayr aa in, baroi in sohaho davlat, tashkilothoi kooperativi, ittifoqhoi kasaba, kolkhozho niz mablag  judo mekunand. YOrii tibbi ba aholi sol ba sol behtar shuda, safi dukhturon toraft meafzoyad. Soli 1974 dar respublika ziyoda az 109 hazor kollektivi fizkulturi, qarib 2,5 hazor maktabi sportii bachagonu javonon, 100 maktabi mahorati sporti, 7 institut va 15 tekhnikumi tarbiyai jismoni, Maktabi markazii trenerho bud. Respublika qarib 1,7 hazor stadion (kalontarinashon dar Moskva, Leningrad, Volgograd va digar shahrhoi kalon), 22 qasri sport, ziyoda az 500 havzi shinovari, ziyoda az 30 hazor zali sporti, qarib 57 hazor maydoni futbol, ziyoda az 3 hazor khonai shikorchiyon va mohidoron dosht (1975). Mintaqahoi asosii turizm: Sohili bahri Siyohi Kavkaz, Kavkazi Shimoli, Shimoli Garb respublika (viloyati Leningrad, Kareliya, nimjazirai Kola), Povoljiya, Ural, Oltoi va Sayan, kuli Baykal va gayra. Markazhoi kaloni turisti: Moskva, Leningrad, Sochi, Gorkiy, Ulyanovsk, Kuybishev, Volgograd, Vladivostok va gayra; shahrhoi qadim: Novgorod, Pskov, Vologda, Yaroslavl, Suzdal, Smolensk va gayra. Soli 1974 dar respublika 73 soveti kishvari va viloyatii turizm va ekskur-sioni, 200 byuroi sayohat va ekskursiya, qarib 400 bazai turisti, meh-monkhona va kempinghoi ittifoqhoi kasaba, 9 lageri alpinisti va gayra kor mekard.

Maorifi khalq va muassisahoi madani-marifati. Dar okhiri asri 19 Rossiya az rui savodnokii aholi az davlathoi peshqadami Evropa khele qafo monda bud. Bino ba malumoti baruykhatgirii soli 1897 dar territoriyai hozirai Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR foizi miyonai savodnokii aholi az sinni 9 to 49-sola 29,6%, dar bayni mardon 44,4%, dar bayni zanon 15,4% bud. Dar nohiyahoi millii durdast darajai savodnoki az in ham pasttar bud. Bisyor millatho alifboi khudro nadoshtand. Az ilmu marifat tanho ayonu ashrof, amaldoroni kalon va ruhoniyon bahra burda metavonistand. Sistemai maorifi khalqi Rossiya dar arafai Revolyutsiyai Oktyabr chunin zinaho dosht. Maktabi ibtidoi maktabhoi navi gunogunro dar bar megirift: omuzishgohhoi ibtidoii 1-sinfa _ (3-4-sola), 2-sinfa (5-6-sola), omuzishgohhoi  ibtidoii olii 4-sinfa (4-sola) va gayra. Badi khatmi gimnaziyai mardona (8-sola) va zanona (7-8-so-la) khonandagon dar omuzishgohhoi reali (6-7-sola) va savdo (7-8-sola), omuzishgohi dini (4-sola) va seminariya (6-sola), korpushoi kadeti (7-sola), instututi ashrofdukhtaron (8-sola), omuzishgohi eparkhiali (7-8-sola) malumoti miyona megiriftand. Maktabhoi miyonai makhsus, omuzishgohhoi hunarmandi, khojagii qishloq, savdo va gayra niz vujud doshtand. Seminariyaho (4-sola) va instituthoi muallimtayyorkuni (3-sola) ham budand. Khonandagon dar universitetho (4-sola), maktabhoi olii tekhniki, iqtisodi (4-5-sola), kurshoi olii zanona, akademiyahoi dini (4-sola) malumoti oli megiriftand. Az sababi az hamdigar farqi kalon doshtani programmahoi talimil maktabhoi ibtidoi va miyona, dar doirai mamlakat nobarobar joygir shudani maktabho, pulaki budani tahsil dar maktabi miyona va oli farzandoni mehnatkash az ilmu marifat dur memondand. Soli tahsili 1914/15 dar hamai maktabhoi ma-lumoti umumie, ki dar territoriyai hozirai Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR vujud doshtand, 5684 hazor, dar 297 maktabi miyonai makhsus 35,4 hazor talaba, dar maktabhoi oli 86,5 hazor student bud.

Revolyutsiyai Kabiri Sotsialistii Oktyabr ba mehnatkashoni hamai millatho dari ilmu marifatro boz namud. Soli 1917 Komis-sariati maorifi khalqi Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR tasis yoft. Dar asosi chandin dekrethoe, ki ba onho Vladimir  Ilich Lenin imzo kardaast, sistemai navi maorifi khalq tashkil yoft. Okhiri 1917—avvali 1918 dar borai az davlat judo kardani din va judo kardani maktab az kaliso, millikunonii hamai muassisahoi talimu tarbiyavi va ba ikhtiyori Komissariati maorifi khalq dodani onho qonun qabul shud. Oktyabri 1918 Komiteti Ijroiyai Markazii Umumirossiya «Nizomnomai maktabi yagonai mehnatii Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR»-ro tasdiq kard. Dar nizomnoma qayd karda meshud, ki talimi bepuli hamai bachagoni az 8 to 17-sola hatmist. Partiyai Kommunisti va Davlati Soveti dar yak muddati nisbatan kutoh barham dodand besavodii aholiro vazifai asosii khud qaror dodand. Soli 1920 Soveti Komissaroni Khalqi Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR dar nazdi Komissariati maorifi khalq Komissiyai favqulodai umumirossiyagii oid ba mahvi besavodiro tasis namud. To okhirhoi 1932 dar yak qator rayonhoi respublika besavodi asosan mahv gardid. Agar soli 1939 89,7% aholii respublika savodnok boshad, pas soli 1970 on ba 99,7 % rasid. Dar sistemai maorifi khalq tagyiroti ziyode ba amal omad. Sistemai tarbiyai tomaktabi badi Revolyutsiyai Oktyabr tashkil yoft. Avvali soli 1974 dar respublika 67 hazor bogchai bachagon va yaslihoi doimoamalkunanda mavjud bud, ki dar onho 6138 hazor kudak tarbiya meyoft. Dar panjsolai 9-um sistemai maorifi respublika purra ba malumoti miyonai umumi guzasht. Soli tahsili 1974/75 dar 91,6 hazor maktabi malumoti umumi  23 941 hazor, dar 2477 maktabi miyonai makhsus 2673 hazor, dar 3589 omuzishgohi kasbhoi tekhniki 1701 hazor talaba, dar 475 maktabi oli, az jumla dar 38 universitet (32-toi on pas az Revolyutsiyai Oktyabr kushoda shud) 2798 hazor student tahsil mekard.

Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR respublikai sermillat meboshad; talim dar sistemai maorifi khalqi on ba 47 zabon burda meshavad. Planhoi talimii maktabhoi milli omuzishi zabon va adabiyoti milliro az rui programma va kitobhoi darsii makhsus peshbini mekunand.

 

Dar davrai Hokimiyati Soveti dar respublika shabakai vasei muassisahoi berunazmaktabi tashkil yoft. Avvali soli 1974 dar in jo 2350 qasr va khonai pioneron, 414 stansiyai tekhnikhoi javon, 228 stansiyai tabiatshinosoni javon, 90 stansiyai ekskursioni-turisti, 98 bogi bachaho va gayra kor mekard.

Dar tarbiyai kommunistii mehnatkashon va tashakkuli maorifi khalq muassisahoi madaniyu marifati — kitobkhona, khonahoi madaniyat va gayra roli kalon mebozand. Dar Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR soli 1974 ziyoda az 62 hazor kitobkhonai ommavi bud. Kalontarini onho: Kitobkhonai davlatii Ittifoqi Respublikahoi Sovetii Sotsialisti Soyuz Sovetskikh Sosialisticheskikh Respublik SSSR ba nomi Vladimir Ilich Lenin dar Moskva, Kitobkhonai davlatii ommavii ba nomi M. E. Saltikov-Shedrin dar Leningrad va gayra.

Soli 1974 dar respublika 639 muzey, az on jumla 87 muzei tarikhi-revolyutsioni va tarikhi, 304 muzei kishvarshinosi, 109 muzei yodgori, 87 muzei sanat va gayra kor kard. Kalontarin muzeyho: Muzei Vladimir Ilich Lenin, Muzei markazii Revolyutsiyai Ittifoqi Respublikahoi Sovetii Sotsialisti Soyuz Sovetskikh Sosialisticheskikh Respublik SSSR, Nigoristoni Tretyakov va Muzei sanati nafisai ba nomi Aleksandr Sergeevich Pushkin dar Moskva, Muzei rus va Ermitaj dar Leningrad va gayra (nigared niz Moskva, Leningrad).

Ilm va muassnsahoi ilmi. Ilmhoi tabiatshinosi va tekhn i k i. Hanuz dar zamoni Rusi Kiev tekhnikai binokori (qala, ibodatkhona, kushk) va hunarmandi ba darajai baland rasida bud. Dar Rossiyai asri 17 donishi ilmi-amali taraqqi karda boshad ham, ilmi tabiatshnosi va tekhniki qarib vujud nadosht. Digargunsozihoi iqtisodi, harbi va siyosii asri 18 talabotro ba mutakhassison, donishi ilmi va tekhniki khele ziyod kard. Bo rohbarii bevositai Pyotri I dar Rossiya baroi taraqqi dodani ilmhoi tabiatshinosi va tekhniki yak qator choraho an-deshida shudand. Dar Moskva, Peterburg, Ural va digar joyho maktabhoi makhsus kushoda shudand.

Baroi omuzish va tadqiqi territoriyai mamlakat chand ekspeditsiyaho tashkil shud. Rossiya ru ba taraqqi nihoda bud, az in ru ba mutakhassisoni bomahorat va ba ravnaqi ilmi zamonavi ehtiyoji kalon dosht. Baroi halli in masalaho soli 1724 Akademiyai fanho tasis doda shud, ki on dar peshrafti ilmi vatani, ba hayot tatbiq namudani komyobihoi ilm roli buzurg bozid. Doir ba tasavvuroti atomi dar borai modda va qonunhoi baqoi modda va harakat tadqiqothoi kaloni ilmi guzaronida shudand. Zamin, olami hay-vonot va nabototi on muntazam omukhta meshud.

Agar soli 1724 Akademiyai fanho tasis yofta boshad, dar nimai duyumi asri 18 Universiteti Moskva (1755), Omuzishgohi kuhkorii Peterburg (holo Instituti kuhkorii Leningrad (1773), Akademiyai tibbi-jarrohii Peterburg (1798) va digar donishkadaho kushoda shudand.

Dar tarikhi ilmi rus faoliyati M. V. Lomonosov, ki asarhoyash qarib hamai sohahoi ilmro dar bar megiriftand, yak davrai tome bud, Dar nimai yakumi asri 19 zlektrotekhnika (P. L. Shilling), metallurgiya (P. G. Sobolevskiy), mushaksozi (A. D. Zasyadko), kupruksozi (S. V. Kyorbedz), rohiohansozi (N. O. Kraft) va gayra ru ba taraqqi nihod. Dar nimai duyumi asri 19 olimoni rus dar halli masalahoi asosii tabiatshinosi sahmi kalon guzoshtand. Soli 1861 A.M. Butlerov nazariyai sokhti khimiyaviro ofarid. Olimi barjastai rus I. M. Sechenov soli 1869 asari barjastai khud «Reflekshoi magzi sar»-ro navisht, ki on dar fiziologiyai magzi sar davrai nav — davrai darki materialistonai faoliyati olii asab bud. Solhoi 60 A. O. Kovalevskiy nazariyai embriologiyai evolyutsioni, B.0. Kovalevskiy paleontologiyai evolyutsioniro kashf kardand. Soli 1869 D. I. Mendeleev qonuni davrii elementhoi khimiyaviro kashf namud, ki asosi fizikai atomi va khimiyai asri 20 gardid. Az solhoi 60 faoliyati ilmii K. A. Timiryazev ogoz yoft, vay ba talimot dar borai fotosintez sahmi arzanda guzoshta, darvinizmro hamatarafa tarafdori kard. Soli 1883 asari mashhuri V. V. Dokuchaev «Siyoh-zamini rus» az chop baromad.

Dar nimai duyumi asri 19 ba omukhtani territoriyai Rossiya, khususan mahalhoi durdasti on ahamiyati kalon doda shud. Olimoni namoyoni Rossiya V. V. Bartold, N. N. Veselovskiy, I. V. Mushketov, N. L. Seversov, P. P. Semyonov-Tyan-Shanskiy va digar dar omukhtani kishvar Turkiston va peshrafti ilmu fan dar in sarzamin khizmati shoyon kardand. Dar sohai ilmhoi tekhniki niz kashfiyothoi muhim ba amal omadand. Yake az kashfiyotho az tarafi A. S. Popov soli 1895 ikhtiro karda shudani radio bud. Olimoni rus dar sohai elektrotekhnika ba komyobihoi kalon noil gardidand. A. N. Lodigin soli 1872 lampai tafsonish, P. N. Yablochkov soli 1876 lampai kamonshaklro ikhtiro kardand.

Revolyutsiyai Kabiri Sotsialistii Oktyabr dar tarikhi ilmi rus davrai nav kushod. Dar natijai Revolyutsiyai Oktyabr ilmi rus na tanho miqdoran, balki sifatan niz tagyir yoft. Komyobihoi ilmi rus az avvalin ruzhoi mavjudiyati Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR ba khizmati sokhtmoni jamiyati so-tsialisti guzoshta shud. Doir ba taraqqiyoti sohahoi alohidai ilm va tekhnika nigared ba bobi «Ilm»-i maqolai Ittifosi Respublikahoi Sovetii Sotsialisti.

Ilmhoi jamiyatshinosi. F a l s a f a. Dar Rusi Qadim goyahoi falsafi dar zeri tasiri din monda budand. Harakathoi ijtimoi— dinii asrhoi 11—16 ba peshrafti afkori falsafi musoidat namudand.

Soli    1687 dar Moskva Akademiyai slavyani-yunoni-lotini tasis yoft, ki dar on falsafa va mantiq dar ruhi aristotelizm omukhta meshud.

 

Islohothoi Petri I hayoti manavii jamiyati rusro ba kulli tagyir doda, taraqqibti ilm, madaniyati dunyavi va falsafaro tezonidand. Dar miyonai asri 18 F. Prokopovich va hamfikroni u dar kori dar Rossiya pahn namudani goyahoi falsafii B. Spinoza, R. Dekart, F. Bekon,’ G. Leybnis, X. Volf khizmati kalon kardand.

Asosguzori tabiatshinosii eksperimentali va ananahoi materialisti dar Rossiya Mikhail Vasilevich Lomonosov bud. Az soli 1755 Universiteti Moskva 1 markazi afkori falsafi gardid. Goyahoi falsafai gumanisti va marifatparvari paydo shuda, pahn gardidand (N. I. Novikov, Ya. P. Kozelskiy va digar).

Komyobii kaloni afkori falsafii rus dar nimai duyumi asri 18 falsafai A. N. Radishev meboshad. U asosguzori ananahoi revolyutsioni dar Rossiya bud. Dar choryaki yakumi asri 19 afkori progressivii jamiyati rusro dekabristho ba zinai balandtar bardoshtand.

Solhoi 40—60 asri 19 davrai tashakkul va nashunamoi afkori materialisti dar Rossiyai podshohi bud. On dar krujokhoi N. V. Stankevich— M. A. Bakunin — V. G. Belinskiy, A. I. Gersen — N. P. Ogaryov shakl girifta, dar faoliyati N. G. Chernishevskiy, N. A. Dobrolyubov, D. I. Pisarev va payravoni onho mukammal gardid. Dar in davra aqidahoi materialistii V. G. Belinskiy purra tashakkul yoftand.

