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Paydoishi odam

Paydoishi odam. Dar rui Zamin Odam dar natijai tahavvuli duru da- rozi tarikhi paydo shudaast (nnigared Antropogenez). Odam chun fardi biolo­gi bo olami hayvonot, pesh az hama bo qatori primatho, ki ba hayati onho ba sifati oilai khosi gominid dokhil meshavad, robitai zich dorad. Agar tadavvuli olami zindaro ba darakhte tashbeh dihem, Odam yak shokhi in darakhtro memonad.

In shokhi tahavvul az tanae, ki bo maymunhoi odamshakl mushtarak bud, dar davrai miosen taqriban 12—15 million sol muqaddam judo shudaast. Dar in marhilai taraqqiyot ajdodi qadimtarini Odam ramapitekho yo keniapitekho budand, ki boqimondai ustukhoni jogashon dar Osiyo (Hinduston, Pokiston), Afrikai Sharqi (Keniya) va Evropa (Majoriston) yoft shuda­ast. Olimon takhmin mekunand, ki vatani qadimii odamizod shimoli sharqi Afrika, Osiyoi Janubiyu Markazi va janubi sharqi Evropa budaast.

Vale in masala hanuz purra hal nashudaast. Avvalin ajdodi jinsi Homo avstralopitekov budand. Dar kadom zamon paydo shudani avlodi gominidho hanuz aniq malum nest. Khususan dar bayni olimon dar borai alomathoe, ki az rui onho makhluqoti muayyanro gominid hisob kardan mumkin ast, fikru aqidai yagona nest. To solhoi nazdik makhluqi odamshakl — Homo ha bills («Odami kordon»)-ro, ki olimoni anglis L. Liki, F. Tobayyas va J. Neypir soli 1964 dar asosi bozyofthoi darai Oldovay (Afrikai Sharqi) muqar- rar kardand, namoyandai qadimtarini gominid meshumoridand.

In makhluqho taqriban 2 million sol pesh aa in zindagi kardaand. Vale dertar dar borai gominidhoi az in ham qadim (alalkhusus jinsi Homo) malumothoi nav yoft shudand. Soli 1976 M. Liki dar Tanzaniya naqshi poi makhluqhoi odamshakli qadimaero kashf namud, ki 3,5 million sol muqaddam hayot ba cap burdaand. Boqi- mondai gominidhoe, ki taqriban 3 million sol pesh az in zindagi karda­and, solhoi 1973—74 dar Khadar va Afar (Efiopiya) ham yoft shudand. Arkhantropho (Homo erectus), ki 1,9—1,2 million sol pesh az milod guzashtaand, niz az jumlai achdodi Odam donista meshavand.

Onho andake ba pesh kham shuda bo du poy roh me- gashtand. Qadashon ba hisobi miyona 150 (zanho) —160 (mardho) santimetr bud. Arkhantropho az sang, chub, ustukhon olotho sokhta, charandayu khoyanda va parrandahoro shikor mekardand; az otash istifoda burda metavonistand. Hamin tavr 2—2,5 million  sol muqaddam dar natijai inkishofi yak shokhai avstralopitekho Ho­mo habilis va dar natijai inkishofi minbadai onho boshad, Homo erectus ba vujud omadaast.

Avvalin Odamii hozira Homo sapi­ens («Odami oqil») taqriban 40hazor sol muqaddam paydo shudaast. Na­moyandai nakhustini on Odamoni kromanoni (az nomi mahallai Kromanon dar Fransiya, ki on jo ske­let, kosai cap va boqimondahoi digar yoft shudaand) meboshand. Qadi Odamoni kromanovi to 180 santimetr bud.

Onho avlod-avlod zindagi mekardand, bo olothoi gunogun musallah budand. Umuman dastovardhoi ilmi imruza daleli onand, ki ajdodoni bostonii Odam dar natijai tadavvuli murakkab va duru daroz qad rost karda ba namudi odamoni hozira tabdil yoftaand.

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SATHI VINTI

SATHI VINTI, sathest, ki khati £ hangomi dar girdi mehvari nojunboni OO’ bo surati kunjii …