RESPUBLIKAI DOMINIKANA

RESPUBLIKAI  DOMINIKANA (NeriNsa Ootshshapa), davlat dar Vest-Indiya, dar qismi sharqii jazirai Gait. Onro az Shimol uqyonusi Atlantik, az Janub bashri Karib ihota kardaast, dar Sharq onro khaliji Mona az Puerto-Riko judo mekunad, dar Garb bo Respublikai Gaiti hamsarhad meboshad. Masohatash 48,7 hazor kilometr². Aholiash 5,7 million nafar. (1982). Poytakhtash shahri Santo- Domingo. Ba 26 muzofot va okrugi milli taqsim shudaast.

Sokhti davlati. Respublikai Dominakana— respublikai burjuazi. Konstitutsiyai hoziraash soli 1966 qabul shudaast. Sardo- ri davlat va hukumat-prezident. Organi olii hokimiyati qonunbaror — parlament (Kongressi milli), ki on az du palata senat va palatai deputatho iborat ast. Har muzofot gubernator dorad, ki onro prezi- dent tain mekunad. Organhoi idorakunii jamoaho sovethoi munisi- palii intikhobshavanda meboshand. Sistemai sudi: Sudi oli, sudhoi apellyatsioni, sudhoi ipstansiyai yakum, sudhoi oshtidihanda.

Tabiat. Dar qismi markazii Respublikai Dominakana R. D. qatorkuhi Kordilera-Seitral (kuhi Duarte, 3175 metr), dar shimoli on qatorkuhi Kordilera-Septentrional (balandiash to 1249 metr) va dar Janubi Sharq qatorkuhi Kordilrea-Orental (balandiash to 701 metr) joy giriftaast. Jismi boqimondai Respublikai Dominakana R. D.-ro hamvori va hamvorii past (furukhamida) ishgol kardaast. Sarvathoi zerizamini: boksit, nikel, tillo, madani ohan, namaksang, gach va gayra. Iqlimash tropikii passati. Harorati miyonai mohona dar pastkhamiho az 25 to 27°Selsiya, borishoti solona dar nishebihoi shimoli sharqii bodras to 2000 millimetr, dar rayonhoi bodpanah va dokhili to 1000 millimetr; zud-zud tufoni tropiki ba amal meoyad. Dar nishebihoi sernami kuhho jangali hameshasabzi omekhtai tropiki joy giriftaast, ki khokash asosan surkhi dorchinii lateriti va surkhi dorchinii kuhist; dar nohiyahoi nisbatan khushk beshai darakhtoni khazonrez, savanna va pattazor mavjud ast, ki khokash asosan surkhi lateritist. Olami hayvonoti respublika bo olami hayvonoti jazirai Gaiti yakkhela ast. Az shirkhuron mushi parroni harkhela, khoyandahoi gunogun hastand; kaltakalos, timsoh dorad. Parranda nihoyat bisyor.

Aholi. Taqriban 70% aholi millathoi ispanivu zangi, boqimonda safedpuston va muhojironi Amerikai Shimoli va Evropa. Zaboni rasmi — ispani. Aksariyati dindoron- katolik. 40% aholi dar shahrho iqomat mekunad. Shahrhoi kalon: Santo-Domingo va Santyago.