Dar nimai duyumi asri 10 raviyai tasirbakhshi materializmi tabii-ilmi (I. M. Sechenov, K. A. Timiryazev, I. I. Mechnikov; D. I. Mendeleev, A. G. Stoletov, N. A. Umov, I. P. Pavlov va digar) tashakkul yoft. Solhoi 90 asri 19 dar Rossiya goyahoi marksizm vase pahn shudand. Nashri «Kapital»-i Karl Marks ba zaboni rusi, chop shudani maqolahoi N. I. Ziber dar borai «Anti-Dyuring»-i  Fridrikh Engels va gayra dar kori ba mavqei marksizm guzashtani khalqchiyon va pesh az hama, G. V. Plekhanovu hamfikroni u sharoiti musoid faroham ovardand. Solhoi 90 asri 19 marksizm dar afkori jamiyati va falsafii rus jarayoni mustaqil shud.

Dar harakati sotsial-demokrati Rossiya falsafai materializmi dialektiki tasiri kalon dosht. Dar kori pahn kar-dan va himoyai nazariyai materializmi tarikhi asarhoi Plekhanov «Doir ba masalai inkshiofi lazari monisti ba tarikh», «Doir ba roli shakhs dar tarikh», «Masalahoi asosii marksizm» va gayra roli kalon bozidand.

Ejodiyoti Vladimir Ilich Lenin dar falsafai marksisti davrai sifatan nav kushod. Vladimir  Ilich  Lenin goyahoi asosii nazariyai Karl Marks  va Fridrikh Engelsro ba inobat girifta, onhoro vobasta ba sharoiti nav muayyan kard, materializmi dialektiki va tarikhiro vobasta ba sharoiti nav inkishof dod. Lenin dar asarhoi khud talimoti materializmi tarikhiro hamchun qismy tarkibii falsafai marksisti takmil dod, masalahoi hastii jamiyati va shuuri jamiyati, formasiyahoi jamiyatiyu iqtisodi, sinfho, davlat, munosibathoi milli, omili subektivi, roli nazariyai revolyutsioniro kor karda baromada, nazariyai revolyutsiyai sotsialistiro inkishof dod. Asarhoi sof ba mas-alahoi falsafi bakhshidashudai Vladimir  Ilich  Lenin inhoand: «Materializm va empiriokritisizm», «Daftarhoi filosofi», «Davlat va revolyutsiya», «Imperializm hamchun darajai ba-landtarini kapitalizm». Merosi falsafii Lenin bad az Revolyutsiyai  Kabiri Sotsialistii  Oktyabr asosi inkishofi fal-safai marksisti gardid.

Tarikhshinosi. Dar Rusi Qadim asarhoi tarikhii khatti okhiri asri 10— avvali asri 11 ba vujud omadaand.

Dar choryaki avvali asri 18 asarhoi tarikhie ejod shudand, ki dar onho siyosati hokimiyati mutlaqai dvoryanho az nuqtai nazari ideologiya asosnok karda meshudand. Dar nimai yakumi asri 19 ilmi tarikhshinosii burjuazi shakl girift. Inkishofi afkori tarikhii revolyutsioni-demokrati dar Rossiyai in davra bo nomi revolyutsioneroni demokrat V. G. Belinskiy, A. I. Gersen, N. P. Ogaryov, N. G. Chernishevskiy, N. A. Dobrolyubov zich aloqamand meboshad.

Ba imperiyai Rossiya hamroh gardidani khalqhoi Zakavkaziya va Osiyoi Miyona, inchunin az khud karda shudani Sibir va Alyaska shavqu ragbati muarrikhonro ba omukhtani Sharq afzud. Dar omuzishi tarikhu madaniyati khalqhoi Osiyoi Miyona, az jumla tojikon, hanuz dar ibtidoi asri 19 muvaffaqiyathoi kalon ba dast omadand. Saforathoe, ki Rossiyai podshohi dar amorati Bukhoro va khonihoi Khevayu Khuqand kushoda bud, dar omuzishi hamatarafai in kishvar va gird ovardani dastkhathoi sharqi hissai kalon guzoshtand (saforati Negri dar Bukhoro, 1820; saforati Ignatev dar Kheva va Bukhoro, 1858 va gayra). Dar arafai ba Rossiya hamroh karda shudani Osiyoi Miyona va bad az on baroi tadqiqi hamatarafai in sarzamin sharoiti musoid faroham omad. Soli 1855 dar Universiteti Peterburg fakulteti sharqshinosi tasis gardida, Universiteti Qazon ba yake az markazhoi sharqshinosi tabdil yoft. Sharqshinosoni rus I. N. Beryozin, N. N. Pantusov, G. S. Sablukov, V. V. Grigorev, V. V. Bartold, N. Likoship va digar asarhoi yak qator muarrikhoni Osiyoi Miyona, az jumla Rashiddudini Fazlulloh («Jome ut-tavorikh»), Narshakhi («Tarikhi Bukhoro»), Mirzoshamsi Bukhoroi («Bayoni baze havodisoti Bukhoro, Khuqand va Koshgar»), Niyozmuhammadi Khuqandi («Tarikhi Shohrukhi») va gayraro tarjuma va nashr kardand.

Az solhoi 60 asri 19 doirai mavzui tadqiqoti tarikhi vase shud. Plekhanov tarikhi harakati revolyutsiyai proletariro dar Rossiya kor karda, ba tarikhi afkori jamiyatii rus az mavqei marksisti nazdik shud.

Vladimir Ilich Lenin konsepsiyai marksistii tarikhi Rossiyaro kor karda baromad. U dar bisyor asarhoi tadqiqoti va baromadhoi publisistii khud masalahoi asosii tarikhi Rossiya va jahonro sharh dod. Lenin dar talimoti khud oid ba munosibathoi mutaqobilai qonunhoi umumi, makhsus va juzii taraqqiyoti jamiyat, taraqqiyoti quvvahoi istehsolkunanda va munosibathoi istehsoli, sinfho va muborizai sinfi, revolyutsiyai ijtimoi, partiyai marksistii tipi nav, millatho va harakati millii ozodikhohi va gayra sahmi buzurg guzosht.

Dar kori az nuqtai nazari marksisti omukhtani tarikhi Rossiya va jahon marksiston A. G. Shlikhter, M. P. Milyutin, N. N. Baturin, V.V. Vorovskiy, I. I. Skvorsov-Stepanov, A. V. Lunacharskiy va digar hissa guzoshtand.

Badi galabai Revolyutsiyai  Oktyabr baroi guzaronidani tadqiqothoi tarikhi dar asosi metodologiyai marksisti-lenini imkoniyat paydo shud.

Solhoi 20 dar Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR doir ba tarikhi revolyutsiyahoi  Fevral va Oktyabr, jangi grajdani avvalin asarhoi ilmi ba vujud omadand, omuzishi tarikhi sokhtmoni sotsialisti sar shud, ba tadqiqi tarikhi Partiyai Kommunisti ahamiyati kalon doda meshud. Qarorhoi Komiteti Markazi VKP(b) va Soveti Komissaroni Khalqi Ittifoqi Respublikahoi Sovetii Sotsialisti Soyuz Sovetskikh Sosialisticheskikh Respublik SSSR (1934—36) doir ba omuzishu dar maktab va donishkadahoi oli talimi fanni tarikh ba inkishofi ilmi tarikh dar Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR musoidat kard.

Dar arafa va davrai Jangi Buzurgi Vatani (1941—45) ba mavzu-hoi harbi-tarikhi, tarikhi khalqhoi slavyan, ba muborizai ziddi ideologiyai fashizm, az jonibi fashiston sokhtakorona sharh dodani prosessi tarikhi umumijahoni diqqati makhsus doda shudand. Dar davrai badi jang muarrikhoni Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR ba omuzishi  masalahoi muhimi tarikhi Vatan (tarikhi dehqonon, taraqqiyoti davlati feodali, tarikhi harakati revolyutsioni, tarikhi khojagii khalq va gayra) mashgul shudand. Ba tadqiqi tarikhi qadimai Sharq ahamiyati kalon doda shud.

Qarorhoi Sezdi 20-umi Partiyai Kommunistii Ittifoqi Soveti Kommunisticheskaya Partiya Sovetskogo Soyuza KPSS (1956) va qarori Komiteti Markazii Kommunisticheskaya Partiya Sovetskogo Soyuza KPSS az 30 iyuni 1966 «Dar borai bartaraf namudani shakhsparasti va oqibathoi on» ba inkishofi ilmi tarikh tasiri kalon rasondand.

Qarorhoi Komiteti Markazii Partiyai Kommunistii Ittifoqi Soveti Kommunisticheskaya Partiya Sovetskogo Soyuza KPSS doir ba masalahoi ideologi, khususan qarori 1967 «Oid ba tadbirhoi minbada inkishof dodani ilmhoi jamiyatshinosi va baland bardoshtani roli onho dar sokhtmoni kommunisti», qarorhoi sezdho, plenumhoi Komiteti Markazii Partiyai Kommunistii Ittifoqi Soveti Kommunisticheskaya Partiya Sovetskogo Soyuza  KPSS dar taraqqiyoti ilmi sovetii tarikh roli muhim bozidand.

Muarrikhoni Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR dar peshrafti ilmi sovetii tarikh sahmi bosazoe guzoshta, «Tarikhi Moskva» (jildi 1—6, «Ocherkhoi tarikhi Leningrad» jildi 1—6), «Tarikhi Akademiyai Fanhoi  Ittifoqi Respublikahoi Sovetii Sotsialisti Soyuz Sovetskikh Sosialisticheskikh Respublik SSSR» (jildi 1— 2), «Tarikhi Sibir az davrahoi qadim to hozir» (jildi 1—5) va digar asarho ofaridand.

Instituti marksizm-leninizmi nazdi Komiteti Markazii Partiyai Kommunistii Ittifoqi Soveti Kommunisticheskaya Partiya Sovetskogo Soyuza  KPSS, filialhoi dar Moskva va Leningrad budai on, kafedrahoi tarikhi Partiyai Kommunistii Ittifoqi Soveti Kommunisticheskaya Partiya Sovetskogo Soyuza KPSS-i maktabhoi oli, Instituti tarikhi Ittifoqi Respublikahoi Sovetii Sotsialisti Soyuz Sovetskikh Sosialisticheskikh Respublik SSSR-i Akademiyai Fanhoi Ittifoqi Respublikahoi Sovetii Sotsialisti Soyuz Sovetskikh Sosialisticheskikh Respublik SSSR va digar muassisahoi ilmii Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR doir ba tarikhi Ittifoqi Respublikahoi Sovetii Sotsialisti Soyuz Sovetskikh Sosialisticheskikh Respublik SSSR tadqiqot mebarand.

Ilmi iqtisodiyot. Dar Rusi Qadim goyahoi iqtisodi dar risolahom dini va hujjathoi huquqii davlati ifoda meyoftand. Dar avvalin hujjathoi Rusi Kiev ideyahoi iqtisodi kharakteri sinfi doshtand. Dar asri 18 M. V. Lomonosov bo goyahoi progressivii iqtisodi baromad kard. Lomonosov dar asarhoi khud rohhoi az khud kardani boigarii tamimi mamlakat, sokhtmoni fabrikavu zavodho, ravnaqi savdo va afzoishi shumorai aholiro nishon dod. Dar miyonahoi asri 19 demokrathoi revolyutsionii rus (V. G. Belinskiy, A. I. Gersen, N. P. Ogarev, N. G. Chernishevskiy, N. A. Dobrolyubov) bar ziddi huquqi krepostnoi baromada, ba afkori iqtisodii rus tasiri kalon rasondand.

Avvalin targibotchii afkori iqtisodii marksisti dar Rossiya G. V. Plekhanov meboshad.

Dar taraqqiyoti iqtisodi siyosii marksisti va afkori iqtisodii rus Vladimir Ilich Lenin sahmi buzurg guzosht. U nazariyai iqtisodii Marksro vobasta ba sharoithoi konkretii Ros-siya mohirona ba kor burd. Lenin dar asarhoi khud talimoti Marksro dar borai predmet va metodi iqtisodi siyosi, partiyaviyati on, dar bo-rai darajahoi taraqqiyoti kapitalizm dar sanoat, dar borai takror-istehsolkuni va krizisho ganitar gardond. Lenin qonuni taraqqiyoti nobarobari iqtisodi va siyosii mamlakathoi kapitalistiro dar davrai imperializm kashf karda, isbot namud, ki sotsializm metavonad saravval dar chand va hatto dar yak davlati alohidai kapitalisti galaba kunad. U bad az revolyutsiya roli iqtisodi va vazifahoi davlati diktaturai proletariatro ilman asosnok namuda prinsip, metod va shaklhoi khojagidorii sotsialistiro kor karda baromad.

 

Talimoti Lenin dar borai imkoniyat, rohho va metodhoi sokhtmoni sotsializm dar Ittifoqi Respublikahoi Sovetii Sotsialisti Soyuz Sovetskikh Sosialisticheskikh Respublik SSSR, masalahoi iqtisodii davrai guzarish dar hujjathoi Partiyai kommunisti, asarhoi iqtisodchiyoni Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR inkishof doda shudand.

Dar miyonahoi solhoi 30 dar davrai ba okhir rasidani guzarish va asosan bunyod shudani jamiyati sotsialisti omuzishi hamatarafai munosibathoi istehsolii davrai sotsializm, qonunhoi iqtisodii jamiyati sotsialisti sar shud. Dar sohai metodologiyai iqtisodiyoti siyosi kori tadqiqoti avj girift. Ba programmai maktabhoi oli omuzishi iqtisodi siyosii sotsializm dokhil karda shud.

Solhoi 60— avvali 70 dar ilmi iqtisodiyot va kori amalii rohbari ba khojagii khalq metodhoi iqtisodi-matematiki vase ba kor burda shud. Dar qarori Komiteti Markazii Partiyai Kommunistii Ittifoqi Soveti Kommunisticheskaya Partiya Sovetskogo Soyuza  KPSS «Doir ba kori tashkiloti partiyavii Instituti iqtisodii Akademiyai Fanhoi Ittifoqi Respublikahoi Sovetii Sotsialisti Soyuz Sovetskikh Sosialisticheskikh Respublik SSSR» (1 dekabri 1971) vazifahoi ilmi iqtisodiyoti Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR muayyan karda shudand.

Bisyor markazhoi tadqiqothoi iqtisodii respublika ahamiyati umumiittifoqi dorand. Muhimtarini onho: Instituti iqtisodi Akademiyai Fanhoi Ittifoqi Respublikahoi Sovetii Sotsialisti Soyuz Sovetskikh Sosialisticheskikh Respublik SSSR (tasisash 1936), Instituti iqtisodi jahon va munosibathoi baynalkhalqii Akademiyai Fanhoi Ittifoqi Respublikahoi Sovetii Sotsialisti Soyuz Sovetskikh Sosialisticheskikh Respublik SSSR (1956), Instituti tadqiqoti ilmii iqtisodii nazdi Gosplani Ittifoqi Respublikahoi Sovetii Sotsialisti Soyuz Sovetskikh Sosialisticheskikh Respublik SSSR (1955).

Ilmi huquqshinosi. Ilmi huquqshinosi dar davrai Pyotri I inkishof yofta, solhoi 60 asri 19 baso avj girift. Ilmi huqukshinosii rus dar avvalhoi asri 20 purra zeri tasiri burjuaziyai liberali monda bud. Dar arafai Revolyutsiyai Oktyabr nazariyai marksisti-lenini masalahoi asosii davlat va huquqro ba tavri prinsipiali hal nashuda, baroi shakl giriftani ilmi navi huquqshinosi imkoniyat dod. Dar asosi konsepsiyahoi marksistii masalahoi davlat va huquq hanuz dar solhoi avvali bad az galabai Revolyutsiyai Kabiri Sotsialistii Oktyabr konstitutsiyai navi soveti — Konstitutsiyai Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR (1918) tahiya karda shud, ki on prin-siphoi lepinii yagonagii hokimiyati davlati, khudmuayyankunii mil-latho, Sovethoro hamchun shakli davlatii diktaturai proletariat mu-ayyan mekard. Nazariyai sovetii huquqi davlat dar konstitutsiyahoi minbadai Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR (1924 va 1937) boz ham beshtar inkishof yoft. Sistemai sudi, organhoi prokuratura (nigared Prokuraturai Ittifoqi Respublikahoi Sovetii Sotsialisti Soyuz Sovetskikh Sosialisticheskikh Respublik SSSR) dar asosi ilmi tashkil shudand. Solhoi 20 doir ba hama sohahoi huquq kodekshoi qonunho qabul karda shud. Dar peshrafti ilmi huquqshinosi qarorhoi Komiteti Markazii Partiyai Kommunistii Ittifoqi Soveti Kommunisticheskaya Partiya Sovetskogo Soyuza  KPSS «Oid ba tadbirhoi minbada inkishof dodani ilmi huquqshinosi va behtar namudani talimi huquqshinosi dar mamlakat» (1961) va «Oid ba tadbirhoi minbada inkishof dodani ilmhoi jamiyatshinosi va baland bardoshtani roli onho dar sokhtmoni kommunisti (1967) roli bagoyat kalon bozidand.

