Pakhta

Pakhta, g uz a (Gossypium), jinsi  giyohhoi bisyorsola, butta va darakhtest az oilai tugmachagulho; az qadimtarin va muhimtarin rastani­hoi nakhdor va tekhnikist. Dar sharoiti kishtukor rastanii yaksola ast. Dar nohiyahoi tropiki va subtropikii Osiyo, Afrika, Amerika va Avstraliya 35 namudi Pakhta mesabzad.

Pakhtan navi 108-F.

Chun ziroati nakhdor faqat navhoi 4 namudi Pakhta: afrikoiyu osiyoi yo guza G. herbaceum (mamlakathoi Osiyo), hindukhitoy — G. arbore— ish (Hinduston, Pokiston, Bangla­desh, Birma, Khitoy va gayra), Meksi­koi yo upland — G. hirsutum (SSSR, ShMA, Braziliya, Meksika va gayra) va perui yo «misri» — G. barba- dense (Misr, Sudon, SSSR, ShMA) parvarish karda meshavad. Dar SSSR asosan du namud — Pakhtai m u q a r r a ri  yo urfi — G. hirsutum va p erui («misri») — G. barbadense — ro kisht mekunand. 91—92%>i pakh­tai SSSR va az on jumla 71—73%-i pakhtai Respublikai Sovetii Sotsialistii Tochjikiston  navhoi Pakhtai mu- qarrari meboshand (1979). 27—29%i hosili umumii pakhtai Tojikiston az navhoi mahinnakhi soveti ibo­rat ast. Dar Tojikiston soli 1979 nav­hoi zerini Pakhtaro kisht kardaand; m i yo n a n a kh: Toshkent-1, 108-F, Regar-1, 133; makhinnakh: 9732-I, AShn25, Drujba-60, S-6037, 6249-V, G465-B, 7318-V va gayra.

Namudkhoi khudrui Pakhta (G. capitis == viridis, G. ereuysianum, G. stocksii, G. davidsonii, G. trilobum, G. robinso- nii, G. sturtii va gayra) dar savannahoi Afrika, Arabiston, Amerikai Shimoli, Avstraliya meruyand.

T a v s i f i botaniki. Reshai Pakhta sershokhu baquvvat buda, to 2—3 metr chuqur meravad. Vale qismi asosii reshai jabbanda dar qabati shudgorshavandai. khsj (ilO——30 santimetr) joy megirad. Poyaash rost, sershokh, 70—200 santimetr qad mekashad. Az qismi poyonii poya 1—3 shokhai rushd (mopopodiali) va az qismi boloii poya (odatan az bandhoi 4—6-um cap karda) 15—20 shokhai samarovar (simpodiali) mesabzad. Baze navhoi Pakhta bevosita dar poyai asosi shona mebandand. Bargash aksar sabz (mumkin sabzi zardcha yo surkhtob shavad), 3—7-par- ra, mudavvari dilshakl, dar poya nandarkham joygir meshavad. Gulash kalon, dujinsa, az 5 gulbargi ba ham payvasti zard, zardcha va safed (dar baze namudhoyash kholhoi surkh do­rad) iborat ast; rangi gulbarg hangomi pajmurdagi noranji, surkh yo nofarmon meshavad. Gardbargkhoyash ba ham payvast (40—126 va ziyoda az on), gardgirakash 3—5-parra, gurakash 3—5-palla, samarash guzai mu­davvari bayzashakl (diametrash 1,5— 4,5 santimetr), 3—5-palla (har yak pallai on 5—11 punbadona dorad), punbai yakto guzai shukufta az 2 to 10 gektarva yak bekh niholi pakhtae, ki khub inkishof yoftaast, to 200 kurak mebandad. Chigiti Pakhta bayzashakl yo murudshakl (daroziash 0,6—1,5 santimetr, barash 0,5—0,8 santimetr) buda, odatan bo nakhhoi darozi safed (navhoe khastand, ki nakhashon jigari yo sabzcha ast) pushida shudaast va vazni 1000-toash 60— 160 gramm.

