Pediatriya

Pediatriya (az yun. rais, raidos — kudak, bacha va iatreia — muolija), ilmest, ki anatomiya va fiziologiyai organizmi bacha, bemorihoi bachagona, rohhoi muolija va peshgirii in bemorihoro meomuzad. Sha­roiti gigienii baroi inkishofi mutadili jismoni va manavii bachagon zarurro yak sohai mustaqi­li Pediatriya— ba istiloh gigienai bachagon va navrason meomuzad.

Baze qoidavu dasturho oid ba nigohubnni bachagon va tabobati bemorihoi bachagona dar makhazhoi qadimai Misr, Bobuliston, Hinduston va gayra sabt shudaand. Malumoti nisbatan mukammal oid ba bemorihoi bachagona dar asarhoi dukhturoni Yunoni Qadim ba nazar merasand. Masalan, dar kitobi Buqrot «Dar borai tabiati bacha» doir ba dandonbarori va omilhoi asosii fiziologiyu bemorihoi azoi hozimai bachagon malumot hast. Zakariyoi Rozi, Ibni Sino doir ba parhez, behdosht va be­morihoi gunoguni bachagona va muolijai onho izhori aqida kardaand. Dar asrhoi 15—17 dar Evropa oid ba bemorihoi bachagona nakhustin kitobhoi makhsus talif gardidand.

Dar inkishofi Pediatriya dar asri 18 dukhturoni anglis U. Kadogan, G. Armstrong, M. Undervud, E. Senner va digaron hissai arzanda guzoshtaand. Avvalin bemorkhonahoi bachagona dar ibtidoi asri 19 tasis yoftand. Pediatriya hamchun ilmi mustaqili kliniki dar nimai duyumi asri 19 tashakkul yoft. Dar okhiri a.sri 19 va ibtiloi asri 20 dar bisyor mamlakathoi Evropa, ShMA va Kanada maktabhoi pediatri tasis yoftand. Nakhustin muhaqqiqoni Pediatriya dar Rossiya S. G. Zibelin, N. M. Ambodik-Maksimovich, N. I. Novikov va digaron budand. Yakumin bemorkhonai bachagona dar Pe­terburg (1834) va kafedrai bemori­hoi bachagona dar Akademiyai tibbii jarrohi (1869) tashkil karda shud. Bo tashabbusi N. I. Bistrov dar Pe­terburg (1885) va N. F. Filatov dar Moskva (1892) nakhustin jamiyathoi dukhturoni bemorihoi bachagona ta­sis yoftand.

Badi galabai Revevolyutsiyai Kabiri Sotsialistii Ok­tyabr Pediatriya tadrijan ba sohahoi gunogun taqsim shud. Yak qator muassisahoi tabobatiyu profilaktikii ba­chagona, insiituthoi tadqiqoti ilmi va gayra tashkil yoftand. Dar SSSR muhofizati modaron va kudakon, muhofizati salomatii bachagon va navrason, muhofizati janin to tavallud va gayra ba roh monda shud. Dar ravnaqi Pediatriyai soveti G. I. Speranskiy, V. I. Mol­chanov, A. A. Koltipin. 3. P. Solov­yov va digaron sahmi arzanda guzoshtand. Jamiyati umumiittifoqii ilmiyu tibbii dukhturoni bachagon dar SSSR az soli 1925 amal mekunad. Tadqiqotho oid ba Pediatriya dar Instituti pediatriyai AIT SSSR (Moskva), instituthoi. tadqiqoti ilmii pediatrii respublikaho, inchunin kafedrahoi pediatriyai instituthoi tibbi va unstitutho burda meshavand. Masalahoi Pediatriya dar jurnalhoi «Pediatriya» (az 1934), «Voprosi okh­rani materinstva i detstva» (az 1956) va gayra inikos meyoband.

Dar Tojikiston kumaki muntazami tibbi rasonidan ba kudakoni bemor faqat dar davrai soveti imkonpazir gardid. Dar solhoi ho­kimiyati Soveti muassisahoi taboba­tiyu profilaktiki khele taraqqi kardand. Dar ravnaqi Pediatriya va tayyor kardani kadrhoi mahalli dar respub­lika hissai olimon S. Ya. Shafershteyn, S. F. Shirokov, V. S. Vayl G. E. Levina va digaron kalon ast. Soli 1942 dar Instituti davlatii tibbii Tojikiston kafedrai bemorihoi bacha­gona tasis yoft, ki on oid ba mas­alahoi klinika va muolijai varaja, tarbod va bemorihoi jigari kudakon, masalahoi khurokdihi, khunguzaroni va gayra tadqiqotho mebarad.

Badi tasisi fakulteti pediatriya va kafedrai pediatriyai in fakultett (1958) doirai mavzuhoi tadqiqoti ilmii Pediatriya vase gasht. Masalahoi aktualii pediatrhoi tojik inhoyand: khususiyati jarayoni kliniki, etpopatogenez va muolijai illati gurdai bachagon (glomerulonefrit, pielonefrit), usulhoi navi tashkhisi kholetsistit, jihathoi gunoguni pnevmoniya va anemiya dar kudakoni khurdsol, sistemai immunogenez dar holathoi gunogun, jihathoi gunoguni gematolo­giya, gepatiti virusi va gayra.

Dar Tojikiston soli 1976 157 poliklinikai ba­chagona, 6205 kati statsionari baroi bachagon va 11 sanatoriyai bachagona mavjud bud. Dar in muassisaho beshtar az 1148 pediatrho kor mekardand. Jamiyati respublikavii pe­diatrho az soli 1942 vujud dorad. Dar respublika muntazam konferensiyahoi ilmiyu amalii pediatrho guzaronida meshavand.

Ad.. Goldfeld A. Ya.. Ocherki po istorii pediatrii v SSSR, M., 1970; Stafilokokkovie zabolevaniya u detey rannego vozrasta, D., 1975; Yakubova M. M;, Klinika i diagnostika diffuz­nogo glomerulonefrita u detey, D., 1976; Khasanova K. A., M i r o k i l o v a A. M., Kartina krovi v norme i v pato­logii u detey jiteley Pamipa, D., 1977.