PROTESTANTIZM

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PROTESTANTIZM (az lotini rgotestans — oshkoro isbotkunanda), yake az se raviyai mashhuri masehiyat (dar qatori katolitsizm va pravoslavie). Proteksionizm yak qator kaliso va firqahoi mustaqilro, ki az vajqi ibodat va sokhti tashkili farq karda, dar masalai paydoish va ahkom aloqamandand, muttahid menamoyad. Protestansizm dar asri 16 hamchun «navi makhsusi burjuazii» masehiyat bar khilofi katolitsiami asrimiyonagii feodali paydo shudaast. Nuktahoi asosii ahkomi Protestansizmro khudoshinosoni buzurgi protestantii asri 16 (asosguzoroni raviyai mazkur) M. Lyuter, J. Kalvin, U. Svingli asosnok namudaand. Yake az aqkomi asosii Protestansizm (ki bo on az katolitsizm va pravoslavie farq mekunad) talimot dar borai «robitai» bevositai odam bo khudo meboshad. Muvofiqi talimoti Protestansizm «khayri ilohi» ba odam be miyonaravii kaliso va ruhoniyon bevosita az khudo nozil meshavad. Najoti odam tanho ba tufayli etiqodi shakhsi (prinsipi «bo etiqod haq donistan») ba qurbonii kaforatbakhshi Isoi Maseh va irodai ilohi imkonpazir ast. Az in ru, dar Protestansizm ruhoniyon ba dindoroni oddi muqobil guzoshta nameshavand va har yak dindor muvofiqi fahmishi khud «kalomi khudo»- ro sharh doda metavonad (prinsipi «qudsiyati» hamai dindoron). Hamai in boisi afzoiish talaboti ozodihoi burjuaziyu demokrati, inkishofi individualizmi burjuazi, tashkili kalisohoi milli va dast kashidan az tashkiloti yagonai dini (chunon, ki Vatikan dar katolitsizm ast) gardid. Dar Protestansizm tanho qismi idhoi dini va du marosim (gusli tamid, khurdani nonu sharobi shari) boqi monda, sajdai uqium va nash (jasad) nest. Ibodat aslan az vaz, qiroati yakjoya va surudani mazmur (zabur) iborat ast. Protestantho ruhoniyon, farishta va parastishi modarkhudoro napazirufta, tasavurot oid ba barzakh (arof)- ro (bar khilofi kalisoi katoliki) rad mekunad. Dar Protestansizm ruhboniyat va benikohi rasm nashudaast. Protestansizm tanho kalomi Myqaddacpo (Bibliya) manbai oin donista, rivoyati muqaddasro hamchun boftai khayoli odamon inkor mekunad.

Dar asri 16 az Protestansizm lyuterchigi, kalvinizm, svinglianchigi, anglikanchigi (nig. Kalisoi anglikani), apabaptizm, mennonitho va gayra judo shudand. Az asri 17 Protestansizm dar Amerikai Shimoli intishor yofta, baptizm va kvakerho tashakkul yoftand. Jarayonhoi nav. (asri 17 — Ibtidoi asi 20) bo targibi shaklhoi oshkoroi tasiri dini farq karda, dar bazei on unsurhoi irfoni va irratsionali purzur shudand. Jarayon va firqahoi pietizm (okhiri asri 17 az lyuterchigi), metodizm (asri 18 az anglikanchigi), adventizm (solhoi 30 asri 19), pyatidesyatnikho (ibtidoi asri 20 az baptizm) judo shudand. Protestansizm dar harakati sotsializmi masehi maqomi khos dorad. Ba Protestansizm ibtidoi asri 20 buhroni ozodandeshii (liberalizmi) dini, purzurshavii tasiri jarayoni irtijoiyu fideistii fundamentalizm, az solhoi 20—30 asri 20 ba sifati raviyai asosi amal kardani ilohiyoti dialektiki yo ilohiyoti buhron (K. Bart, P. Tillikh, R. Nibur, E, Brunner va gayra) khos ast.

Dar zamoni hozira inkishofi baze raviyayu jarayonhoi liberalii Protestansizm, justujui rohhoi navovarii dini, mutobiq sokhtani din ba talaboti jamiyati mushohida megardad. Vale asosnok shudani ilohiyoti «favti khudo» va targibi «dini bekhudo»-i ba panteizm nazdik allakay nishonai ba shikast duchor shudani ilohiyot ast.

Kalisohoi protestani holo (ibtidoi solhoi 70 asri 20) qarib 225 mln nafar az jumla liberalho qarib 74 mln, kalvinistho qarib 50 mln, anglikanho qarib 30 mln, metodistho qarib 40 mln, baptistho qarib 25 mln payravonro dar bar megirand. Protestansizm asosan dar mamlakathoi Skandinaviya, RFG, RDG, Shveytsariya, Britaniyai Kabir, Avstraliya, Kanada, Zelandiyai Nav, Niderland, ShMA pahn shudaast.

Ad.: Ch a n i sh e v A. I.. Protestantizm, MELOD, 1969;

G a r a d j a V. I.. Protestantizm, MELOD,, 1971; h a m o n m u a l l., Krizis sovremennogo protestantizma i poiski «novoy teologii», M, 1973.