Pandnoma

Pandnoma, majmui pandu hikmat va nasihatu andarzho oid ba targibi akhloqi nek va nakuhishi akhloqi bad, masalai davlatdori, mazhab va siyosat, ki chun risolayu kitob va majmuahoi alohida yo bobu fasli asarhoi kaloni falsafi, akhloqi, hikmat, siyosat, tasavvuf, dasturho va gayra murattab karda meshavand. In navi adabiyot (manzum va mansur) dar zamonhoi qadim dar Yunon, Misr, Hinduston, Eron, Khitoy, Yaponiya va gayra vujud doshtaast.

Pandnomahoi eroni dar ahdi shohoni Eroni bostoni dar zamani Sosoniyoya, khosa davrai podshohii Khusravi Anushervon (531—578), rivoj doshtaand. Dar «Al-Fehrist» 14 kitobi Pandnomahoi pahlavi nombar shudaast. Dar dav­rai navini adabiyoti fors-tojik (asrihoi 9—15) Pandhoi sosoni bo Pandhoi yunoni, hindi va arabi omezish yofta, dar shaklhoi gunogun davom kardaand, ki mashhurtarini onho porchahoi boqimondai «Kalila va Dimna» va «Sindbodnoma»-i Rudaki, «Ofarinnoma»-i Abushakuri Balkhi, «Zafarnoma»-i Abuali ibni Sino, bakhshhoi «Pandnomai Anushervon» va «Pandnomai Buzurgmehr»-i «Shodnoma»-i Firdavsi meboshand.

Dar davrahoi okhir (badi asri 15) majmuae bo nomi «Pandnomai Buzurgmehr» duchor meshavad, ki omekhtai in Pandnomaho buda, az savolhoi Buzurgmehr va javobhoi Arastu iborat ast. Bakhshhoi Pandnomaho dar asarhoi Nosiri Khisrav, Nizomi, Sadi, Amir Khusravi Dehlavi, Jomi niz vomekhurand. Qiomathoi nasihat ba farzand, nasihat ba podshohon dar masnaviyu kitobhoi akhloqi, bakhshhoi judogona az «Qobusnoma», «Siyosatnoma» niz ba hamin navi adabiyot dokhil meshavand.

Pandnomaho ba se guruh taqsim mesha­vand: Pandnomahoi umumi, ki baroi hukmronho va ashrofzodagon navishta shudaand («Qobumnoma», «Siyosatnoma», «Nasihat-ul-muluk»); Pandnomahoe, ki baroi javonmardon navishta shudaand («Pandnoma»-i Shaykh Attor) ; Pandhoe, ki baroi farzandon navishta shudaand (Nizomi, Jomi). Ammo hamai in Pandnomaho janbai umumiinsoni dorand, zero onho bo manfiati shakhsoni alohida yo guruhi odamon mahdud nameshavand.

Pandhoi khele barjastai Pandnomaho dar shakli maqolu zarbulmasal, latifa va besh az hama hikmathoi khalqi base mashhur gardida, kayho boz juzi adabiyoti lafzii khalq qaror giriftaand. Pandnomahoi forsiyu tojiki ba zabonhoi rusi, anglisi, nemisi, zabonhoi turki, arabi va gayra tarjumayu nashr shuda­and.

Ad.: Abulkosish! Fnrdavsy, Shokhnoma, Ch11ldkhoi 1—9, D., 1964;