Khususiyati biologi. Chigit badi 3—10 rzzi kisht mesabzad. Badi 25—40 ruzi rushdi nihol avvalin shokhai samarovari on numu mekunad, pas az 25—30 ruzi digar avvalin shonai Pakhta meshukufad. Bad az 50—60 ruzi gul kuraki avvalin pukhta merasad. Davrai nashvi Pakhta— 90—150 ruz. Pakhta— ziroati garmoparvar. Dar davrai nashv baroi numui niholi Pakhta jami harorati mnyonai shaboruzii 2000—3000 lozim ast. Chi­git hangomi 10—14°Selsiya budani harorat nesh mezanad; hangomi 20—25°Selsiya bo surat mesabzad. Harorati optimalii sabzishu inkishofi Pakhta 25—Z0Selsiya ast. Past (to 17°Selsiya) yo khele baland shudani harorat (ziyoda az 40Relsiya) ba Pakhta zarar merasonad (shona, gul va kurak merezad). Niholi Pakhta ba nami, gizo va rushnoi ehtiyoji ziyod dorad. Baron Pakhtai kar gektar dar davrai nashv 6—8 hazor metr^e ob lozim ast. Dar pakhtazor har shaboruz ba hisobi miyona to ogozi gul 32,5—62,5, hangomi sarshavii gul 80, dar davran avji gul va kurakbandi 97,5—105 va avvali pukhta rasidani guza 47,5 metr^a/gektar ob sarf meshavad. Baroi ba dast ovardani 1 sentner Pakhta 5 kilogramm nitrogen, 1,5 kilogramm fosfor va 5 kilogramm kaliy lozim ast. Ni holi Pakhta miqdori ziyodi nitrogenu fosfor (60—70%) va kaliy (73—80%)-ro dar davrai shonavu gul va kurakbandi azkhud mekunad.

A h, a m i ya t i pakhta  dar khojagii kh a l q. Pakhta az muhimtarin ziroathoi tekhnikist. 51,3%-i istehsoli nakhi bofandagii dunyoro nakhi Pakhta tashkil medihad. Az 100 kilogramm Pakhta. 27—30 kilogramm nakh, 58—60 kilogramm chigit, 5—12 kilogramm lint («tibiti pakhta»,) megirand. Az 1 kilogramm Pakhta 10—12 mntr² satin yo 20 metr² batist yo 130—150 galtak rishta hosil mesha­vad. Nakhi Pakhta baroi tayyor kardani matohoi khele gunogun, parashyut, turi mohigiri, avtopokrishka, tasma, ruykashi simhoi elektri va gayra istifoda meshavad. Az 100 kilogramm chigit 16—20 kilogramm pavgan (nigared Ravgani pakh­ta) hosil meshavad. Ravgani Pakhtaro ba sifaggya khurokvori, inchunin ba­roi istehsoli margarin, gliserin, sobun, stearin va gayra ba kor mebarand. Pasmlndai  chigitro badi ravgankashi baroi tayyor kardani sellyuloza, spirt, lak, linoleum, kinoplenka, karton va digar masnuot istifoda mekunand. Kunjorai chigit, ki to 40% safeda dorad, khuroki sergizoi chorvost. Az bargi Pakhta javhari sebu limu, sirko va digar moddahoi organiki ho­sil (mekunand. Guli Pakhta khele sershahd ast; zanburi asal az shahdi guli 1 gektar pakhtazor to 300 kilogramm asal tayyor mekunad. Nigared niz Pakhtakori.

Tasvir dar sad. 5I2>—513.

Adabiyot: May er F. M., Khlopchatnik, tom I, Tashkent, 1954* Khlopchatnik, tom 3—4, Tash­kent, 1960; Djumaev M., Voprosi sortovoy agrotekhniki Khlopchatnika v Vakhtokoy, Gissadkhjoy i Surkhan-Sherabadskoy dolinakh, Tashkent, 1973; T e r- Avanesyan, Khlopchatnik, Leningrad, 1973.