Pestitsidho

Pestitsidho (az lot. restis — maraz va saedo — mekusham), zahrkhimikatho, moddahoi khimiyaviand, ki baroi mahvi alafhoi begona, kasaliyu zararrasonhoi rastani, don va mahsuloti galladona, chubu takhta, kogaz, masnuoti pakhtagin, muina, pashm, pust va ektoparazithoi hayvonot, inchunin pahnkunandai kasalihoi khavfnoki odamu hayvonot ba kor mebarand.

Pestitsidhoro vobasta az on, ki baroi mah­vi kadom zararrasonho istifoda meshavand, ba chunin guruhho judo mekunand: a k a r i s i d h o (kanakush), insektitsidho (hasharotkush), pematotsidho (kirmkush), b a k ­terisidho (mahvkunandai bakteriyahoi patogeni), fungisidh o (zanburugkush),, zoosidho (mahvkunandan muhradoroni zararrason), molyuskosidho (mahvkunandai narmbadanho). Ba Pestitsidho g e r b i s i d h o (baroi mahvi alafhoi begona), defolliantho (mod­dahoi bargrezon), desikantho (vositahoi khimiyavii khushkonandai rastaniho), angezandai rushdi rastaniho (a u k s i n h o, gibberellinho va gayra), repellentho (vositahoi khimiyavii rafi kana va hasharot), attraktantho (hasharotjalbkunanda bo maqsadi minbad mahv namudan), khemosteri lyantho (moddahoi khimiyavie, ki hasharotro be nasl mekunand) va gayra niz taalluq dorand.

Pestitsidho ba guruhhoi gunoguni moddahoi organiki va gayriorganiki dokhil meshavand. Aksari onho moddahoi organiki buda, bo rohi sintez hosil meshavand. Makhsusan Pestitsidhoi khlororganiki va fosfororganiki, hosilan payvasthoi kislotai karbaminat ahamiyati kaloni iqtisodi dorand. Az Pestitsdhoi gayriorganiki makhsusan payvasthoi mis, sulfur va gayra muhimand. Pestitsidho asosi muhofizati khimiyavii rastani va dar ayni zamon yake az  usulhoi samarabakhshi muboriza bar ziddi zararrasonu kasali va alafhoi begona ba shumor meravand. Pestitsidho ba organizmi zararrasonho az dahon, pust, uzvhoi nafas va gayra dokhil me­shavand. Pestitsidho vobasta ba surati vayronshavi dar khok ba 6 guruh taqsim meshavand: 1) muhlati tajziya beshtar az 18 moh (preparathoi khlororganiki, payvasthoi selen); 2) qarib 18 mokh (gerbitsidhoi triazini, nikloram, diuron va gayra; 3) qarib 12 moh (hosilahoi kislotai galoidbenzoat va baze amiddo); 4) to 6 moh (nitrilhoi kislota, treflai, nitrofenolho va gayra); 5) to 3 moh (hosilai kislotahoi arilkarbaminatu alkilkarbaminat va gayra); 6) kamtar az 3 moh (payvasthoi organikii fosfor va gayra). Dar khojagii qishloq beshtar Pestitsidhoero istifoda mebarand, ki tasirashon ba davrai nashunamoi rastani rost meoyad.

Pestitsidho vobasta ba zahrnoki baroi oda­mu hayvonot ba 4 guruh taqsim me­shavand:            zudtasir,    balandtasir, miyonatasir va kamtasir. In tasnifot shartist, zero zahrnokii Pestitsidho baroi odamu hayvonot ba bisyor omilhoi digar vobasta ast. Mekhanizmi tasiri Pestitsidho nihoyat gunogun buda, to hol purra omukhta nashudaast, Ba 1 ga zamin vobasta ba khususiyathoi Pestitsidho 0,2—40 kg (beshtar 0,5—2 kg) Pestitsidho meposhand. Pestitsidhoro odatan dar namudi khoka, moe yo bur istifoda mebarand. Ba ziroati khojagii qishloq Pestitsidhoro bo yorii moshinu samolyotho meposhand. Hangomi nodurust va baraziyod poshidani Pestitsidho rastani va guli on oseb mebinad va hosil khele kam meshavad. Istifodai muttasili Pestitsidho boisi iflosii rasta­ni, bui bad va tami nokhush, inchunin sababi dar sathi zamin gun shudani moddahoi zahrdori baroi odamu hayvonot khavfnok megardad. Makhsusan ba biosenozho tasiri bad merasonand. Hangomi istifodai Pestitsidhoi balandtasir (makhsusan insektisidho,akarisidho) bisyor vaqt bandpoyhoi parazit va darranda nobud megardand va dar natija khuruji hasharothoi zararrason ba amal meoyad.

Dar SSSR az Pestitsidhoe  istifoda meba­rand, ki Komissiyai davlati oid ba vositahoi khimiyavii ziddi zararrasonho, kasalihoi rastani va alaf­hoi begonan nazdi Vazorati khojagiii SSSR tavsiya kardaast. Har sol ruykhati vositahoi khimiyavi va biologii muboriza bar ziddi zararrasonho, kasalihoi rastani va alafhoi bego­na, ki baroi istifoda dar khojagii qishloq tav­siya shudaand, nashr megardad. Ruykhatro Vazorati khojagii qishloqi SSSR bo rizoiyati Vazorati nigahdorii tandurustii SSSR tasdiq mekunad. Hangomi ba kor burdani Pestitsidho tamomi qoidahoi muhofizatiro qatiyan rioya boyad kard. Ba korhoi istifodabarii Pestitsidho navrasoni to 18-sola, zanoni homila va modarone, ki tifli shirkhor dorand, roh doda nameshavand, ruzi kori bo Pestitsidho hamagi 4—6 soat ast.

Ad.: Rudnev D. F, Kononova N. E. Priroda i yadokhimikati, M., 1971; Melnikov N. N.. Khimiya i tekhnolo­giya pestisidov. M., 1974; Spravochnik po pestisidam. Gigiena primeneniya i tok­sikologiya, Kiev, 1974.