 

 

Olimoni huquqshinosi Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR dar tahiyai Asoshoi qonunguzorii Ittifoqi Respublikahoi Sovetii Sotsialisti Soyuz Sovetskikh Sosialisticheskikh Respublik SSSR doir ba sohahoi gunoguni huquq, kodekshoi Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR va digar hujjathoi muhimi qonunguzori faolona ishtirok namudand. Dar Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR doir ba masalahoi gunoguni ilmi huquqshinosi muassisahoi tadqiqoti ilmii huquq, kafedrahoi fakultethoi huquqshinosii Universiteti Moskva, Leningrad, Qazon va digar universitetho, Akademiyai Vazorati korhoi dokhili va maktabhoi olii huquqshinosi tadqiqot mebarand. Nigared niz maqolai Ittifoqi Respublikahoi Sovetii Sotsialisti, bobi Ilm.

Ilmi adabiyotshinosi. Dar tarikhi ilmi adabiyotshinosii rus V. G. Belinskiy, N. G. Chernishevskiy, N. A. Dobrolyubov va digar roli kalon bozidaand. Onho dar asarhoi khud prinsiphoi tarikhiyat, khalqi-yat va realizmro himoya mekardand. Bad az Revolyutsiyai Oktyabr adabiyotshinosi ba ilmi mustaqil tabdil yoft.

Bo tashabbusi Maksim Gorkiy soli 1932 Instituti adabiyoti jahonii Akademiyai Fanhoi Ittifoqi Respublikahoi Sovetii Sotsialisti Soyuz Sovetskikh Sosialisticheskikh Respublik SSSR tasis gardida, ba markazi tadqiqoti masalahoi adabiyotshinosi tabdil yoft. Dar peshrafti ilmi adabiyotshinosii soveti asarhoi olimoni nomi A. S. Orlov, N. I. Konrad, V. F. Shishmaryov, V. V. Vinogradov, V. M. Jirmunskiy,  M. P. Alekseev, D. S. Likhachyov, M. B. Khrapchenko ahamiyati kalon doshtand. Solhoi 60— ibtidoi solhoi 70 doir ba realizm, masalahoi gumanizm dar adabiyot mubohisaho barpo shudand; oid ba masalahoi aktualii realizmi sotsialisti konferensiyahoi umumiittifoqi barguzor gardidand. Qarori Komiteti Markazii Pratiyai Kommuistii Ittifoqi Soveti KPSS «Doir ba tanqidi adabi-badei» (1972) tanqidi adabi va ada-biyotshinosiro dar ibtidoi solhoi 70 khele jonnok kard.

 

Ilmi zabonshinosi. Okhiri asri 16— ibtidoi asri 17 avvalin grammatikahoi slavyani tartib doda shudand. Asosguzori zabonshinosii ilmi rus M. V. Lomonosov meboshad; u asosi grammatikai ilmi va terminologiyai rusro tartib dod, avvalin shuda fikri az nuqtai nazari muqoisavi-tarikhi omukhtani zabonhoi Rossiyaro bayon kard. Talimoti uro A. X. Vostokov va digar inkishof dodand.

Dar nimai yakumi asri 18 tadqiqi zaboni khalqhoi maskuni Rossiya sar shud. Az jumla yak guruh tadqiqotchiyon (0. N. Byotlingk, V. V. Radlov, K. G. Zalemaya va digar) sokhti fonetiki va grammatikii zaboni turki, dialektografiya, dialektologiyai onro omukhtand. Dar shakl giriftani zabonshinosii nazariyavi dar okhiri asri 19— ibtidoi asri 20 namoyandagoni maktabi zabonshinosii Moskva (asosguzorash F. F. Fortunatov) va Qazon (asosguzorash I. A. Boduep do Kurtene) tasiri kalon rasond.

Dar nimai duyumi asri 19 va ibtidoi asri 20 omuzishi zabonhoi slavyani (O. M. Bodyanskiy, V. I. Grigorovich, R. F. Brandt, A. A. Kochubinskiy va digar) davom kard.

Dar asrhoi 19 Va 20 ba omuzishi zabonhoi romani va germani, zabonhoi khalqhoi Kavkaz, havzai bahri Baltika, Sharqi soveti, inchunin zabonhoi khoriji — muguli, khitoi, yaponi, koreyagi, turki, eroni, arabi, zabonhoi khalqhoi Afrika va gayra ahamiyati kalon doda shud.

Badi Revolyutsiyai Kabiri Sotsialistii Oktyabr bazai nazariyavii tadqiqot qatiyan tagyir yofta, doirai on vase gardid. Dar sohai leksikografiya jiddan kor burda meshavad. «Lugati tafsirii zaboni rusi» zeri tahriri D. N. Ushakov (1934—40), «Luga-ti zaboni adabii hozirai rus» dar 17 jild (1948—05) va digar lugatho nashr shudand. Leksikografiyai duzabona (lugathoi rusi-milli va milli-rusi) inkishof meyobad.

 

Doir ba dialektologiyai zabonhoi khalqhoi Ittifoqi Respublikahoi Sovetii Sotsialisti Soyuz Sovetskikh Sosialisticheskikh Respublik SSSR asarhoi khulosavi ofarida meshavand, atlashoi shevai zaboni rusii viloyathoi markazi, zaboni belorusi, shevai khalqii zaboni ukrainii viloyati Zakarpatiya az chop baromadand. Atlasi dialektologii umumiturki, lugathoi dialoktologii zabonhon boshqirdi, uyguri, qazoqi, uzbeki, ozarboyjoni va digar ba chop tayyor meshavad. Masalahoi qonunhoi taraqqiyoti zaboni rusi (leksikologiya, grammatika, stilistika, frazeologiya va gayra) omukhta meshavand. Solhoi 60, alalkhusus solhoi 70 zabon az nuqtai nazari mantiqi-matematiki, statistiki mavridi tahqiq qaror girift.

Muassisahoi asosii zabonshinosii Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR dar sistemai Akademiyai F Ittifoqi Respublikahoi Sovetii Sotsialisti Soyuz Sovetskikh Sosialisticheskikh Respublik SSSR meboshad. Fakultethoi filologii universitetho va instituthoi pedagogi dar sohai zaboni rusi kori ilmi mebarand.

Soli 1974 dar Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR taqriban 3 hazor muassisai ilmi (maktabhoi oli niz ba hamin hisob medaroyand), ziyoda az 1670 instituti tadqiqoti ilmi bud. Dar sohahoi gunoguni ilm (1979) taqriban 900 hazor khodimi ilmi kor kard. Dar bayni khodimoni ilmii respublika qarib 22 hazor doktori ilm va ziyoda az 201 hazor nomzadi ilm bud.

Instituthoi tadqiqoti ilmi va markazhoi ilmii Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR bo olimoni digar respublikahoi ittifoqi dar aloqamandii zich hamkori mekunand. Dar davrai Hokimiyati Soveti dar respublikahoi avtonomii Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR kadrhoi ilmii milli ba kamol rasidand, bisyor muassisahoi ilmi tashkil shudand. Olimoni Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR dar kori tashkilothoi ilmii bay-nalkhalqi, kongresshoi ilmi, konferensiyaho va gayra, ki dar Ittifoqi Respublikahoi Sovetii Sotsialisti Soyuz Sovetskikh Sosialisticheskikh Respublik SSSR va khorija barpo meshavand, faolona ishtirok mekunand. Moskva, Leningrad, Novosibirsk va digar shahrhoi respublika ba markazhoi kaloni ilmi tabdil yoftaand.

Matbuot, radio, televizion. Soli 1913 dar Rossiya 856 gazeta, 1331 jurnal, ziyoda az 30 hazor nomguy kitob nashr shud. Dar davrai Hokimiyati Soveti kori nashriyot khele taraqqi kard.

Dar Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR chand nashriyoti respublikavi — «Sovetskaya Rossiya», «So-vremennik», «Detskaya literatura», «Malish», «Prosveshenie», «Khudojnik Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR» va digar kor mekunand.

Dar viloyathoya kalon, kishvar va respublikahoi avtonomi niz nashriyotho hastand. Soli 1974 dar respublika 50,7 hazor nomguy kitob va broshyura ba zaboni rusi, 1,3 hazor nomguy ba digar zabonhoi khalqhoi Ittifoqi Respublikahoi Sovetii Sotsialisti Soyuz Sovetskikh Sosialisticheskikh Respublik SSSR, 3 hazor nomguy ba zaboni khalqhoi mamlakathoi khoriji kitob chop karda shud.

Soli 1974 dar Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR 29 gazetai umumiittifoqi, 1 gazetai respublikavi, 153 gazetai kishvari, viloyati va okrugi, 81 gazetai respublikahoi avtonomi va viloyati, 428 gazetai shahri, 1585 gazetai rayoni va digar (4106 gazeta ba zaboni rusi, 304 gazeta ba digar zabonhoi khalqhoi Ittifoqi Respublikahoi Sovetii Sotsialisti Soyuz Sovetskikh Sosialisticheskikh Respublik SSSR) nashr meshud; ba gayr az in 4940 nomguy jurnal, har guna byulletenho ba zaboni rusi, 71 nomguy nashriyai gunogun ba digar zabonhoi khalqhoi Ittifoqi Respublikahoi Sovetii Sotsialisti Soyuz Sovetskikh Sosialisticheskikh Respublik SSSR va 142 nomguy nashriya ba zaboni khalqhoi mamlakathoi khoriji nashr meshud. Jurnalhoi adabi-badei va jamiyati-siyosii «Moskva» (az soli 1957), «Neva» (Leningrad, az soli 1955), «Dalniy Vostok» (Khabarovsk, az soli 1946), «Don» (Rostovi Don, az soli 1957) «Podyom» (Voronej, az soli 1957), «Volga» (Saratov, az soli 1966) va gayra nashr meshavand.

Hajmi radioshunavonii Markazi va mahalli dar territoriyai Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR dar yak shaboruz 558,6 soat meboshad. Moskva 8 programma dorad, 3 programmai on baroi nohiyahoi durdast akhborot medihad. Radioi mahalli ba 46 zabon barnomaho dorad. Dar territoriyai respublika, ba gayr az Markazi televizioni umumiittifoq (Moskva), dar respublikahoi avtonomi, kishvar, viloyat va okrughoi avtovomi 78 studiyai televizion, 135 stansiyai puriqtidori retranslyatsioni kor mekunand. Baroi nohiyahoi durdasti Sibir, Sharqi Dur, Shimoli Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR sistemai «Vostok» va «Orbita» khizmat merasopad. Hajmi miyonai na-moishhoi televizion dar ak shaboruz dar territoriyai Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR 990 soat me-boshad.

 

Adabiyot. Merosi boi folklori rus dar asosi surudu gazalhoi khalqi ba vujud omadaast, ki on dar tuli asrhoi 11—17 purra shakl girift. Dar folklori asri 18 mehnati dehqonon, ahvoli vaznini korgaron, khurujhoi onho ba muqobili khujainonashon aks yofta budand. Okhirhoi asri 19 dar folklor surudi revolyutsioni mavqei mustahkam paydo kard. Dar ejodiyoti dahonakii khalqi rus surudhoi marosimi, epiki va afsonaho maqomi khos dorand. Dar surudhoi epiki nizovu nifoqi ijtimoii davrahoi gunogun, dar dostonho bo-shad, muborizai khalq bar ziddi dushmanoni vatan, idealhoi qahramoni, haqiqatu adolat, quvvai beintihoi khalq va gayra tarannum meshavand. Dar dostonhoi epiki kornamoihoi bahoduron Ilya Muromes, Dobrinya Nikitich, Vasiliy Buslaev vasf shudaast. Dar asri 19 romans va ruboi beshtar inkishof yoftand va yak qator asarhoi folklori kitobat shudand. YOdgorihoi barjastai adabiyoti qadimai khattii rus ba choryaki duyumi asri 11 mansuband.

Adabiyoti asri 14 solhoi 50 asri 15 ideologiyai davrai dar atrofi Moskva muttahid shudani knyazihoi Rusi Shimol-Sharqro ifoda mekunad. Janri dostoni qahramoni-tarikhi («Dostoni zadukhurdi novgorodiho bo suzdaliho», sikli dostonho bar vasfi Ioann Novgorodskiy, «Qissai Merkuriy Smolenskiy», «Qissai Temuri Lang») inkishof meyobad.

Dar nimai duyumi asri 15— avvali asri 16 dar adabiyot uslubi ekspressivi-emosionali, janri afsonai siyosi va publisistika rivoj yoft. Dar ejodiyoti Fyodor Karpov, Ivan Peresvetov, Ermolay-Erazm baze goyahoi davrai Ehyo inikos gardidand.

Dar asri 17 adabiyoti navi asrhon miyona tadrijan ba adabiyoti davrai nav tabdil meyobad, janrhoi navi adabi paydo shuda, prosessi demokratikunonii adabiyot surat megirad. Adabiyoti asri 17 ba hayot nazdik gardid, dar nasr tahlili psikhologi mushohida meshud, asarhoe talif meshudand, ki asosi onhoro mojaroi ishqi tashkil mekard, tarjumai novella va romanhoi risari avj girift. Klassisizm dar adabiyoti rus dar muboriza bo barokko va tamomi merosi adabiyoti asrhoi miyona tashakkul meyoft. Dar ejodiyoti A. D. Kantemir, dar risolai V. K. Trediakovskiy «Usuli nav va mukhtasari ejodi sheri rusi» (1735), «Nomaho dar bobi shernavisi» (1747), A. P. Sumarokov (1717—77) va «Ritorika»-i (1746) Lomonosov hamai janrhoi asosii adabiyot muayyan va tasif karda shudaand. Asarhoi fojiavii Sumarokov va qasidahoi rusii Lomonosov ibtidoi haqiqii adabiyo-ti navi rus gardidand. Dar adabiyoti klassisizm janrhoi hajvi in-kishof meyobad (A. D. Kantemir, A. P. Sumarokov, M. V. Lomonosov). Dar choryaki okhiri asri 16, badi az chop baromadani asari D. I. Fonvizin («Norasida») janri mazhaka maqomi nav paydo mekunad, vusati janri fojia niz ba hamin davra rost meoyad. Asari A. N. Radishev (1749— 1802) «Sayohat az Peterburg ba Moskva» (1700) avvalin kitobi originalie bud, ki ba janri sentimentalizm taalluq dorad. Povesthoi «Maktubhoi sayyohi rus»-i N. M. Karamzin (1766—1820) rohhoi peshrafti nasri sentimentaliro muayyai kardand.

Adabiyoti nimai yakumi asri 19 bo tezutundshavii krizisi sistemai krepostnoi, avji harakati milli, pukhta rasidani goyahoi dvoryanhoi ruhiyai revolyutsioni doshta, ki az ibtidoi davrai yakumi harakati ozodikhohi dar Rossiya darak medodand, kharakternok meboshad. Jihathoi klassisizm va sentimentalizm dar fojiahoi manzumi V. A. Ozerov (17160—1816) ifoda shudaand.

Saromadoni nazmi magmum V. A. Jukovskiy (1783—1852) va K. N. Batyushkov (1787—1855) budand. Solhoi 20 ananahoi on dar ejodiyoti A. A. Delvig (1798—1831), N. M. Yazikov (1803—46), B. A. Baratinskiy (1800—44) vusat yoft. Nazmi grajdani jarayoni digarero ba vujud ovard, ki dar faoliyati shoiron — dekabristho: V. F. Raevskiy (1795— 1872), K. F. Rileev (1795—1826), V. K. Kyukhelbeker (1797—1846) va A. A. Bestujev-Marlinskiy (1797— /837) khele khub ifoda yoftaast. I. A. Krilov va A. S. Griboedov dar janrhoi epiki va dramavi asoshoi estetikii realizmi tanqidiro kor karda baromadand.