Ocherki tarikhi. To okhirhoi asri 15 dar territoriyai jazirai Gaiti qabilahoi sershumori hindiyon, ki sokhti avlodiro az sar meguzaronidand, maskun budand. Soli 1492 ekspedisiyai ispani bo sardorii Kolumb jaziraro kashf namuda, onro Espanola nomid. Inkishofi mustaqilonai hindiyon qat gardid, qismi ziyodi onho qir karda shudand. Qismi sharqii jazira (territoriyai hozirai Respublikai Dominakana R. D.) to soli 1795 mustamlikai Ispaniya, bad dar tasarrufi Fransiya bud va soli 1809 boz ba ikhtiyori Fransiya guzasht. 30 noyabri 1821 istiqloliyat ba dast ovard, ammo badi yak sol Gaitii hamsoya onro zabt kard. Soli 1844 khalq shurish bardoshta, mamlakatro ozod namud; Respublikai Dominikana tashkil shud. Az miyonai asri 19 ba mamlakat kapitali amerikoi roh yoft. Shtathoi Muttahidai Amerika ba hayoti dokhilii in mamlakat dagalona dakholat mekard. Soli 1930 ba sari hokimiyat R. L. Trukhilo omad. Trukhilo hokimiyatro purra ba dast girifta, dar mamlakat terrori khunin jori namud, Soli 1941 Respublikai Dominakana R. D. badi Shtathoi Muttahidai Amerika ShMA ba Yaponiya, Germaniya va Italiya jang elon kard. Galabahoi quvvahoi musallahi soveti dar jangi ziddi Germaniyai fashisti ba avji muborizai millii ozodikhohi dar Amerikai Lotini tasiri kalon rasonda, ba boloravii harakati demokrati dar Respublikai Dominikana R. D. musoidat namudand. Soli 1944 partiyai kommunistoni Dominikana — Partiyai revolyutsioni-demokratii Dominikana (az soli 1946 Partiyai khalqi-sotsialistii Dominikana, az soli 1965 Partiyai Kommunistii Dominikana nom dosht) tashkil shud. Solhoi 1942, 1945, 1946 kor- garoni sanoati qand va bandar korpartoi kardand. Soli 1946 ittifoqhoi kasaba ba qone gardonidani yak qator talabothoi iqtisodii korgaron muvaffaq shudand. Soli 1956 khuruji musallahi ziddihukumati ba vuqu omad, ki on az tarafi qushunho pakhsh karda shud. Soli 1958 dar suiqasdi ziddi hukumat guruhi ofiseron ishtirok kard. Mohi mai 1961 Trukhiloro yak guruh sobiq sharikonash kushtand. Khodimoni namoyoni partiyahoe, ki dar davrai diktaturai Trukhilo faoliyatashon man karda shuda bud, az muhojirat bar- gashtand. Dar mamlakat harakati millii ozodikhohi avj girift. Ho- kimiyati prezident Balager khele sust shud. Dekabri 1961 ba nom Soveti davlati tashkil karda shud, ki manoi az idorakunii diktaturi ba idorakunii sernamoyandai demokrati guzashtanro dosht. Dekabri 1962 Soveti davlati intikhobot guzarond va dar intikhobot rohbari Partiyai revolyutsionii Dominikana (tasisash 1939) X. Bosh galaba kard. X. Bosh yak qator qonunhoi demokrati qabul namuda, ba faoliyati partiyahoi chapi siyosi, ittifoqhoi kasaba ijozat dod. Apreli 1963 konstitusiya qabul karda shud, ki on guzarondani islohoti agrari, yak qator ozodihoi demokrati va siyosi, muhofizati sohibikhtiyorii davlat va gayraro elon namud. 25 sentyabri 1963 harbiyoni reaksioni bo dastgirii Pentagon va Upravleniyai markazii razvedka tabadduloti davlati kardand. Dar natija hukumati X. Bosh sarnagun, parlament parokanda, konstitutsiyai 1963 bekor karda shud. Hokimiyatro khunta-triumvirat, ki dere naguzashta ba on gumoshtai Shtathoi Muttahidai Amerika ShMA D. R. Kabral sarvar shud, ba dast girift. Khunta mamlakatro dar vaziyati favqulodda elon karda, tartiboti khunin jori namud, hamai partiyahoi demokratiro gayriqonuni elon kard, ittifoqhoi kasabaro parokanda, matbuoti peshqadamro bast. Bar ziddi tartiboti triumvirat muboriza avj girift. Okhirhoi apreli 1965 dar Respublikai Dominakana R. D. vaziyati rovolyutsioni faro rasid. 24 aprel ba muqobili tri- umvirat chand qismi harbi shurish bardosht; 25 apreli shurishgaron poytakhtro ishgol kardand. Bo dastgirii Shtathoi Muttahidai Amerika kontrrevolyutsioneron khuntai harbi barpo namudand. 28 aprel 1965 Shtathoi Muttahidai Amerika bar ziddi Respublikai Dominakana R. D. intervensiyai oshkoroi musallah tashkil kardand. Quvvahoi peshqadami vatandusti Respublikai Dominikana R. D. alhol barziddi tartiboti mavjuda muboriza mebarand.

