Pantograf

Pantograf (az yunoni ran, rantos— hama va grapho —menavisam), asbobest baroi rubardor kardani nahshaho, kharitaho va gayraho dar miqyosi khurd. Pantografro bo andozahoi gunogun va konstruksiyahoi harkhela mesozand. Masalan, dar rasm Pantografi oveza tasvir yoftaast, ki vazni khatkashhoi onro tarangii resmonhoi kashanda kam mekunad harakati Pantograf oveza nazar ba konstruksiyahoi digar narmu ravon buda, nuskhahoi ba vositai on hosil shuda nisbatan sahehtarand.

Pantograf az chor khatkashi juft-juft parallel iborat ast, ki dar nuqtahoi A, V, S, D sharniri payvast karda shu­daandu parallelogrammi AVSD-ro tashkil medihand. Nuqtai A (qutb) beharakat buda, dar nuqtai F suzan (baroi rudavon kardani nuskhai asl) va dar nuqtai K qalam (baroi kashidani nuskhai khurdkardashuda) joygir karda shudaast. Nisbati masshtabhoi original va nuskharo bo rohi qad-qadi khatkashhoi AE va VF kuchondani khatkashi SD tagyir do­dan mumkin ast; dar yak vaqt boyad qalami K-ro chunon kuchondan lozim, ki nuqtahoi A, K va R dar yak khati rost vaqe gardand. Ba in vasila shabohati shakli nuskha va shakli original hosil meshavad.