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Papai Rim

Papai Rim, hokimiyati Pa­pai R i m, markazi dinii kalisoi katolikist. Hokimiyati Papai Rim dar natijai dar mamlakathoi Evropai Garbi pahn shudani masehiyat va tasiri kalisoya katoliki ba vujud omad. Baroi hokimiyati kalisoi katoliki bayni episkopho (papaho)-i Rim muddati daroz muborizai shadid davom dosht. Baroi khaq barovardani in muboriza onho khudro vorisoni havvori Pyotr elon kardand. Dar miyonahoi asri 8 Pipini Lakana, badi on ki bo yorii papa ba takhti shohii frankho sohib shud, territoriyai az langobardho zada girifgaashro ba u inom kard va dar natija davlati alohida — viloyati Papa ba vujud omad.

Papai Rim zulmi feodali, nobarobarii ijtimoi va molikiyati khususiro muqaddas medonist va ba muborizai sinfii mazlumon muqobil bud. Papai Rim ba judo shudan az hokimiyati dunyavi va jori namudani hokimiya­ti olii dini kushid, vale az in kushish murode hosil nashud. Papai Rim ba yurishi salibdoron va inkvizitsiya rohbari karda, boisi khunrezihoi ziyod shud. Avji muborizai ziddifeodali, inkshofi ilmu tekhnika va madaniyat ba hokimiyati nomahdudi kalisoi katoliki zarba rasond. Ba tufayli harakati reformatsiya dar yak qator mamlakatho mavqei Papai Rim sust shuda, kalisohoi protestanti ba vujud omadand.

Papai Rim to miyonahoi asri 19 takyagohi quvvahoi teokrati (dini) bud. Barobari galabai kapi­talizm ba sharoiti navi tarikhi mutobiq shuda, ba himoyatgari kapi­talizm tabdil yoft. Vay aknun siyo­sati mustamlikadoriyu tajovuzkoronaya impernalizmro tarafdori mekard. Papai Rim dar davrai Jangi duyumi jahoni (1939—1945) ittifoqi davlathoi fashistiro dastgiri namuda, bo ShMA va Angliya, ki tarafdori sulhi yaktarafa bo fashiston budand, hamkori kard. Badi jang boshad, siyosati ziddikommulizmro davom dod, ki in boisi past shudani obruyu etibori Papai Rim gardid. Papai Rim dar ahdi Ioanni XXI I I (1958—1963), Paveli VI (1963—1978) va Ioann Paveli II (az oktyabri 1978) zarurati hifzi sulhu hamzistii osoishtaro fahmid va siyosati sozishkoriro pesh girift.

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SADUDDINI HAMMUI Muhammad ibni Juvayni

SADUDDINI HAMMUI Muhammad ibni Juvayni (soli tavallud nomalum — Vafot 1252), yake az namoyandagoni mashhuri …