Dar harakati adabii solhoi 30 asri 19 faoliyati Aleksandr  Sergeevich Pushkin (1799— 1837) maqomi khose dorad. Bo mururi zamon Pushkin qonunhoi obektivonai tarikhro dark karda, daryofti zaminahoi adolati jamiyatiro dar rafti khudi prosessi tarikhi mushohida namud.

Dar choryaki duyumi asri 19 adabiyoti rus dar sharoiti bagoyat vaznin pesh meraft. Hukumati podshohi siyosati barham dodani madaniyati peshqadamro pesh girift. Bo vujudi in, ananahoi nazmi realistiro, ki ba on Pushkin asos guzoshta bud. Mikhail Yurevich Lermontov idoma dod. Realizmi rus dar ejodiyoti Nikolay Vaslevich Gogol, Aleksey Vavilevich Kolsov, dar maqolahoi tanqidi-estetikii Aleksandr Ivanovich  Gersen va Belinskiy harjoniba va khub ifoda yoftand.

Solhoi 1839—46 «Otechestvennie zapiski», badtar jurnali «Sovremennik» roli progressivi bozid. Dar asri 19 adiboni rus dar taraqqii afkori estetiki roli kalon bozidand. Vissarion  Grigorevich Belinskiy, Aleksandr Ivanovich  Gersen, Nikolay Gavrilovich Chernishevskiy tarikhi adabiyoti rusro hambasta bo tarikhi muborizai ozodikhohi tahlil mekardand. Belinskiy khususiyathoi realizmi rusro dar davrahoi avvali tashakkuli on muayyan kard. Demokrathoi revolyutsioni Nikolay  Aleksandrovich Dobrolyubov va Nikolay Gavrilovich Chernishevskiy kori uro davom doda, khususiyathoi asosii ejodiyoti na-visandagoni buzurgi rusro muayyan namudand.

Estetikai Vissarion  Grigorevich Belinskiy ba ejodiyoti navisandagon  Fedor Mikhaylovich  Dostoevskiy (romani «Odamoni bechora”,1846), Aleksandr Ivanovich Gersen (romani «Ki gunahkor», 1846—47), Ivan  Aleksandrovich Goncharov) romani «Tarikhi muqarrari», 1847), Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev («Khotirahoi shikorchi», 1847—52) va digar tasiri kalon rasond.

Nimai duyumi asri 19 davrai gulgulshukufii realizmi tanqidii rus meboshad. Fedor Mikhaylovich  Dostoevskiy dar asari khud «Khotiraho az khonai bejon» (1861—62), Aleksey  Fiofilaktovich Pisemskiy dar romani «Hazor jon» Rossiyai krepostpoi, qashshoqi, behuquqi va zulmu istibdodi onro ba qalam dodaand. Turgenev dar romanhoi «Rudin* (1856) va «Oshyoni dvoryanho» (1859) ba ham muvofiqat nakardani guftoru raftori ashrofonro, ki ba oqibathoi fojiavi ovarda merasondand, nishon medihad. Zaminahoi ijtimoi va psikhologii paydo shudani «odamoni ziyodatiro» Ivan  Aleksandrovich Goncharov dar romani—«Oblomov» (1859) khelekhub tadqiq kardaast.

Dar okhiri solhoi 60 yake az shohasarhoi adabiyoti rus va jahoni — romani «Jang va sulh»-i Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy (1828—1910) talif shud. Romani «Jang va sulh» jangnomai millii khalqist, ki dar on qismati khalqho, odamoni alohida, voqeahoi haqiqii tarikhi, arboboni tarikhi dar paydarhamii khronologi va robitai mantiqi ustokorona ba qalam doda shudaand. Solhoi 70 dostoni Nikolay  Alekseevich Nekrasov «Dar Rusiya osuda kist?» (1866 —76; tarjumai tojiki, 1980) nashr shud, ki on «qomusi haqiqii hayoti khalqi rus* bud. Dar on halokati hokimiyati pomeshiki, islohoti dehqonon va oqibathoi on, sabru toqati chandinasra, etirozi khalqi baoshubomada ifoda yoftaand. Vsevolod Mikhaylovich Garshin va V. G. Korolenko dar ejodiyoti khud tasviri realistonaro bo romantika aloqamand namuda, ba adabiyot bo mavzui qahramoni dokhil shudand.

Anton Pavlovich Chekhov (1860—1904) dar povest, hikoya, pesa va hikoyahoi hajvi («Odam dar gilof», «Se khoharon», «Arus», «Mohikhurak», «Vanya-tago*, «Bogi olubolu» va gayra) khulqu atvori meshanho, mardumi bekasu kuy va nokomihoi onhoro realistona ba qa-lam dod. Shaklhoi navi adabie, ki Chekhov ba vujud ovard, ba peshrafti novellistikavu dramaturgiyai rus va jahon tasiri kalon rasond.

Ba davrai seyum — davrai proletarii harakati ozodikhohi dokhil shudani Rossiya dar publisistikai solhoi 90, ki dar sahifahoi jurnalhoi «Novoe slovo», «Jizn» va gayra chop meshud, inikos shudaast. Digargunihoi ijtimoii solhoi 90 dar ejodiyoti Maksim Gorkiy (1868—1936) aks gardidaast. Gorkiy hamchun ifodakunandai ruhi revolyutsionii sinfi korgar behtarin ananahon realizm va romantizmi progressivii asrhoi 19—20-ro idoma dod. Qahramononi afsonaviyu romantikii asarhoi u «Kampir Izergil» (1895), «Taronai Lochiv» (1899), «Taronai Murgi Tufon» (1901) ommaro ba muborizai revolyutsioni davat mekardand. Dar okhiri solhoi 1890— avvali soli 1900 dar romanu pesahoi Maksim Gorkiy padidahoi realizmi sotsialisti mushohida gardid. Dar romani «Foma Gordeev» (1899), povesti «Se nafar» (1900) tarikhi iekishofi kapitalizm dar Rossiya, kharakteri burjuaziyai rus va roli proletariat dar inkishofi harakati ozodikhohi nishon doda shudaast. Dar pesai «Meshanho* (1901) korgari rus avvalin bor hamchun qahramoni navi tarikh arzi vujud kard, dar pesai «Dar qar» (1902) hayoti onhoe, ki az jabri kapitalizm ba «qar*-i zindagi aftodaand, inikos yoftaast, dar pesai «Dachani-ninho* (1904) ustodoni madaniyatro davat kardaast, ki baroi khalq ajod namoyand, dar pesai «Vahshiho» (1905) vahshoniyati burjuaziya fosh shudaast. 27 noyabri 1905 dar Peterburg avvalin bor Maksim Gorkiy va Vladimir Ilich Lenin bo ham vokhurdaand, ki in ba tamomi faoliyati minbadai navisanda tasiri buzurg guzosht. Gorkiy dar ocherk va pamflethoi khud «Dar Amerika» va «Musohibahoi man» (har du 1906) revolyutsiyai rusro himoya va bardurugii demokratiyai burjuaziyaro fosh kard. Bo rohbarii Partiyai bolsheviki dar rohi sotsializm muboriza burdan va dar jarayoni in muboriza ba vujud omadani odami nav bori nakhust dar adabiyoti badei dar romani Gorkiy «Modar» (1906) inikos shudaast. Vladimir Ilich Lenin dastnavisi romani «Modar»-ro khonda, ahamiyati zamonavii onro takid namud. Povesti «Tavba» (1908), ki ruhi idealisti dosht, du-chori tanqidi sakhti Lenin gardid. Dar pesahoi «Okhirinho» (1908), «Hayoti Matvey Kojemyakin* (1910— 11) hayoti meshani va dushmanoni iiqilob tanqid shudaast. Maksim Gorkiy ba quvvai tashkilotii partiya, proletarnati revolyutsioni va ittifoqi on bo dehqonon dar davrai tayyori va guzaronidavi Revolyutsiyai  Kabiri  Sotsialistii Oktyabr bahoi durust doda natavonist. Lenin uro baroi in sakht mahkum namud va kambudihoi goyavii Gorkiyro sari vaqt nishon doda, uro chun adibi proletari, bunyodguzori madaniyati sotsialisti va yordamchii sodiqi partiya tarbiyat kard.

Hanuz dar solhoi 90 bo nashri majmuahoi sherhoi K. D. Balmont (1867 —1942) «Dar bekanori» va «Khomushi», majmuai Bryusov «Simvolistoni rus», inchunin sherhoi V. Sollogub (1863—1927), D. S. Merejkovskiy (1866—1941) va digar dar adabiyot jarayoni nav — simvolizm shakl girift. Simvoliston dar atrofi nashriyahoi «Severniy vestnik», «Mir iskusstva», «Noviy nut» muttahid shudand. Munaqqidoni boistedod —- marksiston G. V. Plekhanov (1856—-1918), V. V. Vorovskiy (1871-1923). A. V. Lunacharskiy (1875— 1933) va digar bo jaholatparasti dar adabiyot muboriza meburdand. Maqolahoi Lenin «Tashkiloti partiyavi va adabiyoti partiyavi», «Khotirai Gersen», «Oid ba iftikhori millii velikorusho» programmai jangovaronai tanqidi bolsheviki gardidand.

Dar arafai Revolyutsiyai Oktyabr Proletkult tashkil shud, ki on dar bayni proletariat kori madani-marifati meburd. Nazariyachiyoni Proletkult ba vujud ovardani madaniyati makhsusi proletariro zarur shumorida, ahamiyati merosi madanii guzashtaro inkor mekardand, nisbat ba partiya va davlat goyahoi separatisti meguzaronidand. Maktubi Komiteti Markazii RKP(b) «Oid ba Proletkultho* (1920), ki khatoihoi in jarayonro oshkor menamud, dar tarikhi hayoti ideologii jamiyat roli kalon bozid.

Adabiyoti davrai Jangi grajdani (1918—20) ruhiyai revolyutsioniro ifoda mekard. Nazmi badirevolyutsionii Vladimir  Vladimirovich  Mayakovskiy — «Qasidai revolyutsiya», «Leviy marsh» (har du 1918) va gayra dar tarikhi lirikai jahoni zuhuroti nave bud.

Yak zumra navisandagoni boistedod—D. A. Furmanov (1891—1926),B. A. Lavrenyov (1891—1959), L. M. Leonov (tavallud 1899), K. A. Fedin (1892—1977) va digar dar matbuoti davrii fronti kor mekardand va baroi asarhoi minbadai khud materiali farovon jam meovardand. Az soli 1921 nashri jurnalhoi adabi-badeii «Krasnaya nov», «Kniga i revolyusiya», «Pechat i revolyusiya», «Sibirskie ogni», «Molodaya gvardiya», «Noviy mir», «Oktyabr» sar shud. Romani A. S. Syorafimovich «Seli ohanin» (1924) dar inkishofi adabiyoti realizmi sotsialisti roli muhim bozid. D. A. Furmanov dar ro-mani «Chapaev» (1923) haqiqati tarikhi va psikhologiro bo badeiyati baland ifoda kard. A. A. Fadeev dar romani «Torumor» (1927) avva-lin shuda obrazi bolshevikonro ofarid. Ofarida shudani obrazi V. I. Leshga (ochegrki Maksim  Gorkiy «Vladimir  Ilich  Lenin (1924—1931), dostoni «Vladimir Ilich Lenin» (1924) va silsilai sherhoi Mayakovskiy ahamiyati bagoyat kalon dosht.

Dar nimai duyumi solhoi 20 dar mavzui peshrafti khojagii khalq romanhoi «Sement»-i F. V. Gladkov, «Pechi domnagi»-i (1925) N. N. Lyashko, «Zavodi chub»-i (1928) A. A. Karavaeva ofarida shudand. Dar in davra janri povellistikai adabiyoti soveti taraqqi mekunad (novellahoi «Rohi qadima»-i (1927) A. Tolstoy, «Transvaal»-i (1926) K. Fedin). Dar nazmi nimai duyumi solhoi 20 dostonhoe ejod shudand, ki ahamiyati ijtimoi-tarikhii revolyutsiyaro mavridi tahlil qaror dodaand: dostoni «Khub»-i (1927) Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovskiy, dostoni Sergey  Aleksandrovich Esenin «Qissai bistu shash nafar» (1924), dostoni Pasternak «Soli nuhsadu panjum» (1925—26) va gayra.

Dar markazi diqqati adabiyoti sovetii solhoi 30 odami nav meistod, ki u dar davrai soveti ba voya rasida, tarbiya yoftaast. Nikolay  Aleksandrovich  Ostrovskiy (1904—36) dar romani «Obutob yoftani pulod» (qismi 1—2, 1932—34) obrazi kommunisti javonro ofarid, ki u bahri kori revolyutsiya quvva va joni khudro dareg namedorad. Dar epopeyai M. Sholokhov «Doni orom» (1928—40) qismati tarikhii kazakoni Don dar revolyutsiya nishon doda shudaast.

Dar adabiyoti solhoi 30 roli romani tarikhi baland shud. Dar in davra «Kyukhlya» (1925) va «Margi Vaziri mukhtor»-i (1927—28) Yu. I. Tipyanov (1894—1943), «Radishev»-i (1932—39) O. D. Forsh (1873—1961), «Stepan Razin»-i (1926—27) A. P. Chapigin (1870—1937), «Emelyan Pu-gachyov»-i (1938—45) Shishkov, «Chingizkhon»-i (1939) V. G. Yan (1875— 1950) va gayra ofarida shudand. Romani A.           Tolstoy «Pyotri 1»(1929—45) voqeai buzurgo dar adabiyot gardid. Mustahkam gardidani robitai adabiyothoi millii Ittifoqi Respublikahoi Sovetii Sotsialisti Soyuz Sovetskikh Sosialisticheskikh Respublik SSSR jihati ta-raqqiyoti adabiyoti solhoi 30 meboshad. Hayoti khalqhoi barodar mavzui asosii adabiyoti rus gardid: «Sherhoi Kakhetiya»-i (1935) Nikolay Tikhonov (1896 —1979), «Qaydhoi safar»-i (1934) B.M. Inber (1890—1972), «Qarabu-goz» (1932), «Kolkhida»-i (1934) Konstantin Georgievich Paustovskiy (1892—1968), «Odam pustashro ivaz mekunad»-i (qismi 1—2, 1932—33), B. Yasenskiy (1901— 41) ba hamin mavzu bakhshida shudaand. Solhoi 20—30 davrai gul-gulshukufii adabiyoti sovetii bachagona bud. Afsona va sherhoi Korney Chukovskiy, Samuil Marshak, asarhoi Arkadiy Gaydar, Vladimir Mayakovskiy, Agniya Barto, Sergey Mikhalkov va digar dar kori dar ruhi goyahoi sosializm tarbiya namudani bachaho roli bagoyat muhim bozidand.

Az ruzhoi avvali Jangi Buzurgi Batani (1941—45) adabiyoti soveti faoliyati khudro purra ba hifzi Vatani sotsialisti ravona kard. Bisyor navisandagon (Arkadiy Gaydar, Yu. Krimov, M. Petrov, I. Utkin va digar) dar rohi himoyai Vatan jon nisor namudand. Surudi «Jangi muqaddas»-i (1941) Lebedev-Kumach ba gimni Jangi Buzurgi Vatani tabdil yoft. Dar in davra sherhoi balandgoyai Konstantin Simonov «Intizoram bosh», «Kush uro!*, A. A. Surkov «Surudi daleron», A. Akhmatova «Mardonagi», asarhoi publisistii I. Erenburg «Jang* (kitobi 1—3, 1942—44), A. Tolstoy «Chiro mo himoya mekunem», «Jangovaroni rus», M. A. Sholokhov «Maktabi adovat», L. Leonov «Sharafi Rossiya», «Gazab» ejod gardidand, ki onho adabiyoti rusro az jihati mavzu khele gapi gardondand. Dostoni A. T. Tvardovskiy «Vasiliy Tyorkin» (1942—45) asari barjastatarini adabiyoti davrai jang ba shumor meravad.

Pas az jang romani «Gvardiyai javon»-i (1945, tahriri nav 1951) A. Fadeev va «Dostoni mardi haqiqi»-i (1946) B. Polevoy talif shud, ki dar in asarho fazilathoi odami soveti — golibi fashizm inikos gardidaast.

Dar taraqqiyoti adabiyoti badijangii solhoi 1946—48 qarorhoi Komiteti Markazii VKP(b) doir ba masalahoi ideologi («Dar borai jurnalhoi «Zvezda» va «Leningrad» va gayra) ahamiyati kalon doshtand. Okhiri solhoi 40-avvali solhoi 50 mehnati qahramononai khalq yake az mavzuhoi asosii adabiyoti rus gardid. Bisyor navisandagon kushish menamudand, ki obrazhoi mehnatkashoni peshqadami shahru dehot, kommuniston — tashkilotchiyoni omma, komandironi istehsolotro ofarand. Chuninand obrazhoi Voropaev az romani «Bakht»-i P. A. Pavlenko (1899—1951), injenerho Batmanov va Beridaze az romani «Dur az Moskva»-i V. N. Ajaev (1915— 68), personajhoi romani «Darav»-i G. E. Nikolaeva (1911—63), «Ruzhoi hayoti mo»-i V. K. Ketlinskaya (tavallud 1906), «Balandi»-i E. 3. Vo-robyova (tavallud 1910), obrazhoi se nasli sulolai korgaron — kishtisozon az romani V. A. Kochetov (1912—73) «Jurbinho» va digar.

Navisandagoni soveti dar muboriza bahri sulh faolona ishtirok namuda, tarzi zindagonii burjuazi va ideologiyai burjuazi, imperializm va mustamlikadoriro fosh, tazodi du sistemai jamiyatro nishon medihand. Ba in kitobi sherhoi K. Simonov «Duston va dushmanon» (1948), A. Surkov «Sulh ba jahon» (1950), N. Tikhonov «Du jarayon»(1951), pesai Konstantin Simonov «Masalai rus» (1946), Lavrenyov «Sadoi Amerika» (1950) va gayra misoli ravshan shuda metavonand.

Dar adabiyoti badijangii rus romani V. Panova «Krujilikha» (1948), asari segonai V. A. Kaverin «Kitobi kushoda» (1949—56), hikoyahoi S. P. Antonov (tavallud 1915), Yu. M. Nagibin (tavallud 1920) mavqei khos dorand. Dar romani ijtimoii falsafii L. Leonov «Beshai rus» (1953) mohiyati gumanistii kornamoii khalq dar jangi ziddi fashizm ifoda gardida, mehnat hamchun ejodiyot tarannum shudaast. Dar asarhoi K. A. Fedin, G. M. Markov, S. V. Sartakov, V. A‘. Zakrutkin, F. V. Gladkov, V. A. Smirnov va digar voqeahoi pesh-azrevolyutsioni va davrai Revolyutsiyai Oktyabr inikos gardidaand.

Galabai khalqi soveti dar Jangi Buzurgi Vatani, barpo shudani sistemai jahonii sotsializm, prosessi boshiddati zavoli sistemai mustamlikadori simoi sayyoraro tagyir doda, dar nazdi khodimoni adabiyot vazifahoi nav ba nav guzoshtand.

 

Solhoi 50 adabiyot bo asarhoi navo, ki dar onho haqiqati hozirai soveti hamatarafa tahlil karda meshudand, gani gardid. Dar barobari Moskva va Leningrad  dar Vologda, Voronej, Rostovi Don, Smolensk, Irkutsk, Khabarovsk va digar shahrhoi Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR niz markazhoi kaloni adabi ba vujud omadand. Soli 1958 Ittifoqi navisandagoni Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR tasis yoft. Dar Ittifoqi Soveti va berun az khoki on asarhoi navisandagoni millathoi gunoguni respublika — totor M. Jalil (1906—44), avar Rasul Gamzatov (tavallud 1923), boshqird M. Karim (tavallud  1919), balqar Q. Kuliev (tavallud 1917), qalmoq D. Kugultinov (tavallud  1922), chukchi Yu. Rithzu (tavallud 1930) va bisyor digar navisandagon shuhrat paydo kardaand. Adabiyoti khalqhoi barodari mamlakat, az on jumla khalqhoi Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR, na tanho tasiri adabiyoti sovetii rusro his mekunand, balki dar ayni zamon khud niz ba on tasiri ilhombakhsh merasonand.

Solhoi 50—60 dar barobari nasr nazm ham khele taraqqi kard. Dar in davra P. Antokolskiy, N. Aseev, S. Marshak, L. Martinov, M. Svetlov, A. Akhmatova, B. Sluskiy, D. Samoylov, A. Yashin, V. Shefner, V. Sokolov va digar bo majmuahoi sherhoi balandmazmuni khud khazi-nai nazmi respublikaro ganitar gardonidand. Okhiri solhoi 50—avvali solhoi 60 ba adabiyot yak zumra navisandagoni sohibistedod — E. Evtushenko, A. Voznesenskiy, R. Rojdestvenskiy, B.           Sibin va digar dokhil shudand.

Dar adabiyoti solhoi 60  hikoyai M. Sholokhov «Qismati odam» (1957) ba avji navi ba nom «nasri harbi» ibtido guzosht. Asarhoi A. Kalinin, G. Baklanov, Yu. Bondarev va B. Vasilev va digar niz ba mavzui Jangi Buzurgi Vatani bakhshida shudaand.

 

Solhoi 50—60 qismi 2-yumi romani M. Sholokhov «Zamini koramshuda» (1955—60) va bobhoi navi romani u «Onho bahri vatan jangidand» (1943—69) az chop baromad, ki on voqeai kalone dar adabiyoti rus bud. Dar nasri solhoi 60—70 mavzui qishloq mavqei makhsus paydo kard. V. Kochetov dar romani «Barodaron Ershovho» (1958) obrazi sinfi korgar, V. Kojevnikov dar povesti «Shi-nos shaved, Baluev!» (1960) obrazi korkuni khojagi, rohbari uhdabaroi kollektivi kalonro ofaridand. Dar sokhtmoni kommunisti besh az pesh baland shudani roli madaniyati badei dar qarori Komiteti Markazii Partiyai Kommunistii Ittifoqi Soveti Kommunisticheskaya Pratiya Sovetskogo Soyuza KPSS «Dar borai tanqidi adabi-badei» (1972) qayd shudaast. In qaror dar ayni zamon ba baland bardoshtani saviyai goyavi estetikii sanati soveti, mu-borizai oshtinopazir bar ziddi ideologiyai burjuazi, tadqiq namudani            prosesshoi dar jamiyat ba amaloyanda, khususan ba munosibati revolyutsiyai ilmiyu tekhniki, ki ba tashakkull simoi manavii zamon va odami davroni mo tasir merasonad, davat mekunad.

Ba tavri haqqoni dar misolhoi  konkretii tarikhi iiikos namudani hayot dar inkishofi revolyutsionii on, himoyai idealhoi olii insoniyat, gumanizmi voqei in ast khizmati shoyon va ahamiyati jahonii adabiyoti sovetii rus.

Dar adabiyoti solhoi 60-nimai avvali 80 girdovarii sarvathoi navi goyaviyu estetiki, ki baroi inkishofi navi bosurat va muntazami ejodiyoti badei zamina faroham meorad, idoma dorad.

Dar ofaridahoi navi adiboni  nomvar Yu. Bondarev, F, Abramov,  V. Astafev, S. Zaligin,  Shukshin, R. Hamzaksh V. Rasputin, E. S Evtushenko, M. Karim va digar umdatarin masalahoi voqeiyati muosir,  digargunihoi kullii ijtimoiyu siyosi va madaniyu manavie, ki dar  ruzgori soveti ba amal meoyand. Az in jihat samti asosii inkishofi adabiyoti sermillati soveti ba ejodiyoti in adibon vobasta ast.

 

Memori va sanati tasviri. Avvalin nishonahoi sanati hududi Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR ba davrahoi paleolit mansuband. Dar davrai neolit sokhtmoni boshishgohhoi ruizamini va sokhtani ashyoi safolii naqshin mamul gasht. Dar davrahoi eneolit va birinji sokhtmoni khonahoi gulachubi va pushtaho, dar Prikubane boshad, sokhtani dolmenho ba hukmi anana daromad.  Naqqoshii rui safol murakkabtar shud, haykaltaroshii  monumentali (az sang), hunari rekhtagari inkishof yoft. Namunahoi  sanati davrai guzarish az birinji ba asri ohan az bozyofthoi madaniyati kobani (Kavkazi Shimoli) paydost.  Az asrhoi 8—7 to milod to asrhoi avvali milod, ki davrai inqirozi jamiyati ibtidoi va tashakkuli sokhti avlodi bud, boshishgohhoi atrofashon  pushtavu qatorador rasm shud (havzai daryohoi Oka, Kama, Belaya va gayra).  Dar davrai guzarish az madaniyati  qadim ba asrhoi miyona, ki hazoran  1milodro dar bar megirift, ittihodhoi  navi qabilavi va davlathoi navbunyod ba vujud omadand. Dar asrhoi  9—10 madaniyati shahri Rusi Qadim  tashakkul yoft.

Asrhoi 10—13 davrai gul-gulshuku-fii sanati Rusi Qadim bud. In sanat dar zaminai madaniyati asrimiyonagii Evropai Sharqiyu Janubi, ki ananahoi on asosan dar Vizantiya tashakkul yofta bud, bahra bardoshta, bo binohoi sangi, mabadhoi tipi nasroni, janri  asrimiyonagi — freskaho, khotamkoriho, ikonaho, minyoturi kitoby va gayra padid omadaast. Sanati Rusi Qadim dar shahrhoi sershumor,  dar territoriyai khele pahnovar —- az nohiyahoi shimoli garbii Novgorod to nimjaezirai Taman inkishof yoft. Dar Kiev, Chernigov, Novgorod, Polosk va digar shahrho kalisohoi jomei muhtasham (kalisoi 1-3-gunbazai Sofiya dar Kiev, kalisoi Sofiya dar Novgorod), istehkomhoi sangi, qasrho  bunyod gardida, asarhoi garonbahoi sanati tasviri va oroishiyu amali (nigared Rusi Kiev) ejod shudand. Dar asri 12, ki davrai parokandagii feodali bud, roli maktabhoi badeii mahalli — maktabi Novgorod va maktabi Vladimiru Suzdal afzud (mabadhoi Neredisa, kalisohoi jomei Uspenskiy va Dmitrievskiy dar Vladimir). Hunarhoi zargari, kandakori (dar chub) va misgari niz  taraqqi kard.

Okhiri asrhoi 13— 17 peshravii sanati  Rusi Qadim dar natijai istiloi mugulho qat gardida, az okhiri asri 13 boz ru ba taraqqi nihod. In  sanati sirf millii rus bud, ki dar tashakkuli sanati ukrainu belorus niz roli kalon bozid. Asrhoi 13—16 maktabi Novgorod az nav numu kard (asarhoi Feofan Grek dar kalisoi Spasi Ilin, minyoturi kitobi, haykaltaroshi). Padidahoi  maktabi Pskov niz dar in zumra joi namoyonro ishgol mekunand. Novgorod va Pskov qalabandi shuda, dar asrhoi 13—14 sokhtani qalahoi alohida mamul gasht (Kopore, Izborsk). Maktabi sanati tasvirii Rostov, Yaroslavl, Tver, Vologda inkishof yoft. Az asri 14 maktabi badeii Moskva roli avvalindarajaro sohib gasht. Devorhoi  Kremli Moskva az chubi bulut (1339), badtar az sangi safed (1367) bardoshta shudand, burjho bino yoftand. Dar nimai duyumi asri 15 davlati mutamarkazi Rus tashkil shud va ba in munosibat dar Moskva bisyor hunarmandon, kosibon va rassomon jam omada budand. Sanati rus davrai Ehyoro az sar naguzaronida boshad ham, on az ananahoi ustodoni asrimiyonagi khele bahra burdaast. Dar okhiri asri 15— avvali asri 16 atrofi Kremli Moskva (dar hududi hoziraash) qalabandi shuda, bayni devorhoi kungurakoriash 18 burj joy girift, ansambli kalisohoi dokhilash ba vujud omad. Dar asri 16 dar memorii Moskva sokhtani mabadhoi makhsus — dar shakli burjhoi boloyashon khaymashakl (kaliso dar Kolomenskoe, mabadi Vasiliy Blajenniy) rasm shud. Sokhtmoni binohoi sangii qarib dar hamai markazhoi Davlati Rus mamul gasht: dar Nijniy Novgorod, Tula, Kolomna, Zaraysk, Smolensk, Serpukhov kremlho sokhta shudand. Dar shimol beshtar dayrho, kalisoho va khonahoi istiqomatii sangin mesokhtand. Asrhoi 14—15 davrai boloravii sanati rassomii Moskva bud. Dar in jo dar in davra Feofan Grek, Prokhori Gorodsi, Daniil Chyorniy, Andrey Rublyov kor kardaand. Dar ejodiyoti onho tasviri inson maqomi makhsus doshta, obrazho bo samimiyat va mehri beandoza ofarida meshudand (freskahoi kalisoi jome dar Vladimir, ikonai «Salosa»-i Andrey  Rublyov va gayra; faoliyati Dionisiy va makta-bi u — ikonahoi dayri Ferapont). Dar minyoturi kitobi syujethoi dunyashi paydo shudand. Badi ba roh monda shudani kitobchopkuni sanati gravyura ba vujud omad. Ba qadri vusat yoftani hududi Davla-ti Rus va ba vujud omadani shahrhoi nav sokhtmoni binohoi mamu-riyu khojagi, kalisoyu mabadho avj girift. Memorii asri 17 bo namohoi ranginu nazarraboyash jolib ast (mehmonsaroy dar Arkhangelsk, kalisoi Ioann Predtecha dar mahallai Tolchkovoi Yaroslavl, khonai Lapinho dar Pskov, khonai purnaqshunigori Korobovho dar Kaluga va gayra). Kalisohoi mahallii Moskva va no-hiyahoi on ham bo hamin usul oroish yoftaand. Ba sanati tasvirii monumeltali unsurhoi tazyini beshtar dokhil gardida, onho ba qolinhon rangorang monandand. Aksari onho peyzajhoi reali va sahnahoi manshiro inikos kardaand (asarhoi Iosif Vladimirov, Simon Ushakov). Orujeynaya palata, ki yake az markazhon badeii miyonahon asri 17 bud, quvvahoi ejodiro muttahid namuda, justujuhoi navi sanatkoronro dastgiri mekard. Sanati oroishiyu amali bo surati baland pesh meravad. Makhsusan hunarhoi qadimai zargari, korkardi badeii fuluzot, minokori, kandakori (dar chubu sang), gulduzi, kuloli va gayra rivoj yoft. Dar tuli asrhoi miyona madaniyati khalqhoi Shimol va Sibir dar shakli ibtidoi idoma dosht. Dar bayni khalqhoi Povoljiya, ki dar zinai nisbatan balandi taraqqiyot meistodand, sanoei memori (chubi), gulduzi, kandakorii chub, dar Totoristonu Boshqirdiston memorii dinivu dunyavi (asosan az sang) ru ba taraqqi nihod. Dar Kavkazi Shimoli, ki to asri 12 asosan mabadhoi sangii nasroni sokhta meshudand (vodii daryoi Zelenchuk va gayra), minbad sokhtmoni masjidu maqbaraho (binohoi dinii musulmoni) avj girift. Dizsozi niz mamul shud.

Asri 18-nimai avvali asri 19 sanati rus, ki dar asrhoi 17—18 ba kamol rasid, minbad iqtidori davlati mutlaqi Rusro inikos mekard, ravobiti madanii Davlati Rus  bo Evropai Garbi mustahkam shud; rassomoni Evropoi Garbi ba Rossiya omada, sanatkoroni rus baroi qamoli kasb ba on jo meraftand. Soli 1757 dar Petvrburg AR tasis yoft, Sanati asri 18, ki bo goyahoi marifatparvari sarshor gardida, dar tarikhi madaniyati rus yak nav gardishe bud, dar khud nishonahoi Renessansro dosht. Az okhiri asri 17 shahrsozi taraqqi kard: shahrhoi Nevyansk, Ekaterinburg, Taganrog, Kronshtadt ba vujud omadand. Kalontarini onho Peterburg bud. Dar in jo sokhtmoni qasrho avj girift (ansambli Petrodvores). Az ibtidoi asri 18 uslubi barokko hukmron gasht, ki on khususiyathoi memorii mahalliro niz nigoh doshta, binoho doroi bandubasti mukammal va naqshunigori dilpazir budand (Qasri zimistoni va digar qasrhoi Peterburg, ansambli Sarskoe Selo — holo shahri Pushkin; ofaridahoi memor V. V. Rastrelli). Solhoi 1760—70 davrai guzarish ba klassisizm bud. Makhsusan ejodiyotp memor V. Bajenov jolib ast: loihai aznavsozii Kremli Moskva, khonai Pashkov, ansambli Sarisin dar Moskva, ki dar onho unsurhoi barokko bo pafosi grajdanii khosi klassisizm daromekhtaast. Dar sanati memori uslubi makhsusi binosoziyu shahrsozi ba vujud omad. Muvofiqi on ziyoda az 400 loihai aznavsozii shahrhoi Davlati Rus tartib doda shud. Tver (holo shahri Kalinin), Yaroslavl, Kostroma va gayra az jumlai onhoyand. Muvofiqi plani generali shahrhoi Peterburg (1763—69) va Moskva (1775—90) simoi khudro tagyir dodand. Binoi Instituti Smolniy (memor J. Kvarengi), Qasri Tavriya (I. E. Starov), binoi Kitobkhonai ommavi (E. T. Sokolov) Durdonahoi ansambli memorii Peterburg ba hisob meravand. Binohoi ofaridai M. F. Kazakov dar tarikhi shahrsozii Moskva sahifai nav bud (binoi Senat dar Kreml, Universiteti Moskva, khonahoi istiqomati, kalisoho). Qasrhoi berunishahri, ki muvofiqi qoidavu qonunhoi klassisizm dar chorbogho bino meyoftand, ansambli sifatan nav buda, namunahoi shoironavu lirikii memori ba shumor meraftand (binohon Kvarengi, Ch. Kameron, Rinaldi, V. F. Brenna, N. A. Lvov dar Sarskoe Selo, Pavlovsk, Gatchina). Dar dahsolai avvali asri 19 memori bo uslubi ampir rivoj yoft, ki on tarannumi shukuhu jalol, vatandusti, qudrati insonro meyor intikhob karda bud. In jihat makhsusan pas az galaba dar Jangi vatanii soli 1812 quvvat girift. Bnnoho bo sutunhoi muhtasham, mujassamahoi qavnpaykar, arobavu afzori jangi, gulchanbari nusrat va gayra oro doda meshudand. Tamo-yulhoi uslubi ampir pesh az hama dar ejodiyoti A. N. Voronikhin (ka-lisoi jomei Qazon va Instituti kuhkori) va A. D. Zakharov (muallifi navsozii -Admiralteystvo) ba nazar merasad. Ofaridahoi K. I. Rossi, A. A. Monferran va V. P. Stasov (Maidoni qasr, Maydoni sanoe; ansamblhoi maydoni Senat) namunai olii sanati memoriand. Dar Rossiyai nikolai sokhtmoni kazarma, anbor va gospitalho avj girift. In guna inshoot, ki az rui loihai yagona sokhta meshudand, ba baae mavzehoi shahrho namudi yakrangu dilgirkunanda bakhshidaand. Gayr az in, krizisi jarayoni klassisizm ham ba tanazzuli sanati memori sabab shud. Sanati tasvirii asrhoi 17 —18 niz tagyiroti kalonro aa sar guzarond. Joi ikona va naqshhoi ruidevorii kalisoiro musavvara, gravyurahoi dunyavi (aksar asarhoi manzaravi va razmi) va haykaltaroshi girift. Dar in sanati si-fatan nav obrazi inson ba maddi avval baromad. Kushishhoi avvali-ni portretofari dar ejodiyoti baze rassomoni asri 18, ki bo vujudi soddalavhii uslubashon odamoni davrai Pyotrro tasvir karda tavonistaand, ba nazar merasad (A. M. Matveev, I. N. Nikitin, L. Karavak). Dar nimai duyumi asri 18 ofaridani portrethoe, ki jahoni botini, kharakteri modelro mekushodand, avj girift (portrethoi F. S. Rokotov, D. G. Levitskiy, mujassamahoi F. I. Shubin). Dar asri 18 ofaridani musavvarahoi tarikhi (A. P. Losenko, I. A. Akimov, G. I. Ugryumov), maishi (I. Firsov, M. Shibanov) va peyzaj (M. M. Ivanov, F. Ya. Alekseev) rasm shud. Inchunin dar in davra haykaltaroshi ba qullai balandash rasid( mujassamahoi I. P. Prokofev, M. I. Kozlovskiy; sagonahoi marmariyu birinjie, ki F. G. Gordeev va I. P. Martos ofaridaand). Haykalhoi monumentali juzi muhimi ansamblhoi boshukuh gardid (asarhoi E. M. Falqone, Martos dar Moskva va Peterburg).

 

Jarayoni romantizm pesh az hama dar ejodiyoti portretnigoron zohir gasht (asarhoi 0: A. Kiprenskiy, V. A. Tropinnn). Asarhoi K. P. Vryullov sarshori psikhologizmi amiqand. Ragbati baze musavviron ba hayoti harruza, odamoni oddi va umuman muhiti atrofi inson af-zud. Dar in joda A. G. Venesianov va payravoni u maqomi makhsus ish-gol kardaand. Romantikhoi in davr insonro chun qahramoni dramai tarikhi meshinokhtand («Ruzi okhirini Pompeii K. Bryullov, «Zuhuri Iso ba mardum»-i A. A. Ivanov). Dar miyonai asri 19 musavvarahoi janri maqomi khudro daryoftand (grafikai hajvii A. Agin, E. Bernadskiy). Sanati istehsoli chinivoru shisha, kandaqori dar ustukhon, kuloli, turbofi, gulduzi va digar hunarho niz ravnaq doshtand.

Dar nimai duyumi asri 19—ibtidoi asri 20 Rossiya bo rohi kapitalisti inkishof meyoft va in albatta ba hayoti madani tasir nakarda namond. Inkishofi stikhiyavii kapitalizm vodor meqard, ki shahrho bo surati baland vusat yoband. Dar natijai besarusomon va yakbora afzudani aholi dar girdu atrofi shahrho kazarmahoi korgari, mahallahoi kambagalnishin ba vujud omadand. Shahrsozi tanazzul kard. Dar ibtidoi asri 20 goyahoi navi shahrsozi ba vujud omadand, lekin kushishhoi memoroni peshqadam amali nagardi-dand. Minbad shahrsozi az rui usuli «modern» idoma yoft (aksar khonahoi shakhsi). Baze memoron ba memorii guzashta (A. V. Shusev), klassisiizm (Fomin), Renessaps (I. V. Joltovskiy) ru meovardand. Dar in davra kharakteri sanati tasviri ham ba kulli tagyir yoft. Aksari musavviron az jarayoni hukmroni akademizm dast kashida, ba guruhi Peredvijnikho payvastand. Onho az rui prinsiphoi estetikai revolyutsioni asar meofaridand, realizmi tanqidiro poydor megardondand (N. V. Nevrev, V. V. Pukiryov, L. I. Solomatkin, G. Perov, G. Myasoedov, K. A. Saviskiy, V. Stasov, N. Kramskoy). Bisyor rassomon ba eposhoi qahramoni murojiat mekardand («Bahoduron»-i V. Vasnesov). Dar musavvarahoi monumentaliash I. E. Repin obrazi dehqononi Rossiyaro tajassum namudaast («Burlakho dar Volga»). Musavvarai tarikhi dar ejodiyoti V. I. Surikov ba qullai baland rasid («Boyarzan Morozova»). Peyzajnigori ham khele taraqqi kard (asarhoi A. K. Savrasov, I. I. Shishkin, A. Kuinji, I. Ayvazovskiy, I, Levitan). Minbad ba sanati tasviri mavzuhoi inqilobi roh yofta, obrazi korgari oddi ofarida meshud (asarhoi S. V. Ivanov, N. A. Yaroshenko). Rassomon V. A. Serov, M. A. Vrubel dar asarhoyashon zeboii abadii insonu tabiatro vasf kardaand. Rassomone ba maydon omadand, ki bo muborizai siyosi hamqadam gashtand. Grafika rivoj yoft (V. Serov, B. Kustodiev, M. Dobujinskiy, E Lansere, I. Repin, V. Makovokiy, I. Brodskiy va digar). Ba ejodiyoti baze rassomon goyahoi sotsializm roh yoftand (portreti mujassamavii Karl Marks — asari A. S. Golubkina). Ananahoi realizm dar peyzajhoi P. I. Petrovichev, L. V. Turjanskiy, K. F. Yuon, Kustodiev idoma kard. Bo vujudi andake rohgum zadai az haqiqatnigori (ba tamoyulhoi formalisti mayl paydo kardan) baze rassomon kompozisiyahoi ramzii shoirona ofaridaand (M. Saryan, P. Kuznesov, Petrov-Vodkin, A. V. Kuprip, R. Falk va digar). Sanati progressivii rus ba madaniyati digari khalqhoi Rossiya tasiri kalon rasond.

Sanati soveti. Revolyutsiyai Kabiri Sotsialistii Oktyabr sanati sifatan navi jamiyati sotsialistiro ba arsai vujud ovard. Plani leninii propagandai monumentali ba amal barovarda me-shud, Sokhtmoni avvalin inshooti injeneriyu industriyavi ba roh monda shud (GidroElektroStansiyaho, radiostansiyaho). Korhoi shahrsozi bo quvvai toza pesh raft. Mavzolei Vladimir Ilich Lenin (solhoi 20, memor A. V. Shusev) bunyod shuda, ansambli Maydoni Surkhro ganitar gardond. Shahrhoi kuhna rekonstruksiya shuda, shahrhoi nav bunyod meyoftand (Magnitogorsk, Novokuznesk). Miyonai solhoi 30 sokhtmoni korkhonahoi sanoati avj girift, konstruksiyahoi metalli va ohanubetoni mamul gardid (Metropoliten va kuprukhoi Moskva).

Muvofiqi qarori Komiteti Markazii VKP(b) va Soveti Komissaroni Khalqi Ittifoqi Respublikahoi Sovetii Sotsialisti Soyuz Sovetskikh Sosialisticheskikh Respublik SSSR «Dar borai plani generalii rekonstruksiyai Moskva» (1935) poytakhti vatanamon simoi khudro khele tagyir dod.

Solhoi jang memoron asosan bo halli masalai kuchondani korkhonahoi sanoati ba sharqi mamlakat mashgul budand. Sadho shahrhoi torojgashta az nav barqaror karda shudand, zavodhoi nav va inshooti buzurgi gidrotekhniki ba vujud omadand (kanali Volgayu Don). Minbad sokhtmoni mikrorayonho avj girift. Miyonai solhoi 50 rayonhoi istiqomatii kalon dar Moskva, Leningrad, Yaroslavl, Sverdlovsk, Gorkiy, Volgograd, Kuybishev, Vladivostok, Krasnoyarsk, Omsk, Novosibirsk ba vujud omadand. Solhoi 60 aksar shahrhoi Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR az rui loihai generali rekonstruksiya meshudand. Masalan, khiyoboni ba nomi Kalinini Moskva namunai olii ansambli memorist. Solhoi 60—70 shahrhoi nav bunyod yoftand (Naberejnie Chelni), sokhtmoni khonahoi panelii bisyoroshyona rasm shud. Beshtar ba sokhtmoni komplekshoi sporti, tamoshogohho, binohoi madaniyu marifati diqqat medihand.

Sanati tasvirii respublikai javoni soveti ba khizmati revolyutsiya safarbar shud. Pesh az hama, janri plakati targiboti va grafikai gazetivu jurnali rivoj yoft (D. S. Moor, V. N. Deni; oinahoi ROSTA). Dar bobati ba roh mondani propagandai monumentaln Andreev, Kovenkov, Manizer, Mukhina, Shervud va digar khizmathoi kalon kardand. Voqeahoi revolyutsiya dar asarhoi Brod-skiy, I. Vladimirov, Malyavin, Kustodiev, Petrov-Vodkin, Rilov, Yuon, N. Kupreyanov tajassum yoftand. Solhoi 20—ibtidoi solhoi 30 musavvarahoi tematikii syujetdor mamul megardad (asarhoi A. M. Gerasimov, M. B. Grekov, A. Deyneka, B. Ioganson, E. A. Kasmap, Yu. Pimenov). Ofaridani obrazi Lenin yake az jihathoi muhimi janri portretnigorin in davr bud. Ejodiyoti in davrai haykaltaroshon B. D. Korolyov, Matveev, Mukhina, I. D. Shadr jolib ast.

Janri natyurmort maqom paydo kard (Konchalovskii, Lentulov). Dar inkishofi navhoi gunoguni grafikai kitobi: ksilografiya — rassomon V. Favorskiy, A. Kravchenko, linogravyura — I. Pavlov, P. Staroposov, ofort — I. Nivinskiy va digar sahm guzoshtaand. Ba sanati oroishi sahna maylhoi konstruktivisti roh yoftand (I. Rabinovich, N. Altman).

Pas az baromadani qarori Komiteti Markazii VKP(b) «Dar borai aznavsozii tashkilothoi adabiyu badei» ittifoqi yagonai rassomon tasis yoft. Asarhoe ba vujud omadand, ki dar onho tavassuti tasviri musodamahoi kharakterhoi odamon konflikthoi tarikhi kushoda meshudand («Istintoqi kommuniston»-i Ioganson); aksari onho sarshori ruhiyai romantikai revolyutsioni budand («Qasamyodku-nii partizanhoi Sibir»-i S. Gerasimov).

Azbaski sokhtmoni binohoi jamiyati avj girift, sanathoi oroishii khotamkoriyu minokori, suratkashii rui devor va gayra az nav inkishof yoft (L. A. Bruni, Denneka, Favorskiy, N. Efimov va gayra). «Korgar va kolkhozchizan»-i Mukhina hamchun ramzi jamiyati soveti shinokhta shud. Haykaltaroshii monumentali avj girifta, bisyor shahrho bo mujassamahoi buzurgon oro yoftand (asarhoi Manizer, Merkurov, Tomskiy).

Janri satirai siyosi bolo raft. Ustodoni in namud dar atrofi «Krokodil» muttahid shudand (L. Brodati, B. Efimov, Kukriniksho va gayra). Solhoi jang janri plakati siyosi taraqqi kard (Ejodiyoti V. S. Ivanov, F. Koreskiy, Efimov, Kukriniksho). «Oinai TASS» (darMoskva) va «Qalami muboriz» (dar Leningrad) faoliyati khudro az nav ba roh mondand. Qahramoniyu shujoati khalki soveti dar ejodiyoti N. Jukov va digar ustodoni Studiyai rassomoni harbii ba nomi M. Grekov, dar ejodiyoti S. Gerasimov, Deyneka, A. Plastov, M. Avilov, I. Serebryaniy, V. Yakovlev, G. Vereysqiy va digar khub tajassum yoftaast.

Ba sharafi galaba bar fashizm dar Ittifoqi Respublikahoi Sovetii Sotsialisti Soyuz Sovetskikh Sosialisticheskikh Respublik SSSR va mamlakathoi ozodgashta obidahoi nusrat va mujasammahoi qahramonon bunyod yoftand. Insondustii Armiyai Sovetii bakhshoyandai ozodi dar ansambli memorialii Trentovpark (Berlin) tajassum yof-taast (E. V. Vuchetich bo sharikmuallmfonash). Mujasamma va portret-hoi qahramononi jangro haykaltaroshon Tomskiy, L. E. Kerbel, Vl. E. Sigal va digar ofaridaand. Solhoi badi jang musavvaraho asosan dar mavzui mehnatu hayoti osoishta ofarida meshudand. Dar in davra beshtar tasviri peyzajhoi dilpazir, tarannumi zeboii insonu tabiat ba nazar merasid. Ittifoqi Rassomon Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR soli 1960 tasis yoft va ejodkoronro dar atrofash beshtar muttahid namud.

Solhoi 50—70 asosan sokhtmoni komplekshoi memoriali avj girift (ansambli Volgograd (haykaltarosh Vuchetich va digar). Hunarhoi khalqi, makhsusan minyoturnigoriyu minokori (minyoturhoi Palekh, Mstyor, Kholuy, Gorodes) taraqqi kardand. Sohai navi ejodiyot — dizayn tashakkul yoft.

Musiqi. Sarchashmahoi musiqii rus az madaniyatu maishati qabilahoi slavyanhoi sharqi barmeoyad. Naqshi on davraho dar baze surudhoi marosimi, ki to ruzhoi nazdik mamul budand, nigoh doshta shudaand. Dertar surudhoi lirikii khalqi ba vujud omadand, ki onhoro har saroyanda bo oburangi khose ijro mekard.

Dar Rusi Kiev eposi qahramoni mamul gasht. Az sarchashmahoi khatti va bozyofthoi arkheologi barmeoyad, ki dar in davra musiqii sozi inkishof yofta budaast (sozhoi gusli, gudok, sopel, nay, sevnisa va gayra). Skomorokhho noshironi asosii madaniyati musiqii rus budand. Okhiri asri 10, pas az poydor gardidani dini nasroni surudhoi kalisoi mamul gashtand (yagona namudi musiqii kasbi, ki bo alomathoi makhsus sabt meshud asrhoi 16—17 mukammal shud). Ni-mai duyumi asri 17 surudkhonii bisyorovoza-kant (ham surudhoi kalisoi va ham dunyavi) ba hukmi anana daromad. Dar ahdi Pyotri 1 khondani kanthoi mutantan rasm shud. Asri 18 musiqi az kaliso judo shuda, juzi muhimi hayoti maishii mardum gasht. Teatri opera tasis yofta, konserthoi ommavi barpo megardid. Okhiri asri-18 maktabi bastakorii rus purra shakl girift (M. S. Berezovskiy, D. S. Bortnyanskiy, V. A. Pashkevich va digar), ki on az goyahoi maorif-parvarii rus bahravar gashta bud. Bastakoroni asri 18 asosan ba janri opera tavajjuh doshtand. Melodramaho (masalan, «Orfey»-i Fomin, 1792) va asarhoi sozii jolib ofarida meshudand. Ibtidoi asri 19 operanavison beshtar ba mavzuhoi afsonavi, khalqi-epiki ru meovardand («Ilyai bahodur», 1806). Namoyandai barjastai romantizmi operavi A. N. Verstovskiy bud. Solhoi 30—40 bo ejo-diyoti M. I. Glinka davrai navi musiqii rus ogoz yoft. Ba sharofati u maktabi musiqii rus dar Evropa ba yake az avvalin joyho baromad. Asarhoi u operahoi «Ivan Susanin» (1836) va «Ruslan va Lyudmila» (1842), asarhoi simfonii «Kamarinskaya» (1848), «Uvertyurahoi ispani» asosi simfonizmi millii rus gashtand. Makhsusan romanhoi dilangezi  u shuhrat yoftand. A. S. Dargomijskiy bo asarhoyash khazinai musiqii rusro ganitar gardond. A. G. Rubinshteyn soli 1859 dar Peterburg Jamiyati musiqii rusro tasis dod. In jamiyat dar shahrhoi Moskva va Peterburg Sinfhoi musiqi kushod, ki dar zaminai onho konservatoriyahoi Moskva va Peterburg tashkil shudand. Solhoi 60 guruhi «Tudai muqtadir» tashkil yoft, ki bastako-roni javonro muttahid karda, goyahoi revolyutsioniyu demokratiro targib mekard (M. A. Balakirev, A. P. Borodin, S. A. Kyui, M. P. Musorgskiy, N. A. Rimskiy-Korsakov). Munaqqidon V. F. Odoevskiy va V. V. Stasov dar inkishofi musiqii rus khizmati bosazo kardaand. Musiqii nimai duyumi asri 19 yake az sahifahoi durakhshoni tarikhi musiqii jahon ast («Knyaz Igor»-i Borodin, «Boris Godunov»-i Musorgskiy, «Evgeniy Onegin» va «Motkai qaromashshoq»-i Chaykovskiy va gayra). M. A. Balakirev, Rimskiy-Korsakov niz simfonizmi rusro bo asarhoi khud boy gardondand. Balethoi Chaykov-skiy «Kuli quvon» (1878), «Nozanini khufta» (1889), «Shelkunchik» (1892) davrai navi inkishofi sanati musiqi bud. Badtar chunin bas-takoroni mashhur ba misli A. K. Glazunov, S. I. Taneev, A. K. Lyadov va digar ba maydon omadand. Dar ejodiyoti bastakoroni ibtidoi asri 20 Rimskiy-Korsakov, S. 6. Rakhmaninov va A. N. Skryabin baze jihathoi harakati revolyutsioni inikos yoftaand. Dertar asarhoi I. F. Stravinskiy va S. S. Prokofev ba vujud omadand. Ibtidoi asri 20 madaniyati ijrokunandagii sanatkoron bolo raft. Maktabi vokalii .rus bo namoyandagoni barjastaash F. I. Shalyapin, A. V. Nejdanova, L. V. Sobinov, I. V. Ershov shuhrati jahoni yoft.

Revolyutsiyai Kabiri Sotsialistii Oktyabr baroi inkishofi minbadai musiqii rus davrai nave kushod. Bisyor kadrhoi balandikhtisos ba respublikahoi digari milli firistoda meshudand va onho dar sabzondani sanatkoroni mahalli kumak mekardand. Muallifi 27 simfoniya N. Ya. Myaskovskiy asosguzori simfonizmi sovetii rus hisob meyobad. Minbad bastakoroni buzurgi soveti D. D. Shostakovich, V. V. Sherbachev, L. K. Knipper, V. Ya. Shebalin janri simfoniyaro boz ham rivoj dodand. Operahoi jolib niz ejod meshudand: «Doni orom»-i I. Dzerjinskiy, «Dar buron»-i T. N. Khrepnikov (1939), «Semyon Kotko»-i S. Prokofev (1939) va gayra. Mav-zui tarikhiyu revolyutsioni va zamonavi dar ejodiyoti Yu. A. Shapo-rin, R. K. Shedrin, D. Kabalevskiy, R. Glier, B. Asafev, A. Khachaturyan mavqei khos paydo kard. Solhoi jang (1941—45) surud hamchun janri ommavi mamul gasht. Surudhoi A. V. Aleksandrov, M. I. Blanter, A. A. Davidenko, I. O. Dunaevskiy, E. Kolmanovskin, B. A. Mokrousov, V. I. Muradeli, A. I. Pakhmutova, V. P. Solovyov-Sedoy, M. G. Fradkin, Ya. Frenkel, T. N. Khrennikov, A. Eshpay khele mashhur gashtaand. Namoyandagoni mashhuri musiqii soveti — dirijyoron I. S. Golovanov, A. M. Pazovskiy, A. Melik-Pashaev, E. Mravyanskiy, A. V. Aleksandrov, pianino-navozon G. G. Neygauz, E. Gilels, S. Rikhter, skripkanavozon D. Oystrakh, L, Kogap, saroyandagop V. Barsova, M. Maksakova, I. Arkhipova, I. Kozlovskiy, S. Lemeshov va digar meboshand. Solhoi Hokimiyati Soveti dar shahrhovu respublikahoi avtonomii Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR shumorai ziyodi teatrhoi musiqi, filarmoniya, muassisahoyu donishkadahoi musiqi ba vujud omadand. Dar Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR (soli 1975) 42 teatri musiqi, 1 teatri dramai musiqi, 8 teatri musiqi, 24 orkestri simfoni, 19 dastai saroyandagoni khor, 13 konservatoriya va digar maktabhoi olii musiqi, 114 omuzishgohi musiqi, 10 omuzishgohi sanat, 2 omuzishgohi khor, qarib 3000 maktabi musiqii bachagona amal mekard.

Raqs. Balet. Tarikhi khoreografiyai rus az davrahoi sokhti avlodi sar meshavad. Raqsho va khorovodhoi milli dar bayni tabaqahoi gunoguni jamiyat to asri 17 malum bud. Dertar, vaqte ki sanati rus tahti tasiri madaniyati Evropa mond, ayonu ashrof raqshoi khalqiro namepisandidand. Okhiri asri 17— ibtidoi asri 18 raqshoi navi evropoi: menuet, kontradans, polonez mamul gashtand. Raqsi milli boshad, tanho dar dehot inkishof meyoft. Namudhoi mashhuri on: barinya, kazachok, kadril. Dar asri 18 raqsi rusi ba teatri kasbi roh yoft.

Badi Revolyutsiyai Oktyabr khoreografiyai millii rus ru ba taraqqi nihod. Soli 1937 Ansambli raqsi khalqii Ittifoqi Respublikahoi Sovetii Sotsialisti Soyuz Sovetskikh Sosialisticheskikh Respublik SSSR, soli 1978 ansambli «Berezka» va soli 1960 Ansambli raqsi khalqhoi Sibir tasis yoftand. Dar respublikahoi avtonomi ham kollektivhoi raqsi tashkil shudand.

Balet. Teatri baleti rus dar nimai duyumi asri 17 ba vujud omad. Soli 1738 dar Peterburg maktabi balet (holo Omuzishgohi khoreografii Leningrad) va dar Moskva Omuzishgohi khoreografii  akademi tasis yoft. Asrhoi 18—19 bastakorone ba maydon omadand, ki baroi balet musiqi meofaridand (S. N. Titov, S. I. Davidov, K. Kavos va digar).

Soli 1825 dar Moskva Teatri Kalon kushoda shud. Dar nimai duyumi asri 19 teatri balet bo rohi nav inkishof yoft. Baletmeyster M. Petipa dar sohai khoreografiyai rus khizmathoi shoyon kardaast («Bayaderka»-i — Minkus, «Nozanini khufta»-i Chaykovskiy, «Raymonda»-i Glazunov). Ibtidoi asri 20 baleti rus dar sanati baleti jahon joi namoyonro ishgol kard. Badi galabai Revolyutsiyai Oktyabr baleti rus bo quvvai nave inkishof yoft, Baletmeysteron K. Goleyzovskii va F. Lopukhov dar inkishofi baleti soveti khizmati arzanda dorand. Ustodoni mashhuri baleti sovetii rus: E. Gelser, L. Jukov, E. Gerdt, M. Semyonova, G. Ulanova, N. Dudinskaya. O. Lepeshinskaya, A. Ermolaev, A. Messeror, V. Chabukiani.

Solhoi 30—40 janri dramai khoreografi ba maddi avval baromad («Fontani Bogchasaroy»-i B. Asafev, «Romeo va Juletta»-i S. Prokofev). Solhoi 30 dar Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR 17 kollektivi navi balet tasis yoft. Solhoi jang dastahoi baleti Moskvayu Leningrad ba shahrhoi digar kuchonda shudand va ba in vasila sanati baleti on mahalho ham pesh raft. Solhoi 40— 50 az rui asarhoi adabi baletho tahiya meshudand («Misinsavor»-i Glier, «Taras Bulba»-i Solovyov-Sedoy). Spektaklhoi milli niz guzoshta meshudand («Gayane»-i A. Khachaturyan, «Shurale»-i Yarullin va gayra). Baletmeysteri mashhuri soveti Gri-gorovich «Dostoni muhabbat»-i A. Melikov(1901), «Spartak»-i A. Khachaturyan (1967), «Kuli quvon» (1970) va «Nozanini khufta»-i (1973) Chaykovskiyro ba sahna guzosht. Baletmeysteron I. D. Belskiy, L. Yakobson, N. Kasatkina, V. Vasilev asarhoi bisyorero ba sahna guzoshtand. Raqqosoni nav ba maydon omadand: M. Pliseskaya, R. Struchkova, A. Osinenko, Yu. Jdanov, A. Makarov, E. Maksimova, N. Sorokina, V. Vasilev, M. Liepa, A. Sizova, Yu. Solovyov va gayra.

Teatri drama. Avvalin pahnkunandagoni madaniyati teatri rus skomorokhho budand (az asri 11 to asrhoi 16—17). Teatri lukhtak niz mamul bud (qahramoni asosiash Petrushka). Soli 1672 dar darbori shoh Aleksey Mikhaylovich teatri avvalin tashkil yoft. Soli 1702 bo farmoni Petri I dar Moskva teatri davlati kushoda shud (dar Maydoni Surkh). Dar solhoi 30— 40 asri 18 dastahoi millii aktyori niz hunarnamoi mekardand (tahti rohbarii Volkov, Knipper). Soli 1757 dar nazdi Universiteti Moskva Teatri universitet (dertar Teatri Pyotr), soli 1824 Teatri khurd tasis yoft. Okhiri asri 18— ibtidoi asri 19 teatrhoi krepostnoii khususii dvoryanho khele mamul gashtand.

Badi Jangi vatanii soli 1812 beshtar asarhoi fojiavi (dramahoi V. Ozerov, Shekspir, Shiller) ba sahna guzoshta meshudand. Okhiri asri 19, solhoi reaksiya teatrho beshtar bo vodevil va melodramaho baromad mekardand. In guna repertuarro V. G. Belin-skiy va N. V. Gogol sakht tanqid karda budand. Ba sahna guzoshta shu-dani «Mufattish»-i Gogol hodisai muhimi hayoti jamiyati gardid. Dar in davra dar teatri khurd aktyoroni mashhur P. Mochalov va M. Shepkin hunarnamoi mekardand, ki bo ejodiyotashon raviyahoi romantizm va realizmro dar teatri rus poydor gardonidand. Okhiri solhoi 50 baromadhoi publisistii N. G. Chernishevskiy va N. A. Dobrolyubov ba peshravii teatr kumak rasondand. Asarhoi A. N. Ostrovskiy dar tarikhi teatr davrai navero kushod («Kambagaly ayb nest», «Radu barq» va gayra). Dar in zamina aktyoroni boistedod P. M., M. P. va O. O. Sadovskiyho, L. P. Kosiskaya, S. V. va P. V. Vasilevho ba kamol rasidand, maktabi navi aktyori ba vujud omad. Namoyandagoni barjastai in maktab M. N. Ermolova I. V. Samarin, S. V. Shumskiy, YO. V. Samoylov, M. G. Savina, P. A. Strepetova, M. T. Ivanov-Kozelskiy, V. I, Andreev-Burlak, N. X. Ribakov, M. I. Pisarev va digar budand.

Kushodashavii Teatri badeii Moskva (MKhAT), ki onro K. S. Stanislavskiy va Vl. I. Nemyrovich-Danchenko tasis doda budand (1898) va Teatri dramai Peterburg, ki tashkilkunandaash V. F. Komissarjevskaya bud (1904), dar tarikhi teatr hodisai buzurge gardid. Chand studiyahoi teatri kushoda shud (studiyai E. B. Vakhtangov dar Moskva —1913, Studiyai Meyerkhold dar Petrograd — 1914). Badi galabai Revolyutsiyai Kabiri Sotsialistii Oktyabr Soveti Komissaroni Khalq oid ba teatrho dekreti makhsus barovard, ki muvofiqi on boyad teatrho milli kunondavu kori onho muttahid gardonda meshud. Metodi realizmi sotsialisti rohi yagona va asosii inkishofi minbadai teatr gasht. Asarhoi sarshori romantikai revolyutsioni va az jihati siyosi tezu tund ba sahna guzoshta shudand («Misteriya-buff»-i  B.Mayakovskiy, rejissyor Meyerkhold).

Colhoi 1918—20 avvalin teatrhoi bachagona ba kor daromadand. Teatrhoi korgarjavonon ba vujud omadand. Solhoi 30 mehnati bunyodkorona mavzui asosii repertuari teatrho gardid. Pesahoi navi shavqovar ba sahna guzoshta shudand: «Hammom»-i V. Mayakovskiy, «Dusti man»-i N. Pogodin, «Fojiai optimisti»-i V. Vishnevskiy, «Jangovaron»-i Romashov. Spektaklhoe, ki obrazi Leninro vasf mekardand tahiya gardidand: «Odami miltiqdor»-i Pogodin (dar roli Lenin B. Shukin), «Haqiqat»-i Korneychuk (dar roli Lenin M. Shtraukh) va gayra. Solhoi 30— 40 teatrho ba dramaturgiyai M. Gorkiy ru ovardand: «Egor Bulichov va digaron», «Meshanho», «Dushmanon», «Dachanishinon» va gayra. Asarhoi klassiki mavqei khos paydo kardand: «Otello», «Romeo va Juletta», «Se khoharon». Sistemai Stanislavskiy dar inkishofi teatr roli bagoyat kalon bozid. Aktyoroni mashhuri in davra: A. Ostujev, V. Pashennaya, 0. Knipper-Chekhova, V. Kachalov, I. Moskvin, M. Tarkhanov, M. Shtraukh, D. Orlov, Yu. Glizer, E. Gogoleva, N. Annenkov, M. Saryov, A. Tarasova, B. Livanov, A. Gribov, M. Yanshin, V. Mareskaya, Yu. Yurev, N. Cherkasov, B. Babochkin. Solhoi badi jang spektaklhoi ba mavzui vatandusti bakhshidashudaro meguzoshtand: «Gvardiyai javon» (az rui asari Fadeev), «Vijdon»-i Che-purin va gayra. Minbad dar sahna obrazi hamzamonon, sozandagoni kommunizm ofarida shud: «Uqyonus»-i Shteyn, «Khiyobonn Leningrad»-i Shtok, «Oshpazzan»-i Sofronov. Rejissyoronu aktyoroni nomvari mu–osir: G. Tovstonogov, B. Ravenskikh, 0. Efremov, E. Simonov, Yu. Bori-sova, K. Lavrov, I. Smoktunovskiy, M. Ulyanov, T. V. Doronina, YO. P. Leonov, E. A. Evstigneev, A. D. Papapov va digar. Gorkiy, Qazon, Kuy-bishev, Novosibirsk, Saratov, Sverdlovsk, Yaroslavl niz markazhoi asosii hayoti teatri meboshand. Dar Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR holo 292 teatri dramai musiqi, bachagona va tamoshobinoni javon, Jamiyati teatrii umumirossiyagi kor mekunand.

 

Sirk. Sirki rus az sanati skomorokhho ibtido giriftaast. Soli 1648 shoh Aleksey Mikhaylovich baromadi skomorokhhoro man karda bud. Vale asri 18 in hunar az nav jon girift va aknun yarmarkavu saylhoi khalqi be ishtiroki on nameguzashtand. Sirkhoi kasbi dar Rossiya asri 18 paydo gardida, dar onho asosan artistoni khoriji baromad mekardand. Bo tashabbusi barodaron A. A., D. A. Ni-kitinho dar Penza (1873) va digar  shahrho, bad dar Moskva (1911) sirki tahjoi kushoda shud (A. L. va V. L. Durovho, pahlavonon I. Pod-dubniy, I. Zaikin, I. Shemyakin baromad mekardand). Badi galabai Revolyutsiyai Oktyabr sirk na tanho chun obekti dilkhushi, balki chun vositai tarbiya niz rivoj yoft. Ustodoni sirki soveti: V. L. Durov, V. E. Lazarenko, M. I. Kalyadin, S. Rotmistrov, N. Lavrov, M. Rumyansev, K. Berman, Yu. Nikulin, M. Shuydin, A. Nikolaev Yu. Popov va digar

Estrada. Dar konsertho aktyoroni drama M. Shepkin, P. Mochalov, P. Sadovskiy, M. Ermolova va digar bo sherho, monologho va hikoyahoi khurd baromad mekardand. Faoliyati konsertii saroyandagoni opera P. Bogatirev, F. Shalyapin gunogunrang bud. Badi Revolyutsiyai Oktyabr janri estrada bo rohi nav pesh raft. Solhoi 20—30 teatrhoi estrada dar Moskva, Leningrad, Nijniy Novgorod, Rostovi Don va digar shahrho ba kor daromadand. Namoyandagoni mashhuri estradai soveti: B. Borisov, N. Smirnov-Sokolskiy, S. Obrazsov, R. Zelyonaya, A. Shvars, S. Kocharyan, A. Mendelevich, L. Mirov, M. Noviskiy, L. Utesov, M. Bernes, K. Shuljenko, L. Zikina, Edita Pekha, M. Kristalinskaya, Iosif Kobzon, E. Khil, Arkadiy Raykin, Alla Pugachyova, V. Leontev, Yuriy Antonov.

Kino. Avvalin kinoseansho dar Moskva va Peterburg soli 1896 barpo gardidand. Soli 1908 kinofirmahoi L. 0. Drankov, A. Khanjonkov, I. Ermolev va gayra ba vujud omadand. Solhoi 1911—13 rejissyor va operator V. Starevich avvalip filmhoi multi-plikatsioniro ba navor girift. Rejissyoron V. Gardin, Ya. Protazanov, E. Bauer, P. Chardinin, aktyoron V. Kholodnaya, I. Mozjukhin, V. Maksimov, V. Orlovi, kinooperatoron A. Leviskiy, N. Koalovskiy va digar madaniyati filmofariro baland bardoshtand.

Badi galabai Revolyutsiyai Oktyabr ba sanati kino ahamiyati makhsus doda shud. Dar Petrograd va Moskva komitethoi kino tashkil shuda, istehsol va prokati filmho vusat yoft. Soli 1920 «Modar»-i Gorkiy (rejissyor Razumniy) avvalin bor ba navor girifta shud. Kinokhronika khele mamul gasht, Filmi hujjatii purrametraji rejissyor D. Vertov «Tarikhi Jangi grajdani» (1922) ibtidoi kinopublisistikai soveti bud. Ustodoni vasli kuhansoli kinemato-grafiston S. Eyzenshteyn, V. Pudovkin, Vertov, Kuleshov, F. Ermler dar mavzui revolyutsioni filmhoi bezavoli khudro ofaridaand («Kishtii zirehpushi «Potyomkin» —1925, «Oktyabr» — 1927, «Modar»—1926, «Zavoli Sankt-Peterburg*—1927 va gayra). Dertar rejissyoron G. Kozinsev, L. Trauberg, B. Bariet, Protazapov, S. Yutkevich, Ermler bo faoliyati pursamari khud khazinai kinematografiyai sovetiro gani gardondand. Dar mavzui muosir sanatkoroni nomi E. Chervyakov, I. Pirev, M. Donskoy, S. D. va G. N. Vasilevho, A. Ivanov, N. Zarkhi, I. Kheyfis, A. Room, Yu. Ranzman filmhoi jolib ofaridaand. Filmhoi avvalini ovozdor (ikhtirokoroni apparaturai nav P. G. Tager va A. F. Shorin) ba na-vor girifta shud: «Rohkhati hayot* (1931, N. Ekk), «Chapaev» (1934, re-jissyor barodaron Vasilevho, dar roli Chapaev B. Babochkin), asari se-gonai «Javonii Maksim» (1935), «Bozgashti Maksim» (1937) va «Ma-hallai Viborg» (1939, rejissyoron Kozinsev va Trauberg, dar roli Maksim — B. Chirkov), «Mo az Kronshtadt» (1936, rejissyor E. L. Dzi-gan), «Deputati Baltika* (1937, rejissyor Zarkhi va Kheyfis). Filmho dar borai Lenin muvaffaqiyati buzurgi kinematografi soveti bud: «Lenin dar Oktyabr» (1937), «Lenin dar soli 1918» (1939, rejissyor M. Romm) va «Odami miltiqdor» (1938, rejissyor Yutkevich). Filmhoi ba-landgoyai realisti dar borai hayoti muosir: «Bileti partiyavi» (1936, rejissyor Pirev), «Azoi hukumat>> (1940, rejissyor Zarkhi va Khey-fis) va gayra. Filmhoi mazhakavii balandgoyai «Bachagoni khushhol» 1934), «Sirk» (1936), «Volga-Volga» (1938, rejissyor G. Aleksandrov va sarguzashti: «Khatoi injener Kochiya» (1939), «Mardonagi» (1939, rejissyor Kalatozov va gayra) ofarida shudand. Filmhoi «Petri I* (1937—39, rejissyor V. Petrov), «Aleksandr Nevskiy» (1938, rejissyor Eyzenshteyn), «Suvorov (1941, rejissyor Pudovkin) dar tarbiyai vatandusti roli muhim bozidand. Yak zumra filmho baroi bachagon, film-afsonaho va filmhoi hujjatii jolib ejod shudand. Istehsoli muttasili kinojurnali «Ilm va tekhnika» ba roh monda shud. Solhoi Jangi Buzurgi Vatani filmhoe ejod shudand, ki dar tamoshobinon ruhi vatandusti va bovariro ba galabai khalqi soveti meparvaridand: «Kotibi raykom» (1942, rejissyor Pirev), «Du jangovar* (1943, rejissyor L. Lukov), «Front* (1943, rejissyor Vasilevho) va gayra. Solhoi badi jang filmhoi namoyon ejod shudand: «Gvardiyai javon» (1948, rejissyor Gerasimov), «Dostoni mardi haqiqi» (1948, rejissyor N. Stolper), «Glinka» (1947, rejissyor Arnshtam) va gayra.

Solhoi 50 bazai kinostudiyahoi «Mosfilm» va «Lenfilm» vase gardida, safi sanatkoroni sohai kino bo kadrhoi nav purratar shud. On solho va minbad filmhoe ofarida shudand, ki beshtar jahoni botinii qahramonro mekushodand: «Oilai buzurg» (1954, rejissyor Kheyfis), «Kommunist» (1959, rejissyor Rayzman), «Romkunii otash» (1972, rejissyor D. Khrabroviskiy). Dar borai qahramonii khalqi soveti dar Jangi Buzurgi Vatani filmhoi «Parvozi turnaho» (1957, rejissyor K. Kalatozov), «Qismati odam» (1959, rejissyor Bondarchuk), «Zindaho va murdaho» (1964, rejissyor Stolper), «Ozodshavi» (1970—71, rejissyor Yu. Ozerov), «Subhi in jo sokit…» (1972, rejissyor Rostoskiy), «Onho baroi Vatan jangidaand» (1975, rejissyor Bondarchuk) ejod shudand. Obrazi Lenin boz ham amiqtar dar filmhoi «Lenin dar Polsha» (1966, rejissyor Yutkevich), «Daftari kabud» (1963, rejissyor Kulijonov), «Dili modar» (1966) va «Sadoqati modar» (1967, rejissyor Donskoy) kushoda shud. Asarhoi klassikoni rus va khorija ba ekran baromadand: «Doni orom» (1957—58, rejissyor Gerasimov), «Jang va sulh» (1966—67, rejissyor Bondarchuk), «Otello» (1956, rejissyor Yutkevich), «Shoh Lir» (1970, rejissyor Kozinsev). Istehsoli filmhoi multiplikatsioni va hujjati avj girift. Kyanojurnalhoi davrii «Pioneriya» (az soli 1931), «Navigarihoi ruz» (az 1944), «Sporti soveti» (az 1946), «Kinokhronikai khoriji» (1955) va gayra istehsol shudand. Peshrafti revolyutsiyai ilmiyu tekhniki istehsoli filmhoi ilmiyu ommavi va talimiro (solhoi 60—70) avj girond. Har sol ziyoda az 500 kinojurnali ilmiyu ommavi istehsol meshavad. Rejissyoronu aktyoroni sohibnomi kinoi muosiri Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR: S. F. Bondarchuk, S. A. Gerasimov, V. M. Shukshin, M. I. Romm, E. A. Ryazanov, V. V. Tikhonov, E. S. Matveev, L. M. Gurchenko, K. Yu. Lavrov, N. A. Kryuchkov, A. A. Mironov va digar.

Aloqahoi iqtisodii Tojikiston va Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR. Khalqi kabiri rus na tanho dar ozod namudani khalqi tojik az zulmu sitami hokimiyati podsho- hii Rossiya va amorati Bukhoro, balki dar barpo namudani davlati mus taqili tojikon, taraqqiyoti hamatarafai Respublikai Sovetii So- tsialistii Tojikiston, az jumla peshrafti iqtisodiyoti on khizmati buzurgi tarikhi kard. To Revolyutsiyai Kabiri Sotsialistii  Oktyabr dar territoriyai hozirai Tojikiston sanoat, ba manoi tomash vujud nadosht. Faqat dar rayonhoi shimoli korkhonahoi khurd-khurdi kosibi budand. Dar sokhtani avvalii fabriku zavodho, pesh az hama khalqi Federatsiyai Rossiya dasti madad daroz kard, moshinu mekhanizmho, ma- solehi binokori, korgaronu mutakhassison mefiristod. Dar respublika na faqat fabriku zavodho mesokht, balki baroi in korkhonaho az aholii mahalli kadrho niz taiyor mekard. Ba tufayli in yormandi sanoati respublika sohibi beshtar az sad soha gardida, hajmi istehsoli mahsuloti on dar solhoi Hokimiyati Soveti ziyoda az 500 barobar afzud. YOrii  Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR yake az omilhoi asosii taraqqiyoti iqtisodiyoti Tojikiston meboshad. Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR ba Tojikiston mahsuloti gunoguni sanoati va tajhizoti murakkabi elektroni medihad.

Dar rohhoi respublika moshinhoi borkashi «ZIL», «Moskvich», moshinhoi azimi borkashi KAMAZ, moshinhoi sabukravi «Volga»-i zavodi Gorkiy va «Jiguli»-i zavodi Tolyatti va gayra dar harakatand. Zavodhoi «Uralmash» va «Uralelektrotyajmash» ekskavator, kompresor, tajhizoti gunoguni elektri medihand. Dahho korkhonaho kranhoi gunoguni borbardor mefiristand. Dar kishtzorhoi Tojikistop kombaynhoi «Niva» va «Kolos»-i istehsoli zavodhoi Ros- tov va Taganrog, traktori puriqtidori K-700 — «Kiroves», traktorhoi istehsoli zavodhoi Volgograd va Chelyabinsk kor mekunaid. Qarib dar hamai stansiyahoi elektrii respublika generatorhoe hastand, ki dar zavodhoi Leningrad va Ural sokhta shudaand. 3avodi «Elektrosila »-i Leningrad ba sokhtani agregatho baroi Gidro Elektro Stansiyai azimi Rogun suporish giriftaast. Televizoru radiopriyomnik, soat, asbobhoi gunoguni elektri, mato, libos, poyafzol, mebel, chinnivori va sadho digar nomgui mahsuloti korkhonahoi Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR-ro dar har yak khonai mardumi tojik didan mumkin ast.

Yagon binoi hozirazamonero, ki dar sarzamini mo qomat afrokhtaast, be chubu takhtai beshazorhoi Rossiya tasavvur kardan muhol ast. Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR ba sokhtmonhoi respublika prokati metalli siyoh, quburhoi gunogunhajm, armatura, shisha, tajhizoti fabriku zavodho va inshooti gidrotekhniki medihad.

Tojikiston, ki sohibi sanoati puriqtidoru gunogunsoha gardidaast, mahsuloti bisyor korkhonahoi khudro ba Federatsiyai Rossiya va digar respublikaho mefiristonad. Pesh az hama ba korkhonahoi sanoati bofandagi ba miqdori ziyod nakhi pakhta medihad. Shohii tojik, qolinu poyandozi qolin, matohoi pakhtagin, libosi trikotaji ba shahru rayonhoi Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR firistoda meshavad. Alyuminii khushsifati shahri Tursunzoda, gidroapparaturai kombaynhoi galladaravi «Niva» va «Kolos»-i zavodi «Tojikgidroagregat», dastgohhoi torpechoniyu bofandagii zavodi «Tojiktekstilmash», ba nomi Dzerjinskiy galaqahoi chuyanii zavodi armaturii ba nomi Orjonikidze, yakhdonhoi «Pomir», dastgohhoi metallburi, qismhoi ehtiyotii avtomobilhoi zavodi «Avtozapchast»-i Konibodom, mahsuloti zavodi ranghoi mineralii Isfara, asbobhoi gayri- standartii zavodi tajribavii tajhizoti tekhnologii Kulob ba bisyor korkhonayu muassisaho Federatsiyai Rossiya firistoda meshavand. Charogu kandilhoi istehsoli zavodi tekhnikai rushnoidihandai Isfara chandin stansiyahoi metroi Moskvayu Leningradro furuzon kardaand. Qismi ziyodi mahsuloti zavodi kabeli Dushanbe, masnuoti gidroizolyatsionii Hisor va transformatori Qurgonteppa niz ba Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR firistoda meshavad.

Kolkhozu sovkhozhoi Tojikiston har sol ba Moskvayu Leningrad, Uralu Sibir, Sharqi Duru Shimoli Dur dahho hazor tonna angur, sebu zardolu, mevai sitrusi, kharbuzayu tarbuz, sabzavot, mevai khushk va har guna, sharbat, konservhoi mevayu sabzavot mefiristand.

Robitai iqtisodii du respublikai barodari—Tojikiston va Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya RSFSR sol az sol inkishof meyobad.

A. Mamadrizoev.