Parokanishi mikrozarraho

Parokanishi mikrozarraho, tagyiri samti mikrozarraho hangomi ba yagon muhit yo zarra (yo khud ba gurukhi zarraho) nazdik shudani onho.  Parokanishi zarraho va atomhoi modda khangolmi barkhurd dar fizika i atom mufassal omukhta meshavad.Hangomi barkhurdi yadroi atomho asosan zarrahoi tarkibi yadro (proton, neytron) parokanda meshavand. Ba zarrai zaryadnok dar .masofhoi khurd quvvai teladihi va dar masofahoi kalon (g > 1SN¹² sm) quvvai kashishi kulonii yadro, yane energiyai potensialii bandish tasir mekunad.

Agar energiyai kinetikii zarra az in energiyai potensialii bandish khurd boshad, ba on faqat quvvai teladihii yadro tasir mekunad. Parokanishe_, ki khangomi barkhurdi zarrayu yadro bo tasiri quvvaqoi kuloni ba amal meoyad, parokanishi- sh i ch a nd i r nom i da meshanad (E. Rezerford, 1911). Agar zarrai zaryad­nok yak qismi energiyai khudro ba yad­rom barkhuranda (yo ba zarrai digar) dihad, parokanishi gayrich a n d i r ruy medihad; dar in surat yadro ba holati anrexta meguzarad, bad u-kvant (foton) afkanda, ba holati stasionari barmegardad. Agar zarra neytrali (masalan, neytron) boshad, prosess digar khel meguzarad; neytroni energiyai kinetikiash khurd khangomi bo yadro barkhurdan parokanda (parokanishi chandir) yo furu burda meshavad.