Partiyahoi siyosi, ittifoqhoi kasaba. Partiyai revolyutsio- nii Dominikana (tasisash 1939). Namoyandagoni sinfhoi doroi shahr va qishloq, yak qismi mehnatkashon, ziyoiyon, studentonro mutta- hid mekunad. Partiyai reformisti (tasisash 1964). Zamindoroni kalon, chorvodoron, tojiron, yak qismi burjuaziyai miyona va mayda- ro muttahid menamoyad. Partiyai ozodii Dominikana (tasisash 1973). Partiyai demokratii Kiskeyyano (Kiskeyya—nomi hinduii territoriyai hozirai mamlakat). Partiyai ultrai rost. P a r t i ya i Kommunistii Dominikana (PKD; tasisash 1944). Az soli 1977 oshkoro amal mekunad. Dar mamlakat boz chand partiyai siyosi, chandin ittihodiyahoi ittifoqhoi kasabai rasmi va mustaqil amal mekunand.

Iqtisodiyot. Respublikai Dominikana R. D. davlati iqtiso- diyotash sust taraqqikardai agrarist. Taqriban 40% daromadi milli va qarib 90% voridoti eksporti ba sahmi khojagii  qishloq rost meoyad. Sanoat chandon taraqqi nakardaast. Dar iqtisodiyoti mamlakat monopoliyahoi Shtathoi Muttahidai Amerika mavqei asosi dorand. Dar istehsoli qand, banan, boksit va digar sarvathoi zerizamini kapitali amerikoi guzoshta shudaast. Respublika baroi eksport nayshakar, banan, kakao, tamoku, baroi istemoli dokhilisholi, juvorimakka, maniok, batat va yams parvarish mekunad. Soli 1983 dar Respublikai Dominakana R. D. 2,1 million sar gov, 1,3 million khuk, 27 hazor gusfand, 112 hazor buz, 202 hazor sar asp bud. Sanoati khurokvori va tamoku taraqqi kardaast. Soli 1982 2930 million kiloVatt-soat quvvai elektr istehsol karda shud. Tuli rohi ohan ziyo- da az 1200 kilometr, rohhoi avtomobilgard—5,6 hazor kilometr. Bandarhoi asosii bahri: Santo-Domingo va Puerto- Plata. Dar Punta-Kausedo aeroporti baynalkhalqi dorad. Respublikai Dominikana R. D. az khorija molhoi gunoguni sanoati, metall, pakhta, khurokvori, mahsuloti neft, moddahoi khimiyavi va gayra megirad. Sharikoni asosii tijoratiash — Shtathoi Muttahidai Amerika, Ispaniya, Yaponiya, Respublikai  Federativii Germaiya. Vohidi pul — peso.

Nigahdorii tandurusti. Soli 1969 ba 1 hazor nafar aholi 35,9 tavallud, 6,6 favt, ba 1000 kudaki navzod 72,6 nafar favt bud. Isholi khunin, makhav, amyobiaz, ankilostomidoz, vukhererioz, frambeziya, sifilis barin kasaliho pahn shudaand. Soli 1968 dar respublika qarib 2 hazor dukhtur (1 dukhtur ba 1,9 hazor kas), 75 farmasevt, qarib 2,2 hazor hamshirai tibbi, qarib 1 hazor yordamchii hamshirai tibbi kor mekard. Soli 1967 dar Respublikai Dominikana R. D. 460 bemorkhonai doroi 11,3 hazor kat (2,9 kat ba 1000 kas), az jumla 98 be- morkhonai davlati (8,3 hazor kat) bud.

Maorif. Ziyoda az 50% aholii kalonsol besavod. Kudakon ba maktabi ibtidoi az 7-solagi (muhlati talim dar shahr 6 sol, dar qishloq az 3 to 6 sol) dokhil meshavand. Badi khatmi litsei 4-sola khonandagon sohibi malumoti miyona meshavand. Soli tahsili 1968/69 dar maktabhoi ibtidoi 645 hazor, dar litseyho 90,4 hazor talaba khond.

Dar bazai maktabi ibtidoii 6-sola (muhlati tahsil 1—4 sol) va dar omuzishgohhoi miyonai kasbhoi tekhniki (muhlati tahsil 3—5 sol) mutakhassison tayyor karda meshavand. Baroi maktabhoi ibtidoi maktabhoi 3-solai normali, baroi litseyho du maktabi olii normali (3-sola) va universitetho muallim tayyor mekunand.

Yake az qadimtarin va kalontarin maktabhoi olii mamlakat universiteti Santo-Domingo meboshad, ki on soli 1538 tasis yoftaast. Ba gayr az on dar Santyago universiteti katoliki (tasisash 1962) va dar Santo-Domingo universiteti milli (tasisash 1966) hast. Soli tahsili 1970/71 dar maktabhoi oli 15,7 hazor student tahsil mekard. Kalontarin kitobkhonai mamlakat kitobkhonai  universiteti Santo-Domingo meboshad. Soli 1931 Akademiyai tarikh tasis yoft. Dar Santo-Domingo Muzei milli (tasisash 1927), Nigoristoni millii sanati nafisa (tasisash 1943) kor mekunand.

Matbuot, radio, televizion. Soli 1972 dar Respublikai Dominikana R. D. 20 nomguy nashriyai davri, az on jumla 8 gazetai harruza chop meshud. Gazetahoi kalone, ki dar Santo-Domingo nashr meshavand: «Karibe» ?«B1 Sape»), harruza (tasisash 1948); «Nasional» («B1 R7as1~ opa1»), harruza (tasisash 1966); «Listin diario» («IzIp Bkhapo»), harruza (tasisash 1889); «Prensa libre» («Rgeoza Ige»), harruza (tasisash 1962); «Sol» («E1 8o1»), (tasisash 1971); «Popular» (E1 Rori1ag»), (tasisosh 1946), organi Partiyai Kommunistii Dominikana, gayrilegali nashr meshavad.

Dar mamlakat 90 radiostansiya buda, yake az onkho hukumatist. Barnomahoi radio ba zaboni ispani meboshad.

Adabiyot. Adabiyot asosan ba zaboni ispani inkishof meyobad. Asosguzori on shoir F. M. del Monte (1819 —99) meboshad. Dar justujui mavzui ba khud khos navisandagoni Respublikai Dominikana R. D. ba hayoti guzashtai aholii aslii jazira ru ovardand. A. Angulo Guridi (1822—1906) (povesti «Muhabbati hindiyon», s. 1843); barodari u X. Angulo Guridi (1816—84) dar ejodiyoti khud az mavzuhoi folklori hiidiyon farovon istifoda burdaand. Tasiri uslubi modernizm, ki on ibtidoi asri 20 ba adabiyoti Respublikai Dominikana R. D. az adabiyoti davlathoi Amerikai Lotini dokhil shuda bud, dar ejodiyoti O. Bazil (1884—1946) va A. Lugo (1870—1952) zuhur yoft.

Istibdodi diktatorho va Respublikai Dominikana R. D.-ro istilo kardani qushunhoi Shtathoi Muttahidai Amerika (1916—24) boisi purzur shudani ohanghoi oppozitsioni dar adabiyot gardid. T. M. Sestero (1877—1955) dar romani «Khun» (1914) tartiboti mustabidonai prezident U. Ero va O. Rid (tavallud 1899) dar romani «Madaniyatparvaron» (1924) intervensiyai Shtathoi Muttahidai Amerikaro nishon dodaand.

Dar davrai diktaturai Trukhilo bisyor navisandagon az mamlakat raftand. Romanhoi dar muhojirat ejodgardidai «Dushmanoni zamin» (1936), «Rohi otashin» (1941) va «Qabristoni besalib» (1949)-i A. F. Rakena (1908—52), «Foidai ilovagi» (1939)-i R. Marrero Aristi (tavallud 1913) khashmu gazabi khalqro inikos kardaand.

Memori va sanati tasviri. To asri 16 dar territoriyai  Respublikai Dominikana R. D. sanati hindiyon (safolhoi munaqqash, harguna asbobu anjomi chubin, buthoi sangin va chubin) taraqqi mekard. Okhirhoi asri 15— ibtidoi asri 16 istilogaroni ispani avvalin shahrho, az on jumla shahri Santo-Domingoro bunyod kardand va dar on dar nimai yakumi asri 16 bo uslubi gotikai ispani va Tajaddudi barvaqt binohoi sangin va binohoi 2-qabatai havlichador sokhta shudand. Az davrai mustamlikadori tanho baze namunahoi sanati rassomi, haykaltaroshi, kandakori boqi mondaastu bas. Bad az tavaqqufi tuloni dar asri 20 az rui loihai sanati memorii Shtathoi Muttahidai Amerika bino va rayonhoi alohida sokhta